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THE BALLOT PROBLEM OF  MANY CANDIDATES
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What is the Ballot problem? ,[object Object],The formula comes up to be . a voters for A b voters for B
Why is it interesting? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Objective To find the formula and proof of Ballot problem for many candidates.
In the case of two candidates (The Original Ballot problem)
Suppose   is the ballots of the  1 st   candidate.   is the ballots of the 2 nd   candidate, when   . Define   “1” as the ballot given to 1 st   candidate.   “ -1” as the ballot given to 2 nd   candidate. In the case of two Candidates
The number of ways to count the ballots for  required condition. The number of permutation of the sequence: such that the partial sum is always positive. The number of ways to walk on the lattice plane starting at (0,0) and finish at (a,b), and not allow pass through the line y=x except (0,0) = =
In the case of two Candidates
Reflection Principle “ Reflection principle” is use to count the number of path, one can show that the number of illegal ways which begin at (1,0) is equal to the number of ways begin at (0,1). It implies that, if we denote    as the number of ways as required:
Reflection Principle Figure 1 Figure 2
In the case of three Candidates
In the case of three Candidates
In the case of three Candidates Figure 3 Figure 4
How to count ?
How to count ?
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],How to count ?
Example Counting Front View F(1) F(2) F(3) F(4) F(5)
Example Counting Side View S(1) S(2)
Example Counting Matching 2 2 1 1 1 S(2) 1 1 1 1 1 S(1) F(5) F(4) F(3) F(2) F(1) F(i) * S(j) F(1) F(2) F(3) F(4) F(5) S(1) S(2) 5 7 12 Total
Dynamic Programming
Counting (5,4) with D.P. y x x+y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 2 1 0 0 9 5 2 0 0 0 14 5 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0
Formula for three candidates
Definition   is the number of ways to count the ballot that correspond to the required condition  Lemma 1.1 Lemma 1.2 Formula for three candidates
Formula for three candidates Conjecture
Let Consider Use strong induction; given   is the “base” therefore Proof Hence, the base case is true.  Formula for three candidates
[object Object],[object Object],We will use this assumption to prove that  is true Formula for three candidates
Formula for three candidates
By strong induction, we get that, Formula for three candidates
Formula for n candidates
  is the number of ways to count the ballots of the n candidates such that, while the ballots are being counted, the winner will always get more ballots than the loser.  Definition   Lemma 3 Formula for n candidates
(base) n=2 n=k Mathematical Induction Sub - Strong Mathematical Induction (base) n=k-1 Proof
Formula for n candidates
Formula for n candidates
Formula for n candidates
By mathematical induction, Formula for n candidates
1. Think about the condition “never less than” instead of “always more than.” Development 2. What if we suppose that the ballots of the 3 rd  candidate don’t relate to anyone else?
Application In Biology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Application In Cryptography Define the plaintext (code) used to send the data  Increases the security of the system.
Reference Chen Chuan-Chong and Koh Khee-Meng,  Principles and Techniques  in Combinatorics , World Scientific, 3rd ed., 1999.  Marc Renault,  Four Proofs of the Ballot Theorem,  U.S.A., 2007. Michael L. GARGANO, Lorraine L. LURIE Louis V. QUINTAS, and  Eric M. WAHL,  The Ballot Problem,  U.S.A.,2005. Miklos Bona, Unimodality,  Introduction to Enumerative Combinatorics,  McGrawHill, 2007. Sriram V. Pemmaraju, Steven S. Skienay,  A System for Exploring  Combinatorics and Graph Theory in Mathematica,  U.S.A., 2004.

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Math Project Presentation New

  • 1. THE BALLOT PROBLEM OF MANY CANDIDATES
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Objective To find the formula and proof of Ballot problem for many candidates.
  • 6. In the case of two candidates (The Original Ballot problem)
  • 7. Suppose is the ballots of the 1 st candidate. is the ballots of the 2 nd candidate, when . Define “1” as the ballot given to 1 st candidate. “ -1” as the ballot given to 2 nd candidate. In the case of two Candidates
  • 8. The number of ways to count the ballots for required condition. The number of permutation of the sequence: such that the partial sum is always positive. The number of ways to walk on the lattice plane starting at (0,0) and finish at (a,b), and not allow pass through the line y=x except (0,0) = =
  • 9. In the case of two Candidates
  • 10. Reflection Principle “ Reflection principle” is use to count the number of path, one can show that the number of illegal ways which begin at (1,0) is equal to the number of ways begin at (0,1). It implies that, if we denote as the number of ways as required:
  • 12. In the case of three Candidates
  • 13. In the case of three Candidates
  • 14. In the case of three Candidates Figure 3 Figure 4
  • 17.
  • 18. Example Counting Front View F(1) F(2) F(3) F(4) F(5)
  • 19. Example Counting Side View S(1) S(2)
  • 20. Example Counting Matching 2 2 1 1 1 S(2) 1 1 1 1 1 S(1) F(5) F(4) F(3) F(2) F(1) F(i) * S(j) F(1) F(2) F(3) F(4) F(5) S(1) S(2) 5 7 12 Total
  • 22. Counting (5,4) with D.P. y x x+y 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 2 1 0 0 9 5 2 0 0 0 14 5 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0
  • 23. Formula for three candidates
  • 24. Definition is the number of ways to count the ballot that correspond to the required condition Lemma 1.1 Lemma 1.2 Formula for three candidates
  • 25. Formula for three candidates Conjecture
  • 26. Let Consider Use strong induction; given is the “base” therefore Proof Hence, the base case is true. Formula for three candidates
  • 27.
  • 28. Formula for three candidates
  • 29. By strong induction, we get that, Formula for three candidates
  • 30. Formula for n candidates
  • 31. is the number of ways to count the ballots of the n candidates such that, while the ballots are being counted, the winner will always get more ballots than the loser. Definition Lemma 3 Formula for n candidates
  • 32. (base) n=2 n=k Mathematical Induction Sub - Strong Mathematical Induction (base) n=k-1 Proof
  • 33. Formula for n candidates
  • 34. Formula for n candidates
  • 35. Formula for n candidates
  • 36. By mathematical induction, Formula for n candidates
  • 37. 1. Think about the condition “never less than” instead of “always more than.” Development 2. What if we suppose that the ballots of the 3 rd candidate don’t relate to anyone else?
  • 38.
  • 39. Application In Cryptography Define the plaintext (code) used to send the data Increases the security of the system.
  • 40. Reference Chen Chuan-Chong and Koh Khee-Meng, Principles and Techniques in Combinatorics , World Scientific, 3rd ed., 1999. Marc Renault, Four Proofs of the Ballot Theorem, U.S.A., 2007. Michael L. GARGANO, Lorraine L. LURIE Louis V. QUINTAS, and Eric M. WAHL, The Ballot Problem, U.S.A.,2005. Miklos Bona, Unimodality, Introduction to Enumerative Combinatorics, McGrawHill, 2007. Sriram V. Pemmaraju, Steven S. Skienay, A System for Exploring Combinatorics and Graph Theory in Mathematica, U.S.A., 2004.