Masters project

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BY
KARTHICK SAKTHIVEL
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
MSc Renewable Energy
Matriculation No. 40182240
Supervisor : Prof. Tariq Muneer
September 2015

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project has enabled the application of taught course in MSc Renewable Energy,
hence I would like to thanks Prof. Tariq Munner and Dr. Keng Goh for all his support
and guidance. It is my pleasure to have Prof. Tariq Munner as my supervisor and I will
be always thankful to him because of his great support and valuable time. He also
shared his immense knowledge and experience, which helped tremendously to
complete this project. I have a special thanks for him because he also gave me
frequent appointment even in the busy timings.
I am truly indebted and thankful to my friends Siva Kannan, Arun, Vasanth, Gomathy,
Banu and Aarthy for their moral support. I would like to thank all the faculty members
of Edinburgh Napier University whose supervision and knowledge from different
modules of my MSc Renewable Energy helped me during this project. Finally yet
importantly, I am thankful to my parents and my sister for constant encouragement to
complete this project. Finally, I would like to dedicate this project to my Mom Aruna
Devi and my Dad Sakthivel who gave be a platform to be a student at this university.

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ABSTRACT
The main objective of the project is to design a solar photovoltaic system for
the air conditioner in the MTC buses in Chennai, India, to reduce the fuel consumption
and Carbon dioxide emission in atmosphere. Greenhouse gas emissions from
transportation have increased by about 18% since 1990-2012. Chennai is highly
populated and traffic city, so the diesel consumption of the air conditioner buses are
very high, when compared with the ordinary buses, because of the high energy
required to run the air conditioner in the bus, which also increases the Carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere.
The designing of the solar panels at the top of the bus is calculated by three
major steps, 1) The calculation is done for electrical energy demand of air conditioner
in bus by using thermodynamic temperature flow inside the bus, with respect to the
minimum and maximum temperature data for Chennai city during year 2008. 2) The
calculation is done for monthly energy produced by single chosen solar panel using
the solar radiation data for Chennai. 3) Internal Electrical circuit is designed of the bus
by choosing the specific MPPT solar charge controller and battery for storage. All the
calculation are done using MAT LAB.
The monthly wise calculation of energy demand and energy supply from one
panel, results in placing 12 PV panels for total energy demand. The total cost of the
project is 192019 (INR), and the payback period will be 2 years and 22 days. The
carbon dioxide reduced through this project is about 38420.975 kg. The outcome of
the project does the major impact on reducing CO2 from environment.

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LIST OF ABBREVATION
CFA : Central Financial Assistance
CO2 : Carbon Dioxide
DC : Direct Current
FIT : Feed-In-Tariff
GOI : Government of India
GW : Gigawatt
INR : Indian National Rupees
JNSM : Jawaharlal National Solar Mission
KW : Kilowatt
KWh : Kilowatt-hours
LCA : Life Cycle Assessment
MMT : Million Metric Tons
MMTPA : Million Metric Tonne Per Annum
MNES : Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MNRE : Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MPP : Maximum Power Point
MPPT : Maximum Power Point Tracking
MW : Megawatt
NCEF : National Scheme Energy Fund
NREB : Northern Region Electricity Board
OECD : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OOAC : Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell
OWESC : Offshore Wind Energy Steering Committee
PPAC : Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell

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PV : Photovoltaic
R&D : Research and Development
COP : Co-efficient of Performance
RE : Renewable Energy
REC : Renewable Energy Certificate
SECI : Solar Energy Corporation of India
SF : Solar Fraction
SPF : Seasonal Performance Factor
SREC : Science and Engineering Research Council
TEDA : Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency
TNEB : Tamil Nadu Electricity Board
IREDA : Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited
EPBT : Energy Payback Time

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................i
ABBREVATION .....................................................................................iv
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................x
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................xi
CHAPTER 1 ...........................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................1
1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION....................................................2
1.2.1 CO2 EMMISION........................................................................2
1.2.2 HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC...............................................3
1.2.3 GLOBAL SOLAR PV INSTALLED............................................5
1.2.5 EUROPEAN PV MARKET........................................................7
1.2.6 INDIA........................................................................................7
1.2.6.1 BOUNDARY AND POPULATION..........................................7
1.2.6.2 CLIMATE...............................................................................8
1.2.7 PETROLEUM IN INDIA............................................................9
1.2.7.1 PETROLEUM DEMAND........................................................9
1.2.7.2 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION .............................................10
1.2.7.3 IMPORT OF CRUDE OIL ....................................................10
1.2.7.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT..................................................11
1.2.8 ELECTRICITY IN INDIA.........................................................11
1.2.8.1 INSTALLED CAPACITY ......................................................11
1.2.8.2 ELECTRICITY DEMAND.....................................................12
1.2.8.3 SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY...............................................12
1.2.9 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA..........................................14
1.2.9.1 WIND ENERGY...................................................................14
1.2.9.2 BIO MASS...........................................................................15
1.2.9.3 HYDRO POWER.................................................................15
1.2.9.4 SOLAR PV IN INDIA ...........................................................15
1.2.9.5 GOVERNMENT KEY POLICY INITIATIVES .......................15
1.2.9.6 FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA..................16

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CHAPTER 2 .........................................................................................17
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................17
2.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................17
2.2 SOLAR PANELS..........................................................................17
2.2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT ....................................................17
2.2.2 SOLAR CELL .........................................................................17
2.2.3 TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS ....................................................18
2.2.3.1 MONOCRYSTALLINE.........................................................18
2.2.3.2 POLYCRYSTALLINE ..........................................................19
2.2.3.3 THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS .................................................20
2.2.3.4 AMORPHOUS SILICON......................................................21
2.3 BUS AIR CONDITIONING ...........................................................22
2.3.1 BASIC OPERATION...............................................................22
2.4 SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING....................................................24
2.5 ELECTRIC BUSES ......................................................................25
2.6 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY..................................................25
2.6.1 TYPES OF BATTERY ............................................................26
2.7 MTC.............................................................................................28
2.7.1 HISTORY ...............................................................................28
2.7.2 AIR CONDITIONER BUSES ..................................................28
CHAPTER 3 .........................................................................................30
3. METHODOLOGY..............................................................................30
3.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................30
3.2 DATA EXPLANATION .................................................................30
3.2.1 GLOBAL HORIZONTAL IRRADIANCE ..................................30
3.2.2 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE.........................31
3.3 CALCULATION FOR DEMAND ...................................................31
3.3.1 HEAT THROUGH HUMAN BEINGS ......................................31
3.3.2 HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH THE GLASS WINDOW .........32
3.3.3 RADIATION TRANSFER THROUGH THE WINDOW ............33
3.3.4 TOTAL POWER DEMAND.....................................................33

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3.3.5 TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND ...................................................33
3.4 SUPPLY CALACULATION...........................................................35
3.4.1 CALCULATION OUTLINE......................................................35
3.4.2 CALCULATION OF HOURLY TEMPERATURE.....................35
3.4.3 ASSIGNING OF DATA TO VARIABLES ................................36
3.4.4 CALCULATION OF CELL TEMPERATURE...........................36
3.4.5 CALCULATION OF CELL EFICENCY....................................37
3.4.6 CALCULATION OF POWER..................................................38
3.4.7 CALCULATION OF ENERGY ................................................38
3.5 CONCLUSION .............................................................................39
CHAPTER 4 .........................................................................................40
4. DESINING AND ANALYSIS..............................................................40
4.1 OVERVIEW..................................................................................40
4.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM .........................................................40
4.2.1 PANEL SELECTION ..............................................................40
4.2.3 NUMBER OF PANELS...........................................................41
4.3 BATTERIES.................................................................................42
4.4 MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER..................................................45
4.5 CONNECTIVITY WITH BUS BATTERY.......................................47
4.6 INTERNAL CIRCUIT CONNECTION ...........................................48
4.7 CONCLUSION .............................................................................48
CHAPTER 5 .........................................................................................49
5. ECONOMIC FACTOR ......................................................................49
5.1 OVERVIEW..................................................................................49
5.2 PAYBACK PERIOD .....................................................................49
5.3 CONCLUSION .............................................................................50
CHAPTER 6 .........................................................................................51
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ..........................................................51
6.1 OVERVIEW..................................................................................51
6.2 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT .......................................................51
6.3 CONCLUSION .............................................................................52

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CHAPTER 7 .........................................................................................53
7 PROJECT LIMITATIONS................................................................53
CHAPTER 8 .........................................................................................54
8 RECOMMENDATION .....................................................................54
CHAPTER 10........................................................................................55
10. CONCLUSION .............................................................................55
REFERENCE........................................................................................56
APPENDICES.......................................................................................59
Appendices 1: Solar PV module manufacturer datasheet ..................59
Appendices 2: Battery Manufacturer datasheet..................................61
Appendices 3: MPPT Charge Controller Datasheet ...........................63
Appendices 4: Volvo Bus Interior Specifications Datasheet ...............64
Appendices 5 : Volvo Specification Data sheet ..................................66
Appendices 6 : Mat lab Coding ..........................................................67

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Atmospheric cycle for increases of Air Conditioner ..................1
Figure 2: CO2 Emissions by Production sector.......................................3
Figure 3: Annual Growth of Solar PV in the World ..................................6
Figure 4: European grid connected PV capacities ..................................7
Figure 5: Climate zone map of India .......................................................8
Figure 6: India installed power capacity in May 2014............................13
Figure 7: P-N junction of solar cell ........................................................18
Figure 8: Monocrystalline solar cells .....................................................19
Figure 9: polycrystalline solar cells .......................................................20
Figure 10: Thin film solar cell ................................................................20
Figure 11: a-Si solar cell made in 1974 by David Carlson.....................22
Figure 12: Bus air conditioning..............................................................24
Figure 13: Block diagram of PV system and air conditioning system ....25
Figure 14: Type of battery and energy density efficiency ......................27
Figure 15: Chennai Air conditioner city bus...........................................29
Figure 16: Global Horizontal Irradiation.................................................30
Figure 17: Heat through human body....................................................32
Figure 18: Monthly Energy Demand chart.............................................34
Figure 19: Energy produced by single panel.........................................39
Figure 20: Varta Commercial 620HD Battery........................................44
Figure 21: MPPT charge controller circuit board ...................................45
Figure 22: MPPT charge controller in circuit diagram............................47
Figure 23: Circuit Diagram of Solar PV for air conditioner bus ..............48
Figure 24: CO2 emission from different of panels .................................52
Figure 25: CO2 emission from PV system with battery .........................52

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: India climate and location..........................................................9
Table 2: India Refining Capacity in MMTPA..........................................10
Table 3: Import of crude oil in India.......................................................11
Table 4: Regional wise Electricity Requirements and Availability in India
.............................................................................................................12
Table 5: Source of Electricity in India....................................................13
Table 6: State wise wind power in India ................................................14
Table 7: Technical characteristics of main battery types used for EV....27
Table 8: Monthly Energy demand .........................................................34
Table 9: Ashrae value for each hour .....................................................35
Table 10: Monthly energy produced by single panel .............................38
Table 11: Description of selected PV panel ..........................................41
Table 12: Total PV panels required for every month. ............................41
Table 13: Monthly energy produced by entire solar array .....................42
Table 14: Calculating the Controller Array Current................................46
Table 15: Technical specification for MPPT charge controller...............47

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The increasing population of automobiles increases the fossil fuel demand and
also increases the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in environment. Increasing carbon
dioxide give rise to frequent climate changes which also affect the living things in the
environment. During the past few decades the most of the automobiles are attached
with air conditioner due to increasing temperature of environment in the big population
metropolitan cities in the world, which also further increase the diesel consumption of
an automobile. Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation have increased by
about 18% since 1990-2012.
People use more air conditioner in the auto mobile, which increases the diesel
consumption of the automobiles, so, the emission of CO2 get increased, this will
increasing the atmospheric temperature also increases the global warming, this will
again leads the people to use of more air conditioners in the automobiles and in the
home. This is the cyclic process where one factor increasing the other continuously.
The only way to break this cycle is by meeting the automobile demand by renewable
source. The solar energy is one of the best source among the recent discovered
renewable energy to provide the electricity to the bus air conditioner because of the
portable, less weight, sound less, easy and convenient initialization.
Figure 1: Atmospheric cycle for increases of Air Conditioner

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The vision of this project is to reduce the CO2 emission from bus by reducing
the work of alternator, by providing the solar panel on the roof top of the bus, to supply
energy required by the air conditioner in the bus, which indirectly reduces the fuel
consumption of the bus. In this process the mileage of the bus will also get increases.
The designing of photovoltaic panels in the bus is done by calculating the
energy and power demand of air conditioner. Since the power required by the air
conditioner is affected by the thermal atmosphere of the bus, the thermal calculation
is done using the thermodynamics, then the thermal power is converted to the electric
demand by using coefficient of performance for the refrigerant of the selected air
conditioner.
1.2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1.2.1 CO2 EMMISION
Carbon dioxide is the greenhouse gas which will not directly affect the living
organisms, but it causes the global warming in the atmosphere, the global warming
causes the polar ice caps and increases the sea water level. The ocean acts as the
enormous carbon dioxide sink in the form of carbon acid, nearly it sink one third of
human emitted CO2. The amount of CO2 rise is about 35%, since beginning of age of
industrialization, Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation have increased by
about 18% since 1990-2012.

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Figure 2: CO2 Emissions by Production sector.
(Amateur Climate Change, 2014)
The electricity and the heat production have the major contribution of producing
carbon dioxide in the world. The transport sector to be the second largest in the world,
with 22.3% of the world total CO2 emission this is shown in the figure 2. This
percentage is keep on increasing, because most of the vehicle using air conditioner in
the hot environment and heater in the cold environment now a days this increases the
fuel consumption of the auto mobiles, which further increases the CO2 emissions.
1.2.2 HISTORY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC
1839 – Discovery of photovoltaic effect.
Edmond Becquerel is one of the French scientist who first discovered the
photovoltaic cell when experimenting the electrolytic cell which is made up of two metal
electrode and an electrolyte, electricity generate in the cell when it exposed to the light.
1860 – August Mouchet is a French scientist proposed the idea of solar powered
steam engine, later on this technique is used for different applications.

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1873 – Photoconductivity of selenium was discovered by Willoughby Smith who was
an English electrical engineer.
1876 – Richard Evans Day and William Grylls Adams sort out the problem of selenium
photoconductivity. They added the solid material of selenium to produce more
electricity, where the enough sun light is convert to produce electricity for the electrical
equipment.
1883 – The first solar cell made from the selenium wafer was discovered by Charles
Fritts who was an American invertor,
1904 – Albert Einstein a German based scientist who published his paper on
photovoltaic effect "On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and
Transformation of Light", he got noble price for this paper later in 1921.
1908 – William j. Bailley invent a solar collector using copper coils and an insulated
box, he discover while working in the Carnegie steel company
1914 – The Barrier layer in Photovoltaic devise was noted, and the research start
doing towards that.
1916 – Robert Millikan was an American based scientist provided the experimental
proof for the photoelectric effect.
1918 – Jan Czochralski was a polish based scientist who discovered the way to grow
single crystal silicon.
1932 – Stora and Audobert discover the photovoltaic effect in cadmium sulfide (Cds).
This gave the development to the
1953 – Dr. Dan Trivich, professor in Wayne state university, find the way to calculate
the efficiency of the different materials with different back ground.
1954 – The bell Labs started the photovoltaic technology with Calvin Fuller, Daryl
Chapin, and Gerald Pearson who produced a silicon solar cell with efficiency of 4%.
1954 to 1959 – Hoffman Electronics plays a vital role in development of efficiency of
solar PV, they achieved 4% to 14% in 5 years. In the mean while they introduce how
to connect the solar PV to the grid to reduce the cost of transmission.
1959 – The Explorer VI satellite is launched on the August 7, with the

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3 photovoltaic array of 9600 cells, each cell has the dimension of about 1 cm * 2 cm.
Then, on October 13, the Explorer VII satellite is also launched with photovoltaic array.
1960 to 1979 – Photovoltaic cells take their own places in many satellites especially
by NASA, some commercial development has been taken place in wide range of the
globe.
1980 – The thin-film solar cells got its efficiency of over 10% at university of Delaware.
1983 – Production of worldwide photovoltaic exceeds 21.3 megawatts, which is very
high compared to the estimated megawatts.
1996 – Advanced aeroplane which is powered by solar photovoltaic with super-
efficient solar cells placed in wings and tails of aeroplane, with the total area of 21 m2.
1.2.3 GLOBAL SOLAR PV INSTALLED
The global installed capacity of the Photovoltaic is increased in last 10 years at
an average rate of 49% per year, more than 37 GW Photovoltaic panels are installed
in 2013 where 30 countries newly added themselves to the huge development. Global
Photovoltaic capacity is about 178 GW at the end of 2014. Since this is one percentage
of total electricity demand for all the countries in 2014. This development is more than
expected value. This improvement is because of the increased in production rate and
decrease in cost.

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Figure 3: Annual Growth of Solar PV in the World
(International Renewable Energy agency, 2014)
The development of the photo voltaic Panels in all the countries is
corresponded with the economic development of the country. In the resent years the
development of the PV sector is getting developed in emerging and developing
countries after taking roots in the OECD countries which includes Europe, North
America, Japan, and Australia.
Some of the countries China installed 11.8 GW in the year 2013, which is the
largest PV installation figure in one year. Italy installed 9.3 GW in 2011. Germany
installed 7.4 GW and 7.6 GW in 2010 and 2012. Japan installed 6.9 GW in 2013. This
data shows the increasing rate of photovoltaic in developed and developing country.

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1.2.5 EUROPEAN PV MARKET
European PV market was strongly developed until 2012, because of the
Germany policy makers keep importance to support the development of PV. Italy and
Czech Republic also gave their support to the PV system by adding 3.8 GW in year
2010. The development of the European PV market is shown in the figure 4.
Figure 4: European grid connected PV capacities
(PV Global Market Outlook 2013-2017, 2013)
Until 2013 the solar PV development in the European countries are at their peak
and unrivalled with any other countries. But, Japan and USA once became pioneer in
the Solar PV sector, they joined behind Europe, after in few years china shows their
fast development in the PV sector to reach this level. Australia and India shows some
good development in this sector and the country hoping to reach this level soon.
1.2.6 INDIA
1.2.6.1 BOUNDARY AND POPULATION
India is a subcontinent lies in south East Asia. The latitude of India lies between
8.4⁰N to 37.6⁰ North and its longitude lies between 68.7⁰ and 97.3⁰ East. India is
surround by three sides of water, Indian Ocean in south, Arabian Sea in the southwest
and Bay of Bengal in southeast, and one side of land are surround by Afghanistan and
Pakistan on the west, Nepal, China, Tibet and Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh

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and Burma in the east. India has 29 states and 7 union territories. In 2014 the
population of India reaches its maximum of about 1.2 billion people, with average
annual growth rate of 1.2%. Due to the massive population growth rate the energy
demand increasing tremendously year by year.
1.2.6.2 CLIMATE
The area within the boundaries of India has a tropical monsoon climate, so the climate
is influenced by the monsoons. Himalaya Mountains which present in the north part of
India plays a vital role in leading a sub-tropical touch to the climate of India.
Figure 5: Climate zone map of India
(Climate zone, n.d.)
The land of India enjoys eight different climatic regions which is explained in the table.
Each climatic peoples enjoy different type of weather at the same time, there is a
desert with heavy sun, and there is water so all kind of renewable energy is adoptable
in India.

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Table 1: India climate and location
CLIMATE LOCATION (STATE WISE)
Tropical rain forest West costal plan and a part of Assam
Tropical savannah Most of the peninsula and Nagpur
Tropical Semi-Arid Steppe Climate From central Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu
Tropical and Sub-Tropical Steppe From Punjab to Kachchh (between Thar desert)
Tropical Desert Part of Barmer and Rajasthan
Humid Sub-Tropical With Winter From Punjab to Assam
Mountain Climate The Himalayan and Karakoram ranges
experience this type of climate
Drought in India Areas of Rajasthan and the part of Haryana and
Gujarat
1.2.7 PETROLEUM IN INDIA
Petroleum is one of the very important energy source after coal in India. The
Petroleum industries are consider as one of the six core industry in India. India is the
fourth largest consumers of crude oil and petroleum in the world. It is also the second
largest refiner in the world. The major contribution of the Petroleum products are all
kind of Transport, for heat and lighting, used in some of the industries as lubricants for
machinery and raw materials and used in many power generation units.
1.2.7.1 PETROLEUM DEMAND
The India has the World’s sixth largest passenger vehicle market, this is
expected to be further increase to the third place in the world by 2019. So, the demand
of petroleum products increasing year by year. Oil and Gas contributes over 39.2% to
primary energy consumption. The India's energy data body the Petroleum Planning
and Analysis Cell (PPAC) forecast, that 166.87 million tonnes of refined fuels is
expected to consume by the country consume in 2015/16 versus an estimated 161.57
million tonnes this fiscal year. The demand for the diesel growth, which has more than
40% reined fuel consumption in India is set to rise 4.1 %, which give rise to 71.32
million tonnes.

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1.2.7.2 PETROLEUM PRODUCTION
Production of petroleum products has gone up from 217.736 MMT in 2012-2013 to
220.756 MMT during 2013-14, this is the big improvement by 1.39% as compared to
the previous year. The refinery capacity of petroleum has been increased in India. The
refining capacity was calculated as 215.066 MMTPA as on 1/4/2014. Almost India is
likely to become the refining hub in the world. The table shows the yearly refining
capacity and annual percentage growth in the refining capacity. Since the population
of India is increasing the energy consumption is also get increasing every year, so the
India should make a big move towards the renewable sector.
Table 2: India Refining Capacity in MMTPA
YEAR REFINING CAPACITY
(MMTPA)
% GROWTH IN REFINING
CAPACITY
2007-2008 148.968 12.46
2008-2009 148.968 0.00
2009-2010 175.956 18.12
2010-2011 183.386 4.22
2011-2012 187.386 2.18
2012-2013 213.066 13.70
2013-2014 215.066 0.94
1.2.7.3 IMPORT OF CRUDE OIL
Totally 80% of crude oil used in India are imported from other country, in the
year 2014. The import of crude oil was 189.238 MMT during the year 2013-2014 which
is valued to INR 8,64,875 crore. This is increase of about 10.22% in terms of value
and 2.40% in terms of quantity. Since the import rate is increasing, the economy of
the country is decreasing gradually. The table 3 below explains the import of crude oil
from year 2007 to 2014.

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Table 3: Import of crude oil in India
Year Imports of crude
oil(MMT)
Percentage growth in
import of crude oil
2007-2008 121.672 9.12
2008-2009 132.775 9.13
2009-2010 159.259 19.95
2010-2011 163.595 2.72
2011-2012 171.729 4.97
2012-2013 184.795 7.61
2013-2014 189.238 2.40
1.2.7.4 FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Since the petroleum rate is increasing and the consumption is increasing, the
availability crude oil in the world get reduces. Since there are many development are
moving towards alternative source, they are still in the laboratory development, this is
the right time to utilize the alternative source in the developing country like India.
1.2.8 ELECTRICITY IN INDIA
1.2.8.1 INSTALLED CAPACITY
Electricity is become one of the important basic need of the world, same as in
India. Installed capacity of electricity is divided into five major regions, at the end of
November 2014, Northern region has total installed capacity of 68929.13MW, Western
region with 91660.97 MW, Southern region with 59787.30 MW, Eastern region with
31281.06 MW and North Eastern region is with 3273.21 MW. The total installed
capacity of the country is 248.01278 GW.
The smaller capacitive power plants, which are generating for small industries
and for some houses, which are not connected in the grid is measured as 39 GW in
year 2014. In the 12th five year plan India planned to add 120 GW, in which half of
them will produce through coal burning.

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1.2.8.2 ELECTRICITY DEMAND
Indian power industry is growing at the rapid space, Annual demand is
increasing over 3.6% over last 30 years. The installed capacity is further increasing by
government of India, but still they haven’t meet the demand of the country. Only 79%
of the total population are utilizing electricity in India, the remaining 21% of peoples
are using old fuels for lighting. The manufacturing sector of the India is also growing
fast than the past, the quality of the individual life get improving daily and the
population awareness are not reached the village peoples are the main reason behind
the increasing demand of electricity in India. The following table are the energy
requirements and availability in the year 2015.
Table 4: Regional wise Electricity Requirements and Availability in India
The table represents the availability of the electrical energy is less compare to
the requirements, still the country importing some of the electrical energy from nearby
country to meets its demand, in my view spending money over buying from neighbour
country, India should invest on the Renewable sector, though it is of high cost, it is one
time investment.
1.2.8.3 SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY
Indian Electricity power generates from different sources, in that coal takes the
major position of generation, next to it is hydro and the remaining parts are covered
by natural gas, diesel, nuclear and other renewable sector. The graph in the figure 6
shows the coal has the major responsibility of the percentage shared by the sources
to produce electricity. The renewable energy is now a days improving its area in the
generation sector. Nuclear power is one of the very urging technology in India, but the
Region Requirements
(kWh)
Availability
( kWh)
Surplus and
deficit (%)
Northern 355,794 354,540 -0.4
Western 353,068 364,826 +3.7
Southern 313,248 277,979 -19.8
Eastern 124,610 127,066 +4.6
North-Eastern 185,703 13,934 -4.0
All India 1,162,423 1,138,346 -2.6

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people and some associations are against the nuclear technology due to its explosive
fear.
Table 5: Source of Electricity in India
Source Power (MW)
Coal 147,568
Natural Gas 22,608
Petroleum and other liquids 1,200
Hydroelectricity 40,662
Nuclear 4,780
Other renewables 31,692
Total 248,509
Figure 6: India installed power capacity in May 2014
(eia Beta, 2014)

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1.2.9 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA
India has untapped abundant renewable energy resources, which includes a
long costal line with high wind velocity which provides the high opportunities for both
the off shore and on shore wind technology, it also has the vast land space with highest
solar radiations and India is also an agriculture dependent country so the development
of Bio mass also has the big opportunity. But, from past till now India depends on both
coal and oil, for its 80% of energy consumption. But recently the country giving a great
importance to develop of renewable energy sector. This is due to the high growth rate
of the energy consumption, demands of meeting petroleum fuels and their cost and
volatility of world oils market. The major factor is that the increased competition among
the developed and developing countries for the limited available of fossil resources,
further push the price to the higher level. For example in 2030 the crude oil prices are
projected to be 46% higher when compared to the 2010 market price. But in other
hand improving in technology, decreasing the rate of renewable field, which is
expected to be half of the price in the same time period. Wind energy, solar energy,
hydro and Biomass are the major renewable energy sector in India recently supporting
Power generation along with thermal power plants.
1.2.9.1 WIND ENERGY
The wind energy sector has the installed capacity of 23,439.26 MW power as
on march 31, 2015. India has developed itself in the global wind energy market. In
terms of capacity, India stands in 5th place in the world. Here are some of the state
wise installed capacity are given in table.
Table 6: State wise wind power in India
STATE POWER IN MW
Tamil Nadu 7,253
Gujarat 3,093
Maharashtra 2,976
Karnataka 2,113
Rajasthan 2,355
Madhya Pradesh 386
Andhra Pradesh 916
Kerala 35.1

15
1.2.9.2 BIO MASS
Biomass is also one of the major energy in India, which is contributing 12.83 %
of total power produced from renewable energy. India is one of the largest agriculture
country in the world, which has lot of residues, these residues are used as the potential
of biomass feedstock for the use of energy generation. The resource available is about
500 metric tons per year. These resources are from the energy crops, Agro industrial
waste, Agriculture waste, Municipal solid waste and forest waste.
1.2.9.3 HYDRO POWER
Hydro power takes the big role in the renewable sector of India. It produce
nearly 16.36% of total energy produced in India. India has three different hydel scheme
they are small, mini and macro hydel schemes. The installed capacity of the hydro
power on 31/05/2014 is about 40,661.41 MW.
1.2.9.4 SOLAR PV IN INDIA
India is one of the sunny country in the world due to its geographical location,
this is very important reason behind the development of solar Photovoltaic in India. It
is the forth-largest country to consume electrical energy in the world, after China,
United States and Russia. Since India is in developing stage the demand is increasing
tremendously, due to increasing of industries and transportations.
1.2.9.5 GOVERNMENT KEY POLICY INITIATIVES
The government key policy is one of the important activity, to develop the
particular sector in a country. Since the development of renewable sector in India also
because of many government policies directly and indirectly support the renewable
sector. Here are some of the key government policies which is the major responsible
in development of renewable energy in India are given below in year wise.
2006-2009
 They announced state-specified feed in tariffs for wind energy.
 Notification of Renewable purchase obligations.
 Generation based intensives for solar power.

16
 Solar policies / traffics are announced by several states (SERCs).
 GBI scheme is announced for wind energy.
2009-2013
 Notification of solar specific RPOs.
 Formulation of National Scheme Energy Fund (NCEF).
 Launch of renewable energy certificate.
 Launch of Jawaharlal National Solar Mission (JNSM).
 Establishment of Central Financial Assistance (CFA), to setup small/micro
hydro power plants.
 Constitution of Offshore Wind Energy Steering Committee (OWESC) by MNRE.
 Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) set up.
1.2.9.6 FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN INDIA
Emphasizing the need to generate more electricity from clean energy sources,
the production of Indian renewable power target is announced as 1,75,000 MW in
2022. In that the solar panels have the major lion share of 1,00,000 MW followed by
60,000 MW from wind energy 10,000 MW biomass and 5,000 of small Hydro projects.
This are the small leap towards the green energy in India, still it is the developing
country the economy is the major problem. The government has to give more
importance to the renewable sector by stopping some other development, that’s the
only way to reach green energy soon.

17
CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter discuss about the background material pertaining to the project
undertaken. Technical background for the photovoltaic working, air conditioner
operating principle, measurement of solar radiations, solar charged electric buses and
battery operated automobiles are also discussed. Some of the major benefits,
advantages and some draw backs for the discussed topics were also analysed.
2.2 SOLAR PANELS
2.2.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
The photovoltaic effect is the physical creation of electric current or voltage in
a material upon which the light is exposed to it and is a physical and chemical
phenomenon. The basic working principle of the solar PV panels is photovoltaic effect.
In 1839, nineteen-year-old Edmund Becquerel, a French experimental physicist,
discovered the photovoltaic effect while experimenting with an electrolytic cell made
up of two metal electrodes.
The photovoltaic effect is also defined as the basic physical process through
which a solar cell converts sunlight directly into electricity which falls on it.
2.2.2 SOLAR CELL
Solar cells are the electrical device which is made with the P-N junction diode
works on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Conduction occurs at higher temperature
because the electrons surrounding the semiconductor atoms can break away from
their covalent bond and move freely about the lattice, thus the current flows through
the external circuit. The working of P-N junction is showed in the figure 2.1.

18
Figure 7: P-N junction of solar cell
(Photovoltaic cells P-N Junction, 2013)
The major material used for the solar cell is silicon, which is second most
available material. Since the solar cells are differentiate into different category,
depends on their making and the material used. This technology development leads
to the improvement of different type of materials which reduces the overall cost, but
the efficiency of the silicon solar panel has not been beaten yet. The major type of
materials recently developed in solar PV sector is described below.
2.2.3 TYPES OF SOLAR CELLS
2.2.3.1 MONOCRYSTALLINE
This type of cell is made up of single silicon material, because the cells are
sliced from large single crystals that have been carefully grown under tightly controlled
conditions. Monocrystalline has the maximum efficiency of about 24%, which is the
highest among all the types of solar cell. This is due to the lack of scattering that
happens at crystal (grain) boundaries. However, growing large crystals of pure silicon
is a difficult and very energy-intensive process.

19
Figure 8: Monocrystalline solar cells
(Iso, 2005)
Monocrystalline is also space efficient and lives a long life when compare to all
other PV cells, but the cost of the PV modules are very high. In monocrystalline if one
part get shaded then entire panel get break down.
2.2.3.2 POLYCRYSTALLINE
This type of PV modules are made up of multi crystalline silicon. These are easier and
cheaper to produce than monocrystalline cells. This is because normal cooling rates
can be employed and in this form, a number of interlocking silicon crystals grow
together. This is lower heat constant, simpler and cost efficient. Compared to mono
crystalline it is less space efficiency and less module efficiency. The cell efficiency is
around 19% in the perfect condition.

20
Figure 9: polycrystalline solar cells
(Iso, 2005)
2.2.3.3 THIN-FILM SOLAR CELLS
This type of cell is made up of depositing one or more photovoltaic materials onto the
substrate. These thin films (<1μm) are deposited on a substrate material such as
glass resulting in an amorphous or thin layer cell. Flexibility is one of the greater
advantage of the thin film solar cell technology, which is shown in figure 10.
Figure 10: Thin film solar cell
(Zeman)

21
A variety of materials used, including:
• Amorphous silicon
• Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
• Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
• Copper Indium Selenide (CIS)
• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)
In all the thin film type Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is only the technology has the
ability to meet the competition with monocrystalline and polycrystalline. This is
because it has some advantages over crystalline silicon which includes ease of
manufacturing, good light absorption and the availability of cadmium is abundant.
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is growing rapidly in acceptance and now represents the
second most utilised solar cell material in the world (after silicon).
The major problem behind the development of the thin film solar cell technology
is about the efficiency of the materials. The efficiency of the technology is about below
13%. The working towards developing of efficiency of thin film solar panels is in
progress.
2.2.3.4 AMORPHOUS SILICON
This is very cheap to make compared to the previous modules and less energy
intensive then the crystalline panels but the production method is complex. The
disadvantage of amorphous panels is that they are much less efficient per unit area
(~10%) and are generally not suitable for roof installations. They can also be attached
to a flexible backing sheet allowing them to be rolled up and used, for example, when
going camping / backpacking.

22
Figure 11: a-Si solar cell made in 1974 by David Carlson
(Zeman)
2.3 BUS AIR CONDITIONING
2.3.1 BASIC OPERATION
 When the air conditioner is ON from the driver cabin, relying on an inter
connecting electrical system, the compressor is driven by the battery of the air
conditioner.
 R134a refrigerant is bus air conditioner refrigerant for our chosen system,
together with the heat from the passenger compartment, which is pumped by
the compressor to the high-temperature high-pressure gas, and entering the
condenser coil via the high-pressure air-conditioning pipeline.
 Since the temperature of refrigerant entering condenser is higher than outside
temperature, condenser fans cooling the condenser coil, and taking away a lot
of heat energy which contains refrigerant existing as a hot gas
 The refrigerant undergoes the liquefied exothermic reaction, from high-
temperature high pressure gas to medium-temperature, high-pressure liquid.

23
 The refrigerant exists as a cool liquid, passes the reservoir, cut-off valve (will
decrease the waste of refrigerant while repair and maintain the bus air
conditioning system, and bring the convenience for aftersales engineers.), and
entries filter drier which removing moisture and foreign materials, containing the
filter, desiccant. Then the filtered refrigerant enters the sight glass, a device
which can visual inspection of the refrigerant like water.
 Then cooled liquid refrigerant flows into the evaporator through expansion
valve, which controls the volume of refrigerant into the evaporator coil and
decrease the pressure of refrigerant
 Evaporator absorb the hot air energy form passenger compartment through a
return air grille device which includes an fresh air system which removes
particulate matter without influencing cooling effect, then the evaporator blower
blows the cleaned and cooled air into the passenger compartment through the
evaporator coil
 The refrigerant under a change-of-state from a liquid to a gas, and a
corresponding change of pressure from high to low, which called evaporation.
 During evaporation, due to its throttling effect, the cool liquid through the
expansion valve becomes gas, and the gaseous refrigerant absorbs a lot of
heat energy, containing the passenger compartment hot air, so as to achieve
the purpose of the cooing.
 Warming air passing the evaporator coil, due to cooling effect, moisture
condensation, then it is collected and discharged to the outside of the bus.
 The hot gas in passenger compartment is then suctioned by the compressor,
where it is compressed and refrigeration cycle repeats.

24
Figure 12: Bus air conditioning
(Guchen, 2015)
2.4 SOLAR AIR CONDITIONING
The solar air conditioning is one of the fast growing technology in the recent
years, due to the use of air conditioner in the hot countries. Solar air conditioning is
the supplying of electrical power to the condenser motor of air conditioner from the
photovoltaic panels. There solar air conditioning is divided into two groups of system,
they are solar-assisted systems and solar autonomous systems.
In the solar autonomous system, entire energy required for air conditioner is
supplied by the solar photovoltaic panels. But in some places the solar system is
quoted as solar autonomous system, but still the system is assisted by the little amount
of grid connected energy. The pure autonomous system is one which operated on its
own energy alone, it won’t require even a minimum energy from any other sources.
There are two factors consider in the solar autonomous system are coefficient of
performance COP and Seasonal performance factor (SPF).
The solar assisted system is one which get the energy assisted from grid or
some other source of energy for providing electricity to the air conditioner. The fraction
of energy which the solar assisted to the air conditioner is measured as solar fraction
(SF). The rest of the fractions is find as suppling by the other source. The high the
solar fraction much efficient is the system.

25
Solar fraction = Solar fraction used / Total energy.
Figure 13: Block diagram of PV system and air conditioning system
2.5 ELECTRIC BUSES
2.6 ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY
Battery electrical vehicle (BEV) are developing in many cites as a result of the
legislative measures implemented to reduce traffic pollution and limit greenhouse gas
emissions. But still the implementation of the BEV is much slower than the
technological development of the BEV. Since in the country which has the renewable
energy source, the battery electrical vehicle produce very less toxic gases. The battery
operated vehicle has provided high torque to the electric motor that is transmitted to
the vehicle, it also provide smoother acceleration and deceleration when compared to
the internal combustion engine (ICE). The battery operated vehicle do not produce
any noise, and they don't produce pollutant emissions. They can be used anywhere in
city or urban areas. They also have some disadvantages like Limited autonomy and
top speed, high production cost, need for special charging place and larger recharging
time. Some of the battery used in the vehicles are explained below.

26
2.6.1 TYPES OF BATTERY
 Lead acid (Pb- acid) battery – This is one of the oldest type of battery
used in world wide. They have high power to weight ratio so Pb-acid
batteries can be the cheapest solution for the electric vehicles. But the
major disadvantage is the handling of acidic solution associated with it.
 Nickel cadmium (NiCd) – this battery have the highest number of cycles
of charge and discharge so the lifespan of the battery is very high. The
disadvantage is the construction of heavy metal cadmium, which affects
the human, animal and the environment.
 Nickel-Metal-Hydride (NiMH) – This battery resembles like the nickel
cadmium battery. NiMH battery has the maximum load capacity and also
NiMH batteries have lower energy storage capacity and also a high self-
discharge coefficient.
 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) – Li-ion battery has the large power storage capacity,
and also has the very good energy density to weight ratio. This battery
has some disadvantages like potential of overheating, limited life cycle
and high cost.
 Lithium ion polymer – this battery provides the high life cycle than the
classic lithium ion battery, but it presents a functional instability both in
the case of an overload and in the case of battery discharges below a
certain value
 Sodium nickel chloride (NaNiCl) - Sodium nickel chloride battery is also
called as the zebra battery and it uses a molten salt electrolyte with an
operating temperature of 270–350 ⁰C. It also have high stored energy
density. But there are some disadvantage like high capital cost and
performance/safety issues.

27
Figure 14: Type of battery and energy density efficiency
(Manzetti, 2015)
The batteries used for the vehicle is always preferred to have highest coefficient
of density. The autonomy of the electrical vehicle will increase if the battery have
highest coefficient of storage density. The main characteristics of batteries currently
developed and most used to equip electric vehicles are presented in the table 1.
Table 7: Technical characteristics of main battery types used for EV
(Manzetti, 2015)
Battery
technology
(type)
Specific
energy
(Wh/kg)
Energy/
Volume
coefficient
(Wh/L)
Power/
Weight
coefficient
(W/kg)
Self-
discharge
coefficient
(% per24h)
Number of
recharging
cycles
Pb-acid 40 70 180 1 500
Ni–Cd 60 100 150 5 1350
NiMH 70 250 1000 2 1350
Li-ion 125 270 1800 1 1000
Li-ion
polymer
200 300 3500 1 1000
Na–NiCl 125 300 1500 0 1000

28
2.7 MTC
2.7.1 HISTORY
The government of Madras (currently called Chennai) start nationalized the
passenger transport by introducing 30 new buses to madras city in 1947. Madras state
transport department was on the in charge for all the operation. In 01.01.1972 the
Pallavan transport corporation limited was found to transfer departmental setup to
company setup under the Companies Act 1956, by the Government of Tamil Nadu
with a strength of 1029 buses. In the year 1994 on the basis of public requirements
the strength has gradually increased to 2332. So the organisation was bifurcated into
two parts as Pallavan Transport Corporation Limited and Dr.Ambedkhar Transport
Corporation Limited on 19.01.1994. The operational jurisdiction of the Dr.Ambedkhar
Transport Corporation Limited under takes North of Chennai Metropolitan city from
EVR Periyar Road (including EVR Periyar road). The operational jurisdiction of the
Pallavan Transport Corporation Limited under takes south of the Chennai Metropolitan
city from EVR Periyar road. There are different type of buses are running around the
city, under the control of Metropolitan Transport corporation Chennai, this includes
normal buses, semi-low floor buses, Air-conditioner buses and small buses.
2.7.2 AIR CONDITIONER BUSES
As per the latest survey there are more than 100 buses operating around
Chennai. In the summer the people prefer to move in Air conditioner buses than normal
buses so the demand more buses due to very hot climate in Chennai. The Volvo 8400
is the model of Air conditioner bus running ion Chennai. The government planned to
increases the number of buses due to the increasing population in Chennai. Peoples
working in MNC and some big companies using Air conditioner bus instead of car. To
reduce the

29
Figure 15: Chennai Air conditioner city bus
(volvo 8400 city bus, n.d.)

30
CHAPTER 3
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides with the calculation of finding the energy required for one
month by the air conditioner in the bus and calculation of number of solar panels
required to meet the energy demand. The calculations are done with the normal
calculator and also with the use of MATLAB. The MAT LAB coding, references are
available in the appendices 6.
3.2 DATA EXPLANATION
The data available is for the metropolitan city Chennai, India. This data is
collected from professor T.Munner. The data is for hourly Global horizontal irradiance
and daily minimum and maximum temperature for Chennai in year 2008.
3.2.1 GLOBAL HORIZONTAL IRRADIANCE
The total amount of short wave radiation received by the earth surface, which
is horizontal to the ground. The Direct normal irradiance and diffuse horizontal
irradiance are included in this global horizontal irradiance, this is shown in the figure
16.
Figure 16: Global Horizontal Irradiation
(Solar Irradiation of a Horizontal Surface, 2013)

31
In many places pyrometer or solar radium meter, which is an electronic device, is used
to find the Global horizontal irradiance. The formula 3.1 is used to find the global
horizontal irradiation.
I global=I beam cos (zenith) + I Horizontal Diffuse----------------------------------------- 3.1
3.2.2 MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE
The minimum and maximum temperature of the day for 25 years are available
in our data seat, but the calculation is going to use only the year 2008, which is the
chosen year for calculating energy, from the global horizontal irradiation.
3.3 CALCULATION FOR DEMAND
The demand calculated here is for the power required by the compressor of the
air conditioner to maintain the specified temperature inside the bus. The factor which
affects the temperature of the bus is the solar radiation move fall inside the bus through
the glass, thermal evaporation of the number of people accessing bus and the heat
transfer through the glass window of the bus. The solar radiation data is available from
professor T.Munner. The heat transfer is find through the hourly temperature of the
environment, where the hourly temperature is find through the minimum and maximum
temperature for Chennai from the professor T.Munner. The total thermal KW can be
find by adding all the three factors. After finding the thermal KW of the work done by
the compressor is converted to electrical KW using the coefficient of performance
(COP) of the chosen air conditioner.
3.3.1 HEAT THROUGH HUMAN BEINGS
The human body used to expend the energy, as per the calculation, the average
human body expends 8.37 x 106 joules of energy per day, most of the human being
are in the same equilibrium. If we consider most of the energy leave in the form of
heat. Then the average energy the human being radiated about 350000 Joule per
hour. Since to covert the joule in to the watt, watt is just joule per second. This is equal
to the energy produce by the 100 watt light bulb. So, the human radiates 100 watt
power, which is 0.1 KW of thermal power. By multiplying the total number of passenger
capacity of the bus, we can calculate the total thermal power emitted by the human
being in the bus.

32
Figure 17: Heat through human body
(Ogin, n.d.)
Total no of passenger = 40
Heat produce by single human being = 0.1 kW
Total heat produce by the passengers (Q1) = Total no of passengers * Heat produce
by single human being ----------------------- (3.2)
Total heat produce (Q1) = 40 * 0.1 KW = 4 kW
3.3.2 HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH THE GLASS WINDOW
The second major factor which affects the temperature inside the bus, is the
temperature outside the bus environment, which will transfer the heat through the
fenestration, the glass window acts as the major part of transferring heat from the
environment to the bus. Since to make it more accuracy the hourly temperature is
used, which is find from the daily minimum and maximum temperature for the Chennai.
Heat through glass window (Q2) = U * A * (T0 - T1) ------ 3.3
U – Heat transfer co-efficient of glass
A – Area of glass window (one sided)
T0 – outside temperature.
T1 – Inside required temperature

33
Heat transfer through is calculated using the formula 3.3. The heat transfer coefficient
for the glass is about 3 w/k-m2, since the temperature available is in Celsius. To
convert the Celsius to kelvin, the temperature is added by the 273.
3.3.3 RADIATION TRANSFER THROUGH THE WINDOW
The important factor which affects the temperature of the bus atmosphere is
the radiation passing through the window from the sun. The radiation for the Chennai
is available, using the radiation data and using radiation co efficient of the glass
window. Heat due to the radiation can be find.
Heat through glass window (Q3) = U * A * global radiation ---- 3.4
A – Area of glass window.
U – Coefficient of tinted glass.
The coefficient is about 0.1 for tinted glass. The area of the glass window is
about 13.284 m2. The calculation is done using the mat lab, for every hour the heat
transfer is calculated using the hourly radiation data.
3.3.4 TOTAL POWER DEMAND
To get the total thermal demand we need to add all the thermal loads. This
calculation is also done using the MATLAB. For every hour the thermal load demand
is calculated.
To convert the thermal load to the electrical load required by the compressor of
the air conditioner. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the compressor is needed.
The chosen compressor has the refrigerant of R134a, the coefficient of the
performance is ranges between 2 to 4. The coefficient of performance is 2.15 for the
refrigerant of R134a. The equation 3.5 gives the conversion of thermal kilo watt to
electrical kilo watt.
Electrical power = Thermal KW / COP ----- 3.5
3.3.5 TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND
The energy required for the Air conditioner is different for each month,
because the climate is varying for all the months. Table 8 shows the energy required
for the air conditioner for each month.

34
Table 8: Monthly Energy demand
Month Energy Required (Kwh)
January 494.72
February 478.37
March 507.27
April 504.73
May 519.55
June 486.99
July 505.44
August 493.82
September 486.32
October 491.69
November 462.94
December 491.85
Figure 18: Monthly Energy Demand chart
The monthly energy calculation is only for calculating the number of solar panels
required by the Air conditioner. The rest of the calculation is done by the total energy
required by the air conditioner for one year.
494.72
478.37
507.27 504.73
519.55
486.99
505.44
493.82
486.32
491.69
462.94
491.85
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
EnergykWh
Month
Energy Required (Kwh)

35
Energy required for one year = 5923.7 kWh
3.4 SUPPLY CALACULATION
3.4.1 CALCULATION OUTLINE
Using that horizontal global radiation, hourly temperature and the chosen mono
crystalline module data sheet, the power and energy produced by the single panel is
calculated. In the previous calculation the power and energy demand is calculated.
Using the energy produced by the single panel and the total energy demand, number
of total solar panel required is calculated
3.4.2 CALCULATION OF HOURLY TEMPERATURE
In this step the calculations are made to find the temperature hourly values. But
the data available is for daily minimum and maximum temperature for Chennai. With
the help of Ashrae value, the daily minimum and maximum value is calculated using
the formula 4.6. Ashrae value for every hour is given in the table 9.
Table 9: Ashrae value for each hour
Hour Ashrae value
1 0.12
2 0.08
3 0.05
4 0.02
5 0.09
6 0.02
7 0.09
8 0.26
9 0.45
10 0.62
11 0.77
12 0.87
13 0.95
14 1
15 1
16 0.94

36
17 0.86
18 0.76
19 0.61
20 0.5
21 0.41
22 0.32
23 0.25
24 0.18
Hourly temperature = z* ((maximum temperature – minimum temperature) + Daily
minimum temperature ----------------- 3.6
Z=Ashrae value.
Using the MATLAB the Ashrae values are first assigned to their respective hour
(for all the days in the year 2008) by using while loop and if conditions.
3.4.3 ASSIGNING OF DATA TO VARIABLES
The first step is to save all the data in .PRN format in order to use in the MAT
LAB. Then the data are assigned to the variables for the further calculation. Data that
are assigned are day, month, year, hour, Horizontal Global slope, minimum
temperature, maximum temperature and Ashrae value.
3.4.4 CALCULATION OF CELL TEMPERATURE
Using the daily Horizontal Global irradiance, and with the standard cell
temperature and nominal operating cell temperature taken from the chosen
photovoltaic module, hourly cell temperature for all data was calculated. The
temperature of the environment are higher than the operating temperature of
Photovoltaic modules. The power output is affected by the operating temperature of
the photovoltaic module. The Normal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) is one of
the key consideration of determining the cell temperature because this is the
temperature attained by open circuit cell temperature.
Tstc= 25 ◦C
TNOCT = 45 ◦C
GNOCT = 800 W/m2

37
Cell efficiency= 16.53%=0.1653
The cell temperature has been calculated using the formula 3.7
Cell Temperature=T 𝑎+ (Hglobal/𝐺 𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑡 *(𝑇 𝑐, 𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑡−𝑇 𝑎,)*(1−𝜂 𝑠𝑡c/𝜏𝛼)) ---------------- 3.7
𝑇 𝑐 - cell temperature
𝑇 𝑎 - air temperature
Ghorizontal - hourly horizontal irradiation
𝐺 𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑡 = normal operating global irradiation W/m2
𝑇 𝑐, 𝑛𝑜𝑐𝑡 – Cell temperature at NOCT
𝑇𝑎 - air temperatures at NOCT
𝜂 𝑠𝑡𝑐 -cell efficiency at STC
𝜏𝛼 – temperature coefficient of crystalline silicon.
Step 4:
3.4.5 CALCULATION OF CELL EFICENCY
The cell efficiency is the efficiency for the each different cell in the module, this
is different from the module efficiency. The calculated cell temperature, The Normal
Operating Cell Temperature and the efficiency given in the data sheet of the module
are the major consideration to find the cell efficiency. 𝛼𝑝 is always 0.04% for crystalline
silicon (Mattie, et al., 2006).
The cell efficiency for each hour are calculated in the MAT LAB. The cell
efficiency is find using the formula 3.8.
Cell efficiency 𝜂 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙=𝜂*[1+ 𝛼𝑝 (𝑇 𝑐−𝑇𝑐𝑠𝑡𝑐)] --------3.8

38
Step 5:
3.4.6 CALCULATION OF POWER
The calculation of power is done for the one complete module. To calculate the
power produce by the PV modules we need the module area, cell area, global
horizontal irradiation and cell efficiency. Using all this data the power is calculated by
the formula 3.9.
The area of the module = 1.88 m2.
The area of the cell = 1.75 m2 (counting the 60 cells)
POWER = Module area X (Cell area/Module Area) X (𝐺Horizontal/1000) X 𝜂𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙
The power is calculated for all the hourly data, for the year 2008, using the formula
3.9.
3.4.7 CALCULATION OF ENERGY
The energy produced by the panel in each month is calculated by adding
energy produced by the panel for each hour. The energy produce for all the month is
given in the table 10.
Table 10: Monthly energy produced by single panel
Month Energy produced by single panel
(kWh)
January 43.611
February 49.177
March 51.086
April 57.197
May 58.522
June 48.791
July 51.192
August 44.374
September 47.733
October 42.887
November 34.524
December 42.202

39
Figure 19: Energy produced by single panel
The figure 19 shows that the highest energy produced is in May with 58.522 kWh and
the lowest is in November with 34.524 kWh.
3.5 CONCLUSION
The energy required is calculated by the environmental aspects which affects
temperature of the bus. The energy produced by the single selected solar panel is
calculated using the solar radiation data for Chennai.
43.611
49.177 51.086
57.197 58.522
48.791 51.192
44.374
47.733
42.887
34.524
42.202
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
kWh
month
Energy produced by single solar panel
Series 1

40
CHAPTER 4
4. DESINING AND ANALYSIS
4.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter discuss about the overall designing and analysis of the solar panel
with the demand and supply results got from the previous chapter. This chapter is also
describes the procedure of selecting the each single components and their
connections to form the balance electrical circuit to supply air conditioner.
4.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
4.2.1 PANEL SELECTION
The PV panels are in different types with different characteristic based on the
material used for manufacturing. Monocrystalline solar panels are best for this project
due to its three major advantages as follows.
 Mono crystalline is a space efficient panel. In this project the area for placing
the solar panel is at the top of the bus, since the bus top is very small in size,
the panels should be highly space efficient.
 Monocrystalline solar panels have the highest efficiency when compare to all
other PV panels, since higher the efficiency, the number of solar panel used will
get reduce.
 Monocrystalline has the highest heat tolerance than all other, the Chennai is
very hot city and also the panels are placed in the top of the bus, where the
some heat from the bus can transfer to the solar panels, this all will tend to
reduce the life of the solar panel. So the chosen panel should have the high
heat tolerance. The life of the monocrystalline is nearly 25 years.
The solar panel selected monocrystalline from the company CSUN SOLAR, some
of the basic parameters are given in the table 11. The datasheet with all the
parameters are given in the appendix 1.

41
Table 11: Description of selected PV panel
SL. NO Description Parameters
1 Power (Pmax) 320 w
2 Voltage (Vmax) 37.4 v
3 Current (Imax) 8.56 A
4 Short circuit Current (Isc) 9.01 A
5 Efficiency 16.53%
6 Dimensions 1956 × 990 × 50 mm
4.2.3 NUMBER OF PANELS
The total number of solar panels is calculated using the energy demand of the
air conditioner, for more accuracy, the calculation is done for all the month
individually. The calculation is done using the mat lab and the result is shown in the
table 12.
Table 12: Total PV panels required for every month.
Month Energy Required
(Kwh)
Energy produced
by single
panel(kwh)
Total PV panels
required
January 494.72 43.611 11.344
February 478.37 49.177 9.7276
March 507.27 51.086 9.9297
April 504.73 57.197 8.8244
May 519.55 58.522 8.876
June 486.99 48.791 9.9811
July 505.44 51.192 9.8733
August 493.82 44.374 11.129
September 486.32 47.733 10.188
October 491.69 42.887 11.465
November 462.94 34.524 13.409
December 491.85 42.202 11.655

42
Most of the month requires 9 to 12 solar panels, so choosing the 12 solar panels
is the best option for the circuit and design. This is because there may be some
unexpected losses in the solar panel.
Total number of solar panel chosen = 12.
In this six panels are connected in parallel and then two sets of six panels are
connected in series. This connection is to improve the maximum output of the solar
photovoltaic panel. Total energy produce by 12 panel for every month is given in the
table 13.
Table 13: Monthly energy produced by entire solar array
Month Energy produced
by single panel
Number of PV
panels installed
Total energy
produced (kwh)
January 43.611 12 523.33
February 49.177 12 590.12
March 51.086 12 613.04
April 57.197 12 686.36
May 58.522 12 702.26
June 48.791 12 585.5
July 51.192 12 614.31
August 44.374 12 532.48
September 47.733 12 572.8
October 42.887 12 514.64
November 34.524 12 414.29
December 42.202 12 506.42
4.3 BATTERIES
Batteries are very important factor in the photovoltaic field, in other words it is
one of the important equipment in the renewable world, because in case of renewable
sector the major problem is that the input energy is not controlled by the human so the
energy produced is also unpredictable (we can’t produce when we needed, we have
to utilize when it is available), so in order to save the energy produced from the
renewable sector the batteries are very essential.

43
There are some key factors to select the battery, in this case the battery
capacity is depend on the power and voltage of the solar panel and the air conditioner
used. The key factors are given below
 Autonomy days: This is the number of days that the battery need to
provide the power to the lode without the use of electricity.
 Battery capacity: Battery capacity is one of the major consideration in
selecting the battery, because this is the total power needed to operate
the load by the battery.
 Battery type: different type of battery is used for different applications, in
order to place the perfect battery in this case the battery which suits for
automobile should be selected, which also suits the temperature and
environment of the location.
 Life expectancy: Batteries has the minimum life time, it ends their life
after the anode and cathode is completely utilized.
 Maintenance Schedule: Maintenance of battery is must to get better life
expectancy.
The major factor considered to select the battery in this project, the chosen
battery should match the existing battery and the alternator in the bus, since the battery
present already inside the Volvo 8400 bus match all the required properties for the
solar array. The battery chosen is the Varta Commercial 620HD - Blue Promotive, 670-
104-100 (M9), 12V 170Ah Heavy Duty (HD) Battery. Some of the basic batteries
parameters are given in the Table 13. The image of the battery is shown in figure 20.

44
Figure 20: Varta Commercial 620HD Battery
(Varta Commercial Blue Promotive Batteries, n.d.)
The voltage of the air conditioner is 24V, so the system design is said to be in
24v or higher, the chosen battery has 12V. To design the system in 24 voltage as
required by the air conditioner.
Table 13: Results for battery calculation and selection
Parameters Values
DC System Voltage 24V
Discharge Limit 0.8
Battery Capacity 170Ah
Batteries in series 2

45
4.4 MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER
The charge controller is another major device which is used to maintain the life
of the battery and also used to provide the maximum power from the solar array to the
battery with required voltage and current. There are some basic factors which
influences the selection of MPPT charge controller.
Figure 21: MPPT charge controller circuit board
1. Determining the Amperage and power
The amperage of the charge controller can be determined by using the
calculated value of the demand load, the battery size and the solar array size. The
amperage of the MPPT charge controller is range between 20Adc to 80Adc.
Calculating the Controller Array Current
Array Short Circuit Current = Module Short Circuit Current x Modules in parallel x
Safety Factor

46
Table 14: Calculating the Controller Array Current
MPPT Charge Controller
Parameters Values
Modules in parallel 6
Short circuit current (Isc) 7.27 Amp
Safety factor 1.25
Controller Input Current (A) 54.375 Amp
Array Short Circuit Current = 7.27 * 6 * 1.25 = 54.375 Amp
Some of the uncommon factors affects the amperage such as light reflection or
edge of cloud effect etc. This may result in increasing of amperage by 25%, so the
factor is consider as 1.25.
2. Determine System (battery) Voltage
The system voltage is all about the battery and Air conditioner interaction. The
system voltage is always ranges between 12Vdc to 60Vdc. In our case the system
voltages is 24V.
3. Determine Array Voltage
Array voltage is the open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic array at the lowest
recorded temperature. From the data sheet provided by the CSUN solar company the
maximum voltage the panel can provided is 37.4 volt.
Considering the above value of 54.375 Amp, and the maximum voltage (Vmax)
delivered from the panels are 37.4 V, therefore the nearest possible charge controller
is for 70A with 48 V. The MPPT charge controller chosen from the company Blue
Solar charge controller, of model MPPT 150/70. The rated charge current is about
70Amp @ 40°C (104°F). Some important parameters of chosen charge controller is
given in the table 15.

47
Figure 22: MPPT charge controller in circuit diagram
Table 15: Technical specification for MPPT charge controller
Parameter Values
Nominal battery voltage 48V
Rated charge current 70A @ 40°C (104°F)
Operating temperature -40°C to 60°C
Float charge 54.8V
Weight 4.2 kg
Dimensions (h x w x d) 350 x 160 x 135 mm
4.5 CONNECTIVITY WITH BUS BATTERY
The next step is design a connection between the solar panel, battery and
MPPT charge controller with the battery connected with the alternator. Because some
time the solar panel may not produce the enough power to keep the battery fully
charged, this happens in rainy, cloudy and evening time. In such a case the alternator
is the backup option for the battery connected to the air conditioner.
The DC to DC battery charger is a device used to connect the battery charge
from solar panel and the battery charge through alternator. This helps the battery to
maintain the full charge, which extend the battery life.

48
4.6 INTERNAL CIRCUIT CONNECTION
The final circuit is shown in the figure 23, in this circuit the battery
connected to the air conditioner has two input powers from both the solar panel and
Alternator in order to get the continuous flow of current and also to maintain the
battery life.
Figure 23: Circuit Diagram of Solar PV for air conditioner bus
4.7 CONCLUSION
The circuit is designed in the fact the energy produced by the solar panel is
equal to the energy but for the safety and unknown hazards, the system design is
connected to the existing alternator battery. This improves the system efficiency.

49
CHAPTER 5
5. ECONOMIC FACTOR
5.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter discuss about the overall cost of the project with the payback
period for the project since the design is for the government bus, so the calculation
doesn’t includes the Feed in tariffs (FIT).
5.2 PAYBACK PERIOD
Payback period is the calculation of determining the length of time required to
recover the cost of an investment. There is no FIT consider in this calculation but the
diesel used to produce electricity is consider as the income for the project.
Total amount spend:
The total cost spend for the project is discussed in the table 16. The major
cost spend is on solar panel, battery and MPPT charge controller is taken into the
account.
Table 16: TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT
Items Cost (INR) quantity Total cost (INR)
Solar panel 12700 12 152400
Battery 14900 2 29800
MPPT 9819 1 9819
Total cost of the project 192019 (INR)
Total amount receive:
Energy produced by 12 panels = 6855.6 kWh
Total energy (kWh) needed for one year = 5923.7 kWh
Power produced by one litre of diesel = 3.5 kWh / litre
Total diesel required to produce total energy = Total energy required / energy
produced by one litre

50
Total diesel required to produce total energy = 5923.7 kWh / 3.5 kWh/ litre.
= 1692.5
Cost of 1 litre diesel in Chennai = 55 (INR).
Total cost to produce required amount of Energy
= cost per litre * total diesel required
Total cost to produce required amount of Energy = 55 * 1692.5
= 93087.5 (INR)
Result
Payback period = Total cost spend / total cost received
= 192019 / 93087.5
Payback period = 2.062 years
The payback period is calculated as approximately 2 years and 22 days.
5.3 CONCLUSION
The payback period is very important economical aspect in the implementation
of renewable sector, the designed system is acceptable when the payback period is
less than 5 years. Since in our system the payback period is 2 years and 22 days, this
shows the economic effect of the designed system, which is very economical.

51
CHAPTER 6
6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
6.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter discuss about the environmental impacts of the entire project. The
technique used to find the environmental impacts of the project is Life Cycle
Assessment. Life cycle assessment is a “cradle-to-grave” process in which it analysis
the gathering of raw material to the end product of the material. But in this chapter only
the CO2 impact of our system is discussed.
6.2 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Life cycle assessment is very important for the solar photovoltaic system.
Because the assessment shows the impact of the installed work in the environment,
and it has the least benefits to compare the CO2 emission to compare with the diesel
power generation.
Calculation of CO2 emitted by diesel Engine
CO2 emitted by one litre of diesel = 0.27 kg / kWh
Total kWh required for Air conditioner for one year = 5923.7 kWh
Total CO2 emitted by Diesel engine for PV generated energy for one year
= CO2 emitted by one litre of diesel * Total kWh
required.
= 0.27 kg / kWh * 5923.7 kWh
= 1599.399 kg
The life time of the photovoltaic panels is consider to be 25 years as per the solar
panel manufacturer data sheet.
Total CO2 emitted by Diesel engine for PV generated energy for 25 year
= 1599.399 kg * 25
= 39984.957 kg
CO2 emitted by manufacturing solar PV

52
While manufacturing solar Photovoltaics there are some CO2 emission taken
during mining and transportation.
Figure 24: CO2 emission from different of panels
(Satish, May 2013)
Figure 25: CO2 emission from PV system with battery
(Satish, May 2013)
From the above diagram it shows that, for 25 years the PV module of
our system produce is about 1564 kg.
6.3 CONCLUSION
The calculation shows that the CO2 emitted by the Diesel engine in 25 year is
about 39984.957 kg and that the CO2 emitted by the PV system in 25 year is about
1564 kg. The net CO2 saved is about 38420.975 kg. This system saves the huge CO2
emitted to the environment. This shows the environmental friendliness of the designed
PV system.

53
CHAPTER 7
7 PROJECT LIMITATIONS
While the calculations and design is done there are some issues occurred which may
help to increase the design into more accuracy.
1. All the calculations were based on the temperature and solar radiation
data taken from the year 2008, which may slightly affect the recent
design and installation.
2. There is more waste of energy while the bus is not operating for some
reasons. The rest of the energy after the battery is full will make the
3. While the buses move inside the city, there are some shadow fall on
solar PV panels which may affect the solar PV output, but the shadow
factor is not consider in the power output calculation, because of its
unpredictable timing.
4. The air conditioner energy demand is calculated using the fixed amount
of passengers, but the number of passengers vary at different time.
5. The panels are chosen from the china, because to get the maximum
efficiency module, but the calculation of transportation and the labour
cost was not taken into the account in the economic factor.

54
CHAPTER 8
8 RECOMMENDATION
1. The government may give more incentives for the PV manufactures to
India so the technical and new technologies reaches the country soon,
so the high efficiency panel may get in low cost in Indian PV markets.
2. The government may implement the rule for all the light and heavy
vehicles to implement the solar panel in the vehicle to supply minimum
percentage of energy for the Vehicle electrical components, to reduce
the carbon foot print.
3. More awareness programs should be executed for renewable energy
technologies. They can be started by adding some study modules in to
the education system.
4. Knowledge about solar panel maintenances can teach to the Drivers
and Conductors in the bus. So, they will maintain the bus mounted
solar panel, which reduces the maintenance cost and regular
maintenance improve the solar panel life time.
5. All the trains in the India are now making as electric train, the
government may implement this kind of project in the train which has
huge space in the top, will reduces the Carbon footprint and fuel
consumption, which makes the country greener.

55
CHAPTER 10
10. CONCLUSION
The diesel demand and the carbon pollution in India will be resolved if the
project is implemented in all the major city. The government do lot of work in
developing renewable sector especially solar sector in India, further if the government
concentrate on the solar vehicle system then the government can develop
Economically with pollution free environmental.
The project has shown that the viability of installation of a solar PV system in
the roof top for any bus. In terms of energy generation, it is completely feasible to fulfil
the demand of every single month with 12 PV panels, and two 180 AH battery.
This project is analysed economically in which it shows very short payback
period of 2 years and 22 days, this shows the project has economically benefit. This
project is also analysed environmentally in which its shows yearly the net CO2 saved
is about 38420.975 kg for a year. The both economic and environmental analysis of
the project shows the worth of implementing the project.
The project has some limitations which is discussed and some
recommendations are also provided which helps to resolve the limitations of the
project and the future development of the solar PV in India. This project will break the
carbon cycle to make pollution free environment. Over all the project is feasible and
worth of implementing in economical and environmental perspective.

56
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59
APPENDICES
Appendices 1: Solar PV module manufacturer datasheet

61
Appendices 2: Battery Manufacturer datasheet

63
Appendices 3: MPPT Charge Controller Datasheet

64
Appendices 4: Volvo Bus Interior Specifications Datasheet

66
Appendices 5 : Volvo Specification Data sheet

67
Appendices 6 : Mat lab Coding
%Data are read and assigned to the particular variables.
data=textread('2008.PRN');
temperature=textread('temp.PRN');
zvalue=textread('zvalue.PRN');
day=data(:,1);
month=data(:,2);
year=data(:,3);
hour=data(:,4);
Hgloble=data(:,5);
mintemp=temperature(:,2);
maxtemp=temperature(:,1);
% conversion of minimum and maximum temperature to hourly temperature.
%min temp and max temp
i=1; %to reprasent the index for the Hour data
while i<=length(hour)
j=1;% to reprasent the month
while j<=12
if month(i,1)==j
k=1; % to reprasent the day
while k<=31
if day(i,1)==k
mintempa(i,1)=mintemp(k,1);
maxtempa(i,1)=maxtemp(k,1);
end
k=k+1;
end
end
j=j+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
%Ashree value
i=1;

68
j=1;
while j<=24
if hour(i,1)==j
ashree(i,1)=zvalue(j,1);
end
j=j+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
%hourly temperature
i=1;
Htemp(i,1)=(maxtempa(i,1)-mintempa(i,1))*(ashree(i,1))+ mintempa(i,1);
i=i+1;
end
%power Demand
%thermal demand due to passengers in bus.(PT)
PT=0.1*40;
i=1;
%thermal demand due to Radiation through window (TR)
TR(i,1)=0.1*Hgloble(i,1)*13.248/1000;
%thermal demand due to temperature through window (TO)
TO(i,1)=13.284*(Htemp(i,1)+273-(27+273))*3/1000;
i=i+1;
end
cop=2.15;
%convertion of thermal demand to electric demand using cop.
KW=(PT+TR+TO)/2.15;
KW(KW<0)=0;
i=1;
%cosider the bus is in working for 8 hours.

69
if (hour(i,1)<=9)||(hour(i,1)>=17)
KW(i,1)=0;
else
KW(i,1)=KW(i,1);
end
i=i+1;
end
%energy Demand for one year.
ER=sum(KW)
%calculation of power produced by selected PV panel using the solar radiation
%cell temperature
Tstc=25;
Tnoct=45;
Gnoct=800;
ta=0.9;
eff=0.1653;
i=1;
celltemp(i,1)=Htemp(i,1)+(Hgloble(i,1)/Gnoct)*(Tnoct-Htemp(i,1))*(1-(eff/ta));
i=i+1;
end
%efficiency of solar panel
i=1;
ap=-0.00423;
celleff(i,1)=eff*(1+ap*(celltemp(i,1)-Tstc));
i=i+1;
end
%power produced for every hour
i=1;
cellarea=1.75;
power(i,1)=(cellarea*Hgloble(i,1)*celleff(i,1))/1000;
i=i+1;

70
end
%energy produce for one year by single solar panel
energy=sum(power)
%total energy produced by 12 solar panels
Tenergy=12*energy
%no of pv panels required
PV=ER/energy
% energy produced by each month is calculating by separating the each month power
produced data.
%energy day 16 for January
i=1;
a=1;
while i<=length(power)
if month(i,1)==1
janenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
janER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy1=sum(janenergy);
Tjan=energy1*12;
ER1=sum(janER);
jan=ER1/energy1;
%energy for February
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==2
febenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
febER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end

71
i=i+1;
end
energy2=sum(febenergy);
Tfeb=energy2*12;
ER2=sum(febER);
feb=ER2/energy2;
%energy for March
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==3
marenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
marER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy3=sum(marenergy);
Tmar=energy3*12;
ER3=sum(marER);
mar=ER3/energy3;
%energy for April
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==4
apirlenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
aprilER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy4=sum(apirlenergy);
Tapril=energy4*12;

72
ER4=sum(aprilER);
apirl=ER4/energy4;
%energy for May
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==5
mayenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
mayER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy5=sum(mayenergy);
Tmay=energy5*12;
ER5=sum(mayER);
may=ER5/energy5;
%energy for June
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==6
juneenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
juneER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy6=sum(juneenergy);
Tjune=energy6*12;
ER6=sum(juneER);
june=ER6/energy6;
%energy for July
i=1;

73
a=1;
if month(i,1)==7
julyenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
julyER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy7=sum(julyenergy);
Tjuly=energy7*12;
ER7=sum(julyER);
july=ER7/energy7;
%energy for august
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==8
augenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
augER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy8=sum(augenergy);
Taug=energy8*12;
ER8=sum(augER);
august=ER8/energy8;
%energy for September
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==9
sepenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);

74
sepER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy9=sum(sepenergy);
Tsep=energy9*12;
ER9=sum(sepER);
sep=ER9/energy9;
%energy for October
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==10
octenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
octER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy10=sum(octenergy);
Toct=energy10*12;
ER10=sum(octER);
oct=ER10/energy10;
%energy for November
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==11
novenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
novER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;

75
end
energy11=sum(novenergy);
Tnov=energy11*12;
ER11=sum(novER);
nov=ER11/energy11;
%energy for December
i=1;
a=1;
if month(i,1)==12
decenergy(a,1)=power(i,1);
decER(a,1)=KW(i,1);
a=a+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
energy12=sum(decenergy);
Tdec=energy12*12;
ER12=sum(decER);
dec=ER12/energy12;
%indentify the index
N=1;
M=1;
index(1,1)=1;
while N<=length(day)
if day(N,1)==M
else
index(M+1,1)=N;
M=M+1;
end
N=N+1;
end
index(M+1,1)=N;
%january graph for power and Horizontal radiation.

76
m=1;
for n=1:30
for x=index(n):(index(n+1)-1)
day1(m,n)=power(x,1);
day2(m,n)=Hgloble(x,1);
m=m+1;
end
m=1;
end
%plot graph
n=1;
for m=1:30
figure(1);subplot (6,5,m); plot (day2(:,n));ylim([-.3 1000]); xlim([0 24]);
figure(2);subplot (6,5,m); plot (day1(:,n));ylim([-.3 .3]); xlim([0 24]);
n=n+1;
m=m+1;
end

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