This document is a master's thesis submitted by Abduxukur Zayit to the Faculty of Engineering at the Polo Regionale di Lecco in Italy. The thesis examines the urban context of Piacenza, Italy and proposes a design for a new public library building in the city. It includes sections on the urban context and history of Piacenza, an urban design proposal for the site of the new library, architectural designs for the proposed library building, structural designs, considerations of building physics and climate for the site, and technological designs focused on making the building energy positive. The goal of the project was to interconnect the landscape, urban spaces, and architectural design of the library with a focus on positive energy use.

1. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING POLO REGIONALE DI LECCO
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING
RELATORE
PROF. MASSIMO TADI
CO-REELATOR
PROF. GABRIELE MASERA
MASTER THESIS BY:
ABDUXUKUR . ZAYIT
751975
Academic year 2010/2011

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to mention all those who contributed their efforts to write this master‘s thesis.
We thank to PROF. GABRIELE MASERA, PROF. MASSIMO TADI, PROF. DANILO
PALAZZO, and PROF. LIBERATO FERRARA for their willingness and valuable advice to
face the difficulties during the development of this thesis.
i

3. ABSTRACT
Piacenza is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. It is the
capital of the province of Piacenza.
Strategically the city is at a major crossroads at the intersection of Route E35/A1
between Bologna, gateway to eastern Italy, and Milan, gateway to the Alps, and Route
E70/A21 between Brescia at the foot of the Alps and Tortona, where branches lead
to Turin in the north, a major industrial city, and Genoa, a major coastal port. Piacenza is also
at the confluence of the Trebbia, draining the northern Apennines, and the Po, the major
waterway of northern Italy, draining to the east. Piacenza right from its foundation has been
of vital interest to political powers that would control northern Italy, more than any other city
there.
Piacenza is, in fact the ideal venue for an initiative focused on architectural, urban and
environmental problems, both for the size of its scenic, landscape, artistic and monumental
wealth and for the wide range of case-studies available, as well as for its solid traditions in
the building sector.
Program was to interconnect the landscape, urban spaces and architectural design of library
integration with towards positive energy.
Urban planning was done by using the roman grid and tried to provide the facility spaces
according to integrated, interactive and interscalar architectural –urban- environmental
concept. While the Architecture design of Library we developed the brief by studying the
libraries present in Italy and abroad with respect to number of books and area.
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INDEX
Acknowledgement
Abstract
1-Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
2- Urban Context ................................................................................. 4
2.1-Italy ..................................................................................................................................5
2.2-Emilia–Romagna ..............................................................................................................6
2.3- Brief History of Urban Development in Piacenza ..........................................................7
2.3.1-The reconstruction of the city ..................................................................................12
2.3.2-The urban genetic code............................................................................................14
2.4- Analysis about Current City of Piacenza ......................................................................15
2.4.1- The Geographic Context ........................................................................................15
2.4.2-Population ................................................................................................................17
2.4.3 – The Socio- Economic System ...............................................................................30
2.4.4- Strategic Plan ..........................................................................................................31
2.5- Piacenza‘s network........................................................................................................36
2.6-Physical-morphological aspects .....................................................................................47
2.7-Local conditions, scope, borders, limits .........................................................................50
2.8-Conclusion .....................................................................................................................55
3-Urban Design ................................................................................. 56
3.1-Project Area ....................................................................................................................58
3.2-Site Comparison .............................................................................................................63
3.3-Site Analysis ..................................................................................................................64
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3.4-SWOT Analysis .............................................................................................................67
3.5-Project Scope..................................................................................................................68
3.5.1- project Objective ....................................................................................................68
3.5.2- Master plan .............................................................................................................69
3.5.3- Master plan Analysis ..............................................................................................73
4- Architectural Design ..................................................................... 85
4.1- Library ...........................................................................................................................86
4.1.1-Library in History ....................................................................................................86
4.1.2- Classifications of Library .......................................................................................91
4.2- Project Objective ...........................................................................................................91
4.3- Research Example for Reference ..................................................................................95
4.3.1-Piacenza Libraries ...................................................................................................95
4.3.2-Biblioteca Civica, Prato ...........................................................................................98
4.3.3-New Public library in Pontivy, France ....................................................................98
4.3.4- Public Library Kelsterbach, Germany ..................................................................101
4.3.5- Jaume Fuster Library, Spain .................................................................................102
4.3.6- Surry Hills Library, Australia ...............................................................................103
4.4-Architectural Design ....................................................................................................106
4.5 Concept and Drawings ..............................................................................................110
5-Structural Design ......................................................................... 132
5.1-Introduction ..................................................................................................................133
5.2-Load Calculations ........................................................................................................135
5.3-Slab...............................................................................................................................143
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5.4-Beams ...........................................................................................................................149
5.5-Columns .......................................................................................................................157
5.6-Foundation ...................................................................................................................164
6- Building Physics .......................................................................... 167
6.1-Climate .........................................................................................................................168
6.2-Analysis for Climate ....................................................................................................174
7- Technological Design .................................................................. 181
7.1- Towards Positive Energy ............................................................................................182
7.2- Energy Trends .............................................................................................................183
7.2.1- Examples of definitions for low energy building standards .................................187
7.2.2- Passive house and equivalent concepts ................................................................188
7.2.3- Zero energy houses/zero carbon houses ...............................................................189
7.2.4- Energy positive Building ......................................................................................190
7.3-Design Pathways ..........................................................................................................190
7.4-Thermal Comfort ..........................................................................................................193
7.5-U-Values and Glazer Diagrams ...................................................................................197
7.6-Materials and Technology ............................................................................................204
7.7-Modeling of building....................................................................................................212
7.8- Heat Energy and Cooling Demand .............................................................................220
7.9-Lighting ........................................................................................................................225
References........................................................................................ 132
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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1-INTRODUCTION
Italy is located in Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central
Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia. Its terrain is mostly rugged and
mountainous; with some plains, coastal lowlands and a predominantly
Mediterranean climate.
The choice of Piacenza as seat of the International Summer School stems,
among other things, from the analysis of its territory, an extraordinary case-
study in terms of issues and topics related to architectural design and
construction of public spaces in contemporary cities.
The international Summer school competition was divided in three parts and
we selected the first part of the competition.
1st part was to redevelop (treatment of this complex area through a sequence
of buildings and open spaces and connection with the historical city of
Piacenza
Our goal was to start with the following points and to select one building
which is library for architectural design.
- The relationship between the river and the city; in particular, the areas on the
Po river bank
- The relationship of urban spaces with architectural design.
- The relationship between the city centers
The common denominator is the ―ar chitectural design of open spaces‖, which
can be seen today as a ―m ultidisciplinary practice‖, affecting several
interconnected and closely related architectural scales: from landscape
architecture to planning, from the architectural design of public spaces to
connections architecture, from the design of architectural components to the
study of contemporary aesthetic scenarios.
The particular attention to environmental and open space issues is part of a
theoretical-operational debate, focusing on the promotion of architectural
urban and territorial contexts in terms of resources sustainability and
environmental impact in order to consonance complementarity and impact,
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reach high levels of consonance, integration among the architectural-urban
requirements and the distinctive traits of the locations.
For architectural design, the competition did not provide any brief for
architectural building so for our urban part we selected architectural design of
Public library and we developed a brief while studying various libraries
located in Italy and abroad. After that we studied different energy aspects to
develop the technological part of library and finally we developed the project
according to approach towards positive energy and other possible aspects of
the project.
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CHAPTER 2
URBAN CONTEXT
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2- URBAN CONTEXT
2.1-Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica
italiana), is a country located in south central Europe. To the
north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia
along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the
Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, the two largest islands in the
Mediterranean Sea and many other smaller islands.
Global, location of Piacenza, Italy
The country's total area is 301,230 km², of which 294,020 km²
is land and 7,210 km² is water. Including the islands, Italy has a
coastline and border of 7,600 km on the Adriatic, Ionian,
Tyrrhenian seas (740 km), and borders shared with France
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(488 km), Austria (430 km), Slovenia (232 km) and
Switzerland; San Marino (39 km) and Vatican City (3.2 km).
2.2-Emilia–Romagna
Emilia–Romagna
 Repeated under the bearing location on the railway line Milan-Bologna and Turin on
the cross-Brescia, a rail hub of national and International importance.
Piacenza:
Piacenza is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of
northern Italy withCoordinates45°2′52″N and 9°42′2″E. It is the
capital of the province of Piacenza.
Emilia–Romagna is an administrative region of Northern Italy
comprising the two historic regions of Emilia and Romagna and
the city is situated on the right of the Po, near its junction with
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the Trebbia, in an important strategic position. Agriculture is
the chief industry. The cathedral is of the ninth century; it was
remodeled by Santa da Sambuceto and others (1122-1223) in
beautiful Lombard style.
Map of Italy
2.3- Brief History of Urban Development in Piacenza
Piacenza lies on the right bank of the river Po, at a crucial
crossroads in the south-west area of the Po Valley. The first
settlements date back to the stone and bronze ages. Gauls and
Etruscans are likely to have settled in the area at a later stage,
but there are no certain traces left.
The earliest urban settlement may be traced back to the year
218 B.C. The Romans had planned to construct them after the
successful conclusion of the latest war with the Gauls ending in
219 BC. In the spring of 218 BC after declaring war on
Carthage the Senate decided to accelerate the foundation and
gave the colonists 30 days to appear on the sites to receive their
lands. They were each to be settled by 6000 Roman citizens but
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the cities were to receive Latin Rights 1 .that is, they were to
have the same legal status as the many colonies that had been
co-founded by Rome and towns of Latium.
The era of Late Antiquity in Piacenza (4th/9th centuries AD)
was marked by the expansion of Christianity, with the presence
of several martyrs. Before the year 286 AD Piacenza was not
overtly Christian. In that year the co-emperors of the late
Roman Empire resolved once again on an attempt to eradicate
Christianity, the senior emperor, Diocletian, relying this time
on the services of a subordinate emperor, Maximian. The latter
intended to suppress the Christians of Gaul with fire and sword.
He ordered the garrison of Thebes, Egypt, to join him in Gaul
for that purpose. It is not clear whether he knew that the entire
legion, having been recruited in a then intensely Christian
region, was Christian.
Roman city Medieval City
1
Polybius III.40, Livy XXI.25.
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1435 1500
Historical maps
The first Bishop of Piacenza (322-357), San Vittorio, declared
Antoninus the patron saint of Piacenza and had the first Basilica
di S. Antonio constructed in his honor in 324 in downtown
Piacenza. It was restored in 903, rebuilt in 1101, 2 again in
1562, and is still a church today. The remains of the bishop and
the soldier are in urns under the altar. The theme of the soldier-
saint, protector of Piacenza, is well-known in art.
1600 1821
2
Townsend, George Henry (1877). The manual of dates: a dictionary of reference to all the most
important events in the history of mankind to be found in authentic records (5 ed.). London: Frederick
Warne. p. 752
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1908 2010
Historical maps
In the 13th century, despite unsuccessful wars against Emperor
Frederick II, Piacenza managed to gain strongholds on the
Lombardy shore of the Po River. The primilaries of the Peace
of Constance were signed in 1183 in the Saint Antoninus
church. Agriculture and trade flourished in these centuries, and
Piacenza became one of the richest cities in Europe. This is
reflected in the construction of many important buildings and in
the general revision of the urban plan. Struggles for control
were commonplace in the second half of the 13th century, not
unlike the large majority of Medieval Italian communes. The
Scotti family, Pallavicino family and Alberto Scoto (1290–
1313) held power in that order during the period. Scoto's
government ended when the Visconti of Milan captured
Piacenza, which they would hold until 1447. Duke Gian
Galeazzo rewrote Piacenza's statutes and relocated the
University of Pavia to the city. Piacenza then became a Sforza
possession until 1499.
Piacenza was the capital city of the duchy until Ottavio Farnese
(1547–1586) moved it to Parma. The city underwent some of
its most difficult years during the rule of duke Odoardo (1622–
1646), when between 6,000 and 13,000 Piacentini out of the
population of 30,000 died from famine and plague,
respectively. The city and its countryside were also ravaged by
bandits and French soldiers.
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Between 1732 and 1859, Parma and Piacenza were ruled by the
House of Bourbon. In the 18th century, several edifices which
belonged to noble families such as Scotti, Landi and Fogliani
were built in Piacenza.
In 1802, Napoleon's army annexed Piacenza to the French
Empire. Young Piacentini recruits were sent to fight in Russia,
Spain and Germany, while the city was plundered of a great
number of artworks which are currently exhibited in many
French museums.
The Habsburg government of Maria Luisa 1816-1847 is
remembered fondly as one of the best in the history of
Piacenza; the duchess drained many lands, built several bridges
across the Trebbia river and the Nure stream, and created
educational and artistic activities.
On June 1865 the first railway bridge over Po river in northern
Italy was inaugurated (in southern Italy a railroad bridge had
already been built in 1839). In 1891 the first Chamber of
Workers was created in Piacenza.
During World War II the city was heavily bombed by the
Allies. The important railway and road bridges across the
Trebbia and the Po Rivers and the railway yards were
destroyed. The historic centre of city itself also suffered
collateral damage. In 1944 the bridges over the Po became vital
to the supply from Austria of Field Marshal Albert Kesselring's
Gothic Line, which protected the withdrawal of Kesselring's
troops from Italy. Foremost among them were the railway and
road bridges at Piacenza, along with supply depots and railway
yards. In Operation Mallory Major, July 12–15, allied medium
bombers from Corsica flew 300 sorties a day, knocking out 21
bridges east of Piacenza, and then continued to the west for a
total of 90 by July 20. Fighter-bombers prevented
reconstruction and cut roads and rail lines. By August 4 all the
cities of north Italy were isolated and had suffered heavy
bombing, including especially Piacenza. Transport to Genoa on
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the east or through Turin to the north was impossible;
nevertheless, Kesselring continued to supply his men.3
On the hills and the Apennine mountains, partisan bands were
active. On April 25, 1945, a General partisan insurrection by
the Italian resistance movement occurred and on the 29th troops
of Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrived at the city. In 1996
president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro honoured Piacenza with the
Gold Medal for Valour in Battle.
2.3.1-The reconstruction of the city
Towards the contemporary city, city infrastructure.
The two world wars affected the city and the province,
considering also the significant involvement of Piacenza in the
army. During the Second World War the city was heavily hit by
air raids of the Allies that they collapse the important railway
bridge over the Po, the railway station, hospital and arsenal as
well as portions of the center. Outside the city, on the hills of
Piacenza and over the Apennines, supporters of various groups
who fought the Nazi army were active.
Superstructures and road system engineering
3
Craven, Wesley Frank; James Lea Cate, Editors (1983). The Army Air Forces in World War II.
DIANE Publishing. pp. 404–407
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In the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth century
new ventures gave an important impetus to the economic and
industrial development, but also the modernization of farms.
For this agricultural vocation and also in the strong tradition
Sacro Cuore Milan opened Christian tradition, the Catholic
University of in in city the first faculty in the fifties, was the
Agriculture one, Piacenza in the detachment of the university.
The central location, the important railway junction and the
passage of two major highways, continue to promote the
economic and industrial development of Piacenza and the
surrounding area to this day which is developing and expanding
a logistics hub in the suburbs. The main aspects of
contemporary Piacenza to be sent to the entire chapter of
"transformations" dedicated to these important issues.
Main connection of the city
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2.3.2-The urban genetic code
The urban biography finds its application more complex and
effective in drawing the biographical map. This itself is
generative matrix of a projected vision into the future, in which
we represent, through a process of abstraction, the final
synthesis, that of today, the life processes of the city, not only
the processes are vital but are able at same time to generate life.
From the point of view more interesting to us, and therefore to
the architectural, biographical map is represented expression of
the urban genetic code, the DNA of the city. With this
definition we want to emphasize the profound need to
understand what underlies the construction of the city and
fundamentally permanent elements, those elements that have
covered the story and are now able to turn into generators of
paths, elements of future projection and therefore
archaeological items in future.
Biographical map: Main Historical thresholds
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2.4- Analysis about Current City of Piacenza
2.4.1- The Geographic Context
The today‘s world is a residence subject to our whole design,
and also the natural support is subject to human transformation.
The words of Leonardo Benevolo and Benno Albrecht (2002),
applied to the condition of Piacenza, drawing a possible overlap
and hybridization between the concepts of geography and
landscape from which the same architectural design should
engage for thought and discussion.
First on the issue of borders. Since the Piacenza is a city that its
borders are lived, grown and built part of his fortune in various
historical eras. Even today - Lombard city in the land of Emilia
or, looking at the other side, in Lombardy, Emilia offshoot –
lives in a strange and in the same time fascinating luminal
condition. As is relevant in our contemporary thinking in terms
of geographical boundaries but it‘s an open question. Because,
accomplices the transformation of infrastructure and the
exponential increase of the flows of people and goods, Piacenza
is interpretable not anymore as urban reality unto itself but
rather as a system or a network node.
The city, in fact, is the integrant part of the so-called
"megacities Po", theorized in 2000 by Eugenio Turri, one of the
leading Italian geographers, agglomeration that characterizes
the northern Italy by tying and built areas and non, with
different characters of settlements and materials, in a system
without any solution of continuity. With a Continental look, the
megalopolis of Po valley extends from the foothills at the foot
of the Alps (condensed around the city of Varese, Como,
Lecco, Bergamo and Brescia and then towards east to Venice),
finds its strategic point in Milan and then extends towards west
(Turin) and south, with a density that decreases as the increase
of agricultural land south of Lombardy Just in Piacenza the
shape of the conurbation bends connecting with the urban linear
formed around the Via Emilia, with greater concentration
around urban centers (Parma, Reggio, Modena) to Bologna.
Beyond the strictly geographical aspects, the conurbation has
effects on the political, economic and social systems. First,
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since the size of Po megacities place it in confrontation and
comparison with other similar European cities such as London
of Great Britain or the Dutch urban strip that links Leiden, Den
Haag and Rotterdam with Amsterdam, together with the
German region of the Ruhr. There are the flows of people and
goods, and thus the efficiency of infrastructure, to give strength
and substance to these conurbations. Even today - despite a
phase of strong transformations and with a strong planning
related to the development of road and rail networks should
materialize in the coming years - about 10% of Piacenza is
commuting, working every day in Milan. In this framework, the
boundaries tend to blur, or perhaps tends to change in an
irreversibly manner the same concept of geography, no longer a
mere description of the area changing, but urban science able to
envisage transformative scenarios. "The geography would thus
be to assume an operational role - writes Luigi Coccia - pre-
figuration of a change based on a large project of ground
capable of reorganizing the territory of the dispersion is not
through the imposition of a new abstract order, of a predefined
drawing dropped casually in a specific spatial context, but
rather through the unveiling of an existing order, an order
constructive detectable in the form of a specific geographical
territorial area." In the contemporary widespread urbanization,
privileged design themes are gaps between settlements and
infrastructure. Places where you can experiment and propose
not so much abstract and global settlement patterns rather than
new, and local, urban geographies and territorial. In the culture
of the urban and architectural design could cite two significant
moments in this sense: the 1973 with the project of Vittorio
Gregotti for the University of the Calabria and the 1993 with
the realizing of the museum square of Amsterdam from the
Sven-Ingvar Anderrson.
They both – by ways and new forms – un built areas, although
very different among them and in a different scale (Territorial
in the first, the urban in second). It constructs, in extreme
synthesis, innovative landscapes. The theme of construction of
landscape - or landscape - is set to geography more than
requested by the contemporary design.
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―( The size of an urban place is an important factor that can
1)
contribute to and detract from quality of life conditions; it
therefore deserves a primary place in the formulation of
national growth policy. (2) In general, the quality of urban life,
as measured across non-economic dimensions, seems to decline
as urban scales increase. (3) The extent to which this quality of
life difference is acceptable seems to depend largely upon
economic trade-offs; the economic rewards must compensate
sufficiently for apparent net social, environmental, political
preferential and systematic disamenities which accrue as urban
scale increases; otherwise, one could expect a spontaneous
reversal in migration patterns away from larger cities to occur‖
Elgin et al. (1974, p. 16).
2.4.2-Population4
Foreigners enrolled in the registers of Piacenza province
municipalities on 31st December 2009 were 36.153, which is
the 12,6% of total residents (which are 288.011). The growth of
the foreign population resident in the territory continues apace:
since 2002 the average yearly increase has been 18%, the
equivalent of more than 3.600 foreign residents per year.
Anyway, in 2009 this growth marked a slight decrease +3.019
residents, which equals +9,6% compared to the number
registered at the end of the previous year.
ABSOLUTE VALUES OF
FOREIGNERS % BY GENDER % ON TOTAL RESIDENTS
FEMAL FEMALE
YEAR MALES ES TOTAL MALES FEMALES MALES S TOTAL
2002 6.330 5.022 11.352 55,8 44,2 4,9 3,6 4,2
2003 8.320 7.131 15.451 53,8 46,2 6,3 5,1 5,7
2004 9.969 8.767 18.736 53,2 46,8 7,5 6,2 6,8
4
Provincial Statistics Office on Municipal Population Data
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2005 11.320 10.268 21.588 52,4 47,6 8,4 7,2 7,8
2006 12.614 11.794 24.408 51,7 48,3 9,3 8,3 8,8
2007 14.614 13.805 28.419 51,4 48,6 10,7 9,6 10,1
2008 16.953 16.181 33.134 51,2 48,8 12,2 11,0 11,6
2009 18.372 17.781 36.153 50,8 49,2 13,1 12,1 12,6
Province of Piacenza. Foreign population. Time series 2002 - 2009. Absolute values, % by
gender, impact on territory
Declining data on foreigners residing in Piacenza territory, the
distribution at the end of 2009 was the following: 50.8% men
and 49.3% women. Also in 2009 the upward trend in the
incidence of women among foreign residents is confirmed:
foreign female citizens enrolled in the municipal registry
offices of the province since 2002, compared to foreign male
citizens data, have recorded exceeding growth rates (+20%
annually compared to +16%) and they have been converging to
equity; meanwhile the distance in terms of impact on the total
population has gradually reduced to 1% (13.1% men and 12.1%
women). In particular, in 2009 foreign female population
increased annually of 9.9% and foreign male population
increased of 8.4%, so 1.419 more men and 1.600 more women.5
Implication
s on
correspond
ent Implications
provincial on total foreign
m f total population population
0-17 4.620 4.249 8.869 20,50% 24,50%
18-40 9.021 8.588 17.609 22,20% 48,70%
5
Provincial Statistics Office on Municipal Population Data
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41-64 4.370 4.435 8.805 9,10% 24,40%
>64 361 509 870 1,30% 2,40%
total 18.372 17.781 36.153 12,60% 100,00%
Piacenza Province. Foreign Population on 31.12.2009 for age and gender. Absolute values,
implications on correspondent provincial population, implications on total foreign population.
Foreign population age class distribution confirms the relevance
of the youth classes implications on the total resident youth
populations. In fact, ―0 -40‖ aged people in the province
represent the 73.2% of the total foreign population and the
21.6% of Piacenza population under 41 years old is composed
of foreign citizens.
100 - 104
95 - 99
90 - 94
85 - 89
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4
-7.00 -6.00 -5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
FEMALES MALES
Age pyramid for the foreign resident population on 31.12.2009.
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100 - 104
95 - 99
90 - 94
85 - 89
80 - 84
75 - 79
70 - 74
65 - 69
60 - 64
55 - 59
50 - 54
45 - 49
40 - 44
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
5-9
0-4
-5.00 -4.00 -3.00 -2.00 -1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Italian MALES Italian FEMALES
Foreigner MALES Foreigner FEMALES
Age pyramid for the foreign resident population on 31.12.2009: Italians and Foreigners
TOTAL PROVINCE
2009
The Five early countries represent
COUNTRY/ MALE FEMA 57.5% of immigration.
AREAS S LES TOTAL
Albania 3.535 2.907 6.442
Romania 2.208 2.368 4.576
Morocco 2.482 2.077 4.559
Macedonia
(ex Rep. Jugos.) 1.527 1.337 2.864
Ecuador 917 1.416 2.333 Communities from Macedonia,
Ecuador and Bosnia-Herzegovina
Indy 1.058 747 1.805 placed in Piacenza area are ranked as
the most important in Italy.
Ukraine 269 1.164 1.433
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Bosnia-
Herzegovina 749 485 1.234
Tunisia 667 388 1.055
Egypt 465 236 701
Moldova 234 462 696
Serbia, Republic
of 321 265 586
Burkina Faso
(Alto Volta) 342 209 551 55% of the immigrants come from
European area, 26% from Africa, 10% from
Chinese Popular
Americas and 9% from Asia.
Rep. 262 280 542
Concerning female population for each
Senegal 390 145 535 Country of origin it’s relevant to detect a
significantly above average implication
Nigeria 216 314 530 concerning America (62%) and some
Bulgaria 295 132 427 Countries of Eastern Europe: Ukraine
(81%), Poland (71%), Moldova (66%).
Poland 107 267 374 Instead, concerning male population,
decisively to overcome the average
Cote d'Avoire 189 161 350
incidence rate (50.8%) are Algeria (82,2%),
Brazil 111 208 319 Senegal (72,9%) and Bulgaria (69,1%).
Croatia 154 144 298
Algeria 245 53 298
Peru 96 161 257
Sri Lanka
(Ceylon) 142 95 237
Philippines 110 121 231
Mauritius 86 107 193
France 72 103 175
Ghana 79 89 168
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Dominican, Rep. 56 94 150
Korea, Rep.
(Southern Korea) 64 69 133
United Kingdom 68 65 133
OTHER
COUNTRIES 852 1.108 1.960
EUROPEAN
UNION 2.921 3.233 6.154
OTHER
EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES 6.922 6.957 13.879
AFRICA 5.385 3.957 9.342
AMERICA 1.355 2.202 3.557
ASIA 1.778 1.426 3.204
OCEANIA 6 1 7
STATELESS 1 1 2
TOTAL* 18.368 17.777 36.145
 Slight difference with ―
Foreign Population Time Series‖ and ―for class‖ owing to
age
different Population Sources.
Altitude Foreig Total Imp. %
Area n Resident foreigner
citizens s s
Plane 25.667 189.473 13,5%
Hill 9.583 84.055 11,4%
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Mountain 903 14.483 6,2%
Total 36.153 288.011 12,6%
Province of Piacenza. Foreign population and Total on 31.12.2009 for altitude area
P n r :
ia u a
2 .6 7
5 6
C llin :
o a
9 8
.5 3
Mn g a
o ta n :
930
Province of Piacenza. Foreign Population on 31.12.2009 for altitude
Foreigner
s
implicatio
Minor’s n on total
foreigners implication on % G2 on Resident
total tot. Populatio
a.v. minors foreigners G2 a.v. Foreigners n
Province of Piacenza 33.141 8.123 24,5% 4.509 13,6% 11,6%
Region Emilia-
Romagna 421.482 97.344 23,5% 59.938 14,2% 9,7%
Italy 3.891.293 862.453 22,2% 518.700 13,3% 6,5%
Resident foreign citizen on 31/12/2008 with implication minors and G2 (born in Italy) on
total foreigners.
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Comparison Province of Piacenza, Region Emilia-Romagna, Italy6
Population Trend
Description Comune Province
Land area (sq. km) 118.46 2589.47
population 96806 264641
Population density (inhabitants / sq km) 807 102
Foreign resident population 3416 8828
100 foreign residents 3.57 3.35
For older children 5 5.3 5.4
Percentage of population living on less than 5 years 3.65 3.78
Percentage of population aged 85 and over 3:45 2.99 3.45
Percentage of population aged 75 and over 11.05 11.81
Ageing index7 211.3 217.91
Dependency ratio8 52.19 55.39
Sex ratio 88.28 93.34
Resident population that moves each day 47322 125442
occupied 39873 109938
Unemployment rate 4.72 4.22
ISTAT - Census 2001
6
Caritas/Migrants, Immigration, Statistic Dossier 2009
7
Ageing index Ratio of population aged 65 and over and the population aged 0-14 years. The result is,
in
General, multiplied by 100 or 1,000.
8
Index of total dependency ratio between young and elderly people on the one hand, andpopulation
other hand, for every 100 people. Corresponds to the total dependency ratios of young
and elderly. Index
Total dependency = (Dependency Index Index Dependence Young + old) / Populationaged 15-64) *
100
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ISTAT data on family size (Census 2001) and the trend of the population
As seen in Figure above, the City of Piacenza has recorded a
considerable decrease in the population as a trend in recent
years settling mainly due to the immigration phenomenon. In
connection to this phenomenon has had a significant aging of
the population, whose average age has risen from 40 to 45 years
between the 1981 and 2004.
Population densities of Province Emilia Romagna Region
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Average age of the population of the City of Piacenza
Age structure: division of the population of the City of Piacenza by age (Harp - Chamber of
Piacenza)
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ISTAT data on the nationality of the foreign population residing in the town of
Piacenza (Census 2001)
Population trend
men 49,217 born 870 (From January 1
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December 31, 2010)
(From January 1 to
females 53,989 dead 1,247
December 31, 2010)
(From January 1 to
total 103,206 weddings 219
December 31, 2010)
residents in the
historic center
17,165 of which
foreign
3,825 children
Access to education and social services
Together with the growth of foreign residents, also the access to Social
Services increased steadily in the last years. In particular foreign students
inserted into the provincial school system reached the number of 5887, with
prevalence in primary schools, and a relative impact on total students of 16%
and so higher than the total implication of foreigners on the provincial
population.
Piacenza Emilia-Romagna Italy
Implicati
Implication Implication
Foreign Foreign Foreign on per
per 100 per 100
students students students 100
enrolled enrolled
enrolled
Childhood 1.143 16,9 13.471 12,2 125.092 7,6
Primary 2.133 18,4 26.879 14,5 234.206 8,3
Second. I grade 1.264 17,7 15.410 14,3 140.050 8,0
Second. II grade 1.347 12,3 16.839 10,2 130.012 4,8
Total 5.887 16,2 72.599 12,7 629.360 7,0
Students not having Italian citizenship for school type – S.Y. 2008/20099
The access to social services is even more marked. The foreign
children into care to territorial social services represent 44% of
9
Ministry of Education, University and Research, Statistical Service.
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total minor users, with a weight well above the regional
average. It should be emphasized that 77% of operations covers
family support, economic or educational, relational, so
assistance to foreign minors actually often means a social
intervention for foreign families in difficulty.
Depending
Minors Including foreigners
% on
depending Including
a.v. a.v. minors unaccompanied
Piacenza Province 3.957 1.728 43,7% 107
Region Emilia-Romagna 40.386 13.885 34,4% 763
Depending to territorial social services foreign minors10
Among other measures of protection must be reported foster
families (on a total of 146 cases, 37 are foreigners, so the
25.3%), insertions in community care (on a total of 111 cases,
62 are related to foreigners of 55.9%); activities for victims of
violence (on a total of 66, 26 refer to foreigners so the 55.9%);
activities for victims of violence (on a total of 66, 26 refer to
foreigners, so the 39.4%).
Even for the access for foreign citizens to the services for adults
in difficulty there are significant data: foreigners depending on
professional social services are 1.037 (4.25% on total
foreigners); foreigners accommodated in dedicated residential
care facilities have been 59 into low threshold structures, while
the first and second for adults in difficulty, were 116 out of 381
people /30.4%), social housing at 39 out of 61 users (63,9%).
Even the access to housing of Public Housing (ERP) indicate
the increasing use of public services by foreign residents. On
10
RER–SISAM- Detected minors depending on territorial services on 31/12/2006
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1924 ERP housing in Piacenza town inhabited by families in
2009, 314 are of foreigners families.
2.4.3 – The Socio- Economic System
Piacenza lies on the right bank of the Po River and is one of the
richest provinces in the Emilia Romagna Region of Northern
Italy. It exists at a natural crossroads between communication
routes and is within proximity of other bigger cities, such as
Milan, Bologna, and Genoa, allowing for rapid movement and a
high standard of living. There are 100,000 inhabitants in the
city and 280,000 in the province, with a steady increase in the
last several years due to a rise in immigration from new and
non-EU countries. The city and the immediate surrounding
municipalities are home to a majority of the 32,000 mostly
small- and medium-size companies in the region.
Quality agribusiness, advanced mechanics (machine tools,
robotics), and the building materials industry are the primary
developed sectors of production in the province. Agriculture is
first-rate, making use of state-of the- art technologies and a
highly-qualified knowledge network. This sector takes
advantage of the scientific contribution of the Faculty of
Agriculture (since 1951); other faculties that contribute to
development are Mechanical Engineering, Economics, Law,
and Education. Piacenza has a multimodal, inter connected road
and railway supply center that is integrated with the new
logistic areas through the west-east axis. The agribusiness
industry in Piacenza is top-notch. There are several regional
products, most of them with certified controlled origin branding
(DOC): three for salami, two for cheese (i.e., Grana Padano),
and twenty for wine. Although tourism is scarcely developed in
absolute terms, it is growing at a steady rate thanks to the
natural resources (the Po River and Apennine mountains and
valleys), and cultural attractions (medieval castles, churches,
and Roman heritage).
In general terms, the labor market is well balanced, with an
employment rate of 64 percent and a very low unemployment
rate (almost three percent before the international crisis). In
2008, the GNP per capita was EUR 30,050, higher than the
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averages in Italy (EUR 26,300), and in other European Union
countries (EUR 25,100). In social terms, the area presents a rich
social service endowment, with excellent services for infants
and the elderly, an efficient school system, and well-organized
cultural entertainment.
Lastly, there is Piacenza‘s environmental assessment, which
scores lower than its economic and social sectors. Air pollution
and emissions of NOx and CO2 (respectively, 66 and 24 tons
per year per capita) are higher than the Italian averages (24 and
8 tons per year per capita, respectively). Additionally, high
domestic water and energy consumption make for weak
environmental sustainability in the area (similar to other areas
in northern Italy).
2.4.4- Strategic Plan
Piacenza’s First Strategic Plan
The Piacenza Strategic Plan began with a meeting of key
stakeholders in October 2000 who met (and followed a bottom-
up approach) to deliberate, listen, and analyze. During this
general stakeholders meeting (Stati Generali), draft program
declarations and projects were presented. In order to execute
the declaration, the city, province and the chamber of
commerce began negotiating an implementation action plan
through a process called Pact for Piacenza. A strategic
committee was established, which consisted of 32 members
representing the municipality of Piacenza, the province, the
Emilia- Romagna region, the chamber of commerce, two
mountain communities, other towns in the province, key
economic sectors, trade unions, civil society organizations
(social cooperation and voluntary associations), and the Church.
The strategic committee gathered information from
stakeholders‘ meeting reports and organized a list of projects
clustered around four strategic areas (human resources and
culture, infrastructures and networks, integrated development
resources, collective and social services), together with their
respective strategic goals. Ensuring the internal coherence of
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the strategic areas and the strategic goals was a key
consideration, as well as the relative strengths and weaknesses
of the territories and the local system. The four strategic areas
were subdivided into ten action lines, for which working teams
were established and tasked with the development of the
programs/ projects and an assessment of their feasibility. The
working teams consisted of representatives from local
institutions and economic and social sectors. Coordination of
the process was in the hands of competent officials from the
municipality and the province.
Strategy papers and projects were compiled into a ―strat egic
document,‖ which was signed by the parties on January 12,
2002. The final document, The Pact for Piacenza, outlined
actions and projects and grouped them into ten thematic areas:
human resources and culture; infrastructure and material
resources; networks and services; entrepreneurial development;
logistics and added value; highest quality food system;
integrated tourism; collective and social services; mountain
project; and local agenda 21. There were 30 priority projects
contained in these thematic areas – some of them were
implemented, some are still in progress and others were
integrated into the second edition of the plan.
After an intense and enthusiastic year following the preparation
of the strategic document, the first difficulties occurred during
the implementation phase, when the focus shifted to the
preparation of the feasibility studies. Local elections took place
in June 2002 and changed the political color of the city
government. The process encountered further setbacks due to a
similar change in the provincial administration (June 2004), and
the resignation of the plan coordinator, an important local
entrepreneur who was elected in 2003.
The first outcomes from the Piacenza experience demonstrate
that the Strategic Plan enhanced Piacenza‘s visibility both at the
regional and national levels. Key to this success was the active
role of the city, the province, and the chamber of commerce. In
2003, the Forum for the Public Administration awarded the
provincial plan, Pact for Piacenza, with an official best practice
acknowledgment. In 2004, a similar prize was granted to the
province for its territorial marketing plan, which was prepared
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by one of the working teams. The discovery of areas available
for production development and the new logistics zones in
Piacenza lured external and foreign investors.
Another notable outcome were the new research centers (2004–
2005), which offer great opportunities to strengthen the
innovative capability of the local system, and a potential to stall
and reverse the migration of talented residents to Milan and
other economic development centers.
Piacenza’s Second Strategic Plan
In May 2005, a new phase, which led to the second edition of
the strategic plan (Piacenza 2020), was initiated. From the
outset, the limitations of the first strategic planning experience
were carefully considered. The first plan was conceived as a
collection of projects that were sometimes too general.
There was also a lack of participation from local politicians,
councilors, and parliamentarians, partly due to a lack of
knowledge and understanding. In fact, although key local
officials and representatives coordinated the plan since the
beginning, they did not fully engage their councils until the
signing of the first Pact for Piacenza.
Some local politicians felt the first plan overlapped with or
even surpassed the institutional mandate, as noted by experts
(Bobbio 2000). Paradoxically, political support for the plan
seemed to decrease when both local administrations (the
municipality and province) belonged to the same party.
Moreover, there were no links to higher levels of government
that could guarantee the flow of resources necessary to
implement the ambitious projects prepared by the working
teams. Therefore, the following projects were dropped:
―Pia cenza Holding‖ (a venture capital fund project for local
initiatives), ―Piacenza Portal‖ (a promotion of the local web
site), social housing projects for vulnerable groups, and the
consideration for some special sectors such as planning and
education. Another weak element was surely the decline in the
initial willingness to get the projects started, and the decrease in
enthusiasm for sharing the Piacenza Strategic Plan objectives.
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Since participation was the crucial element for the formation of
the agreement, a wider range of stakeholders from the
economic, social, environmental, and cultural sectors were
invited to participate in the strategic committee for preparing
the second edition of the plan, Piacenza 2020, including some
from new social areas. The promoters (province, municipality
and chamber of commerce) convened a public meeting with the
cultural, environmental and voluntary associations in order to
nominate their own representatives for the strategic committee.
Real participation in such meetings, however, turned out to be
always poor. Rather, the direct participation of the population at
large could have been implemented through the representing
associations that would have been able to organize open
meetings to discuss guidelines, strategic areas, and priority
actions. However, this did not happen perhaps because the
associations were not facilitated and supported. Finally, a
further weakness of the process was the absence of a structure
devoted to the plan, which affected support for the working
group sessions and, moreover, diminished the capacity to
evaluate and monitor the expected interventions.
Since May 2005, the promoters expressed their intent to re-
launch the strategic plan by revising the first plan. The new
challenge was to project a mid- to long-term timeline for the
whole provincial territory, and build a baseline framework that
set out the priorities for the next 20 years. This, it was believed,
would enhance coherence for policy and strategic
decisionmaking. To that end a new phase was entered, and
community consultations were organized. In soliciting inputs
and ideas for the future of the city, focus groups were organized
with a range of stakeholders and citizens, including with
students and teachers. The promoters provided special staff for
the organization and support to the committee.
Another key innovation was the selection of the strategic plan‘s
flagship projects. These were characterized by the following
features: medium to long term; large subjects‘ involvement
(likely public-private integration); inter-
sectoriality/multidisciplinary; strategic impacts on the
competitiveness/ sustainability of the territorial system;
measurable through indicators; demonstration
effect/exemplariness. Other ―or dinary‖ projects that do not fall
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within the flagship category, such as administrative projects or
initiatives from single stakeholders, are however assessed for
their compatibility or fit with the strategic plan framework, and
for their ability to be integrated with the plan‘s flagship
projects.
The new Piacenza 2020 strategic axes and the selected relevant
flagship projects are highlighted in Table 1. The innovations of
the second edition of the Piacenza strategic plan lie both in
content and method; the following paragraphs illustrate these
innovations.
Piacenza’s future strategic and integrated planning
The new vision of Piacenza is related to an idea of a sustainable
city, an open society based on knowledge and a competitive
productive system.
The Piacenza 2020 Strategic Plan for Economy11
11
Comune di Piacenza
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The Piacenza 2020 Strategic Plan for Environment12
The Piacenza 2020 Strategic Plan for Society13
2.5- Piacenza’s network
This system, as it would be read today, exhibits the way this
conformation of the infrastructural system can more recently
has traced somehow a preexisting limit, a limit that it was
already determined previously from the collocation of the
historical city on the border of the river. This process, in any
measure, of superimposition, of overwriting has effectively the
expansion of the city, limiting, on the northern side, the right
12
Commune di Piacenza, Strategic plan environmental 2020
13
Commune di Piacenza, Strategic plan for society 2020
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bank of the Po River. Another system that immediately is
intelligible within the city, is the system of the great dispositive
figures of the military establishments: the city over decades, has
seen its place in all around, especially behind the sixteenth
century walls, a series of large craft systems to military
functions, both of hospital type and kind of tied to military
forces even with large systems of buildings used for military
arsenal.
These areas, though of no great architectural merit, held today,
since almost totally abandoned, and a significant role to balance
the city, especially in the years to come. And it is precisely
these areas that the city is identifying new possible
development strategies, especially for a large recovery area to
convert to new features useful to the city and, above all, without
taking up new land outside the city itself. The following figure
explains the network of the city in terms of built up spaces.
Built -up space: density and rarefaction of building.
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Built -up space: Urban textures, settlements and heavy compounds
Land path rules: Suburbs vs inner-city.
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Back-ground for urban design: Piacenza‘s north east side, the built-up system.
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Typological plan: city axes, typologies, and strong-points
High ways
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On a street view Piacenza is the intersection of the A1 (Milan-Naples) and A21
(Turin-Brescia).
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Infrastructures around ANAS bridge and PO RIVER
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Measures, matrix, module: the relation-ship among three project sites and urban
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settlement rules.
Pan-European Corridors & Trebbia valley
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Master plan14
14
Piacenza City Council – Planning Office. Zoning, General-Plan, 2001.
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Master plan15
Master plan16
15
Piacenza City Council – Planning Office. Enviromental System (proposal), 2001.
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Traffic general plan17
2.6-Physical-morphological aspects
Textures
The city as we cans see it today and moreover the way we
perceive it, is the result of synthesis of a deep process of
stratification began with the founding act of the city itself, by
the Romans work, on a previous settlement. This act of
foundation, still recognizable in the contemporary city, is not
the only physical trace that has remained for us; the whole
fabric of the Roman for "insulae" has remained largely intact
within the city confined by the system of medieval walls,built
in the mid sixteenth century.
16
Piacenza City Council – Planning Office. Urban Facilities (proposal), 2001.
17
Piacenza City Council – Planning Office. Car-Traffic General-Plan, 2004.
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The defensive walls, now partly converted into a national park,
have revealed over time, an effective containment of the
development of the city. Not only these boundaries, especially
on the right margin of the river Po, in recent decades have also
determined the location of infrastructure with high flow, such
as highway and rail.
Overcoming the sixteenth century walls occurs only after the
Second World War, through the support of the economic boom
of the Italy. Thus it can be said that the natural geographical
limits of the river and the limits of artificial walls, appear to be,
still today the matrix that characterizes the city of Piacenza, the
one that can be found only along the Via Emilia and from the
offshoots of the Apennines, the lines Development of
settlements' last half century. Madrid - reading of the And it is
towards this geographic range, between the Via Emilia and
Trebbia river, facing south, the city has found new areas of
construction: It is obvious even today that the wedge of
farmland on the left bank of the river Po has not been reached
by the expansion of the city (architecture of urban spaces
Piacenza summer school competition).
Relationship between topography and infrastructural development
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Elements
In the internal of this reading we could identify the elements
that characterize the whole urban implant: especially, the
Geography of the place, in which the conformation of the
ground and the exceptionality of the course of the river,
generate the primitive figure of the urban settlement either if its
placed behind of the course of the river, in the immediate
closeness of the two islands, the which allowed since then and
obviously still allow an easier and immediate ford the river
itself, now transformed into bridges for dedicated crossing
either to the vehicles and for trains.
Secondly, the sign of the foundation of the Cardo and the
Decumano, the one that refers immediately the idea of the
passage, the performed measure of the urban isolated (insulae)
is as well significance and immediately detectable at first
glance map showing the city of Piacenza.
And finally to the interior of this compact and laminated
system, its recognizable the location of landmarks, including
the cathedral, the Palazzo Farnese and the great figures
dispositive of military installations, that arm the urban
structure, stressing at the same time confirming the geography
of the place and its old foundation act.
Systems
We can overall define that the reading that today we execute for
the urban facts, interprets in a duplicate specific condition: from
one side, the historical component of the elements that are
followed and overlapped almost in the flow of the time,
intending these elements belonging to the permanence and/or to
the variability, just taking advantage of historical information,
through plans and documents; on the other hand, there is a
specific that resets the condition that component of the time
variable temporal, such as while using only the contemporary
world, somehow the last plan, the one that for definition is what
that today the city exists, which has precisely the merit of
representing, physically the city, but at the same time allows to
envisage that there was something in a past time. Use of this
latest plan is very necessary because some systems can identify
important city in the balance in this specific time. And it‘s
interesting to notice how the within our field of investigation,
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the city of Piacenza presents some significance systems that
make their specificity: first of all, the system of the historical
infrastructure, primarily the Via Emilia, extension of the
Roman Decumano, that were connecting and also today links,
the city of Piacenza, principally with Rimini and substantially
with the sea Adriatic.
It‘s interesting to note here that Piacenza is also the crossroads
of passage of the Via Francigena, along which it moved over
the centuries multitudes of pilgrims and travelers. The armature
then historical infrastructure, besides having an important
historical fact and material culture is very significant because
still exists and is still on this armor that the contemporary city is
founded and grows.
To this system of the historical infrastructure, puts aside
another system of infrastructure, obviously of modern era, the
which identifies the development of city‘s more recent
infrastructure. It‘s noted that the railway and motorway systems
configure this ulterior system of the city; The one, as it
indicated previously, has found collocation between historical
city and the contemporary city, has found space to the within of
the interval, of a threshold inside of the city and the river.
2.7-Local conditions, scope, borders, limits
Open, closed and relational spaces
A great river represents a natural event that could transcend
every human gesture, even in the most unfortunate and
inappropriate. For centuries the man have had a relation of the
great respect and fear toward this organism that like all of the
great natural occurrence brought and still brings wealth,
fertility, movement, but also misfortune, disaster and death.
The modern and contemporary often forgotten these founding
principles, but also have misunderstood the clearances for a
proper relationship between nature and artifice.
For centuries, the limit of the walled city of Piacenza with the
"Arc" characteristic form stretching to the river and the
surrounding plain was composed of large naturalized barriers:
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moats, dikes detected and characterized a section of the very
complex and articulate city / river. The relationship with the
river was respectful and cautious.
The progressive industrialization of the postwar and the
construction of the infrastructural axes have opened the way to
the massive occupation of the areas of respect between the city
and river. Heavy industry, military areas, bridges, rail and road,
rail pass and have occupied almost the entire space up to touch
the riverbed itself.
Compared to these assumptions, the topic, which is based on
the rod principal (the thistle) takes the form of Roman
centuriation due exception. From Piazzale Milano hour
vehicular traffic circle, but the original major gate access to the
old town, covering an area of about 600 meters, the open space
is not occupied by heavy and permanent. The presence of the
bridges crossing into the lands of Lodi, ensures an area to
compliance with its critics that is free and open to the outside.
Taking the riverbed as point of reference, on the north east lies
a large floodplain that immediately after the railway bridge
Confined spaces/open natural fences /artificial, borders, limits
In the linear reading, strips, according to the ideal cross section
that from downtown to the river and from there to outdoor
areas, you can associate a reading for significant or points to the
presence of special situations.
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In this area, and for the particular topic under analysis, some
'fence' or limit spaces are highlighted by location or area of
influence.
Scope of bridges
Between the road bridge recently collapsed and now under
reconstruction, and rail is possible to isolate a 'fence' with a
potential of the position and relations with its surroundings. Its
boundaries are defined by the river to the north-east from the
railway to the south east by the old town to the southwest and
the viaduct connecting Milan square and the road bridge which
passes through the SS No 9 (Via Emilia) Milan.
Inside, the highway passes entirely elevated and defines the
pylons, space and visual detail. In addition, the Tower Fodesta,
with the characteristic semicircular shape, works as a link with
the function bar of the nearby railway station.
From Palazzo Farnese to the Po
This macro-area is identifiable as the moment of transition
between the heart of the historical city and the river. Its borders
are the same of the river to the northeast, the axis of the
Risorgimento street (the cardo romano) with the street bridge to
south-east, the monumental complex of Palazzo Farnese with
the square currently used as a bus station south west axis
passing through the border with Nicolai barracks in the
northwest. Within this macro area, relate to various sub-systems
that are actually worthy of interest. Among these we highlight
the park, a former sports field, presenting the Farnese palace,
the citadel craft under the viaduct connecting the road bridge,
the sports areas next to the river banks.
Particular attention should be paid in this case the differences
between individual sub-systems height, since the gradients can
reach over 6 meters height.
Ring road on viaduct, railway line and satin ring town are so
many lines on which it is possible to envisage interventions on
the urban scale and detail.
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Map of city xvii century
Palazzo Farnese (Existing Museum in Piacenza)
The bow and arrow
The limited field north of the railway line and south walls of the
ring is a particular situation 'lens' that while the general design
of the band walled city, is structured as a place / gateway to the
historic core. The axis (arrow) that holds and allows relations of
the around given by the viaduct connecting the bridge road,
continuation of the Roman Cardo. In addition to the
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characteristic given by the position in this area you can work on
the cross-section as it is located below the level of cities and
therefore relates directly with the amount of more near the river
banks.
Spaces and the relational elements
As it has been noted in the previous the road and infrastructural
system of the theatrical area is rather complicated and
characterizing. The predominant axial element is with no doubt
the axis of the bridge street (SS. No. 9, via Emilia) collapsed
during a recent alert level of the river and in the process of
reconstruction. The bridge, with the structure of the 8th century,
is set to city level of Viale Risorgimento with which it connects
via a viaduct over piles of masonry placed at the lowest level of
the bank.
The bridge and viaduct structures are now captured the
collective imagination and craftsmanship placed outside the
citadel walls and uses its residual spaces saturating the
interstices. At the river cells detach from the mainland, generate
currents and eddies of natural water and disappear from view in
poplar seats on the northeastern shore of the river itself.
In that position has always been a bridge, the possibility of
pedestrian and cycle paths as proposed in the reconstruction
project in progress, make it an interesting structure and by
'domestic' character.
The situation related to the highway A21 Piacenza-Brescia and
railway line is so different.
View of PO RIVER
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2.8-Conclusion
Emilia-Romagna borders Veneto and Lombardy to the
northeast, Piedmont to the west, Liguria and Tuscany to the
southwest, Marche to the southeast, and the Adriatic Sea to the
east. It comprises the two historic regions of Emilia and
Romagna. About a half of the region is constituted by Padan
Plain, the largest plain of the country, crossed by the longest
stream of water of Italian Pensinsula, the river Po that is 652
km long. This region is drained by many Po tributaries. The rest
of Emilia-Romagna territory is split by the hill lands and part of
the Tuscan Apennine. Emilia-Romagna is the second richest
region of Italy. And in the picture below we should relationship
of city with main relations and monuments.
In Piacenza strategic plans community and military they want
to redevelop the area at different locations within the city like to
some extent enlargement of residential areas and our area is one
where they want to provide some open and public spaces to
connect that part with the rest of the city
Piacenza city layout based on roman grid very strongly and
roman grid pattern also we followed to develop the urban part
in next chapter.
Between the ‗historical city‘ and the river: Map of the main relations and the monuments
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CHAPTER 3
URBAN DESIGN
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3 -URBAN DESIGN
3.1-Project Area
Existing condition of Po river and its connection with the city (2)
Existing condition of Po river and its connection with the city (2)
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3.1-Project Area
The area for our study case is located on the northern edge of
the Roman cast rum, area 1 and shown in the following figure,
while reading of the existing conditions and the confronting
with the municipality‘s administration on plans and programs
for the future development.
Area 1 for Piacenza
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Po river and connection
Interaction area
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Area1 selected for urban Design
Infrastructural system
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Infrastructural system
Model view of Current City
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Model view of Current City
Area1 selected for urban Design-model
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3.2-Site Comparison
Site Comparison analysis has been conducted in order to be
able to develop a sense of the dimensions of the project area as
we have 45,000 sq m. The area is compared with Wenceslas
Square, Prague, Czech Republic.
Wenceslas Square, Prague, Czech Republic
Total area 45,000 m²
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3.3-Site Analysis
Positive Aspects of Site
• Ability of attraction with 181 thousands of arrivals in a year with 494
overnight stays.
• Tourism promotion policies.
• Strategic position of the city, that is at the crossroads of the most
important Northern Italian highways (and also well linked to ports and
airports).
• The presence of a well preserved natural heritage (rivers, hills,
mountains, etc.) is an asset to attract of tourism.
• The territorial marketing Plan focused on the priority to start up an
Agency for Territorial Marketing.
• Presence of historical area (medieval castles, churches, and Roman
heritage).
• For landscape architecture due to presence of green spaces and level of
land.
Negative Aspects of Site
• The density of the infrastructure (constraint).
• Presence of different level of land.
• The risk of flood.
• Further development of the methodology is needed in order to address
correctly the External costs of visual impact, but that impact cannot be
neglected especially when considering local effects.
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Open space system
Mobility System
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Site visit 1
Site visit 2
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3.4-SWOT Analysis
Strengths
• Presence of unlimited green area
• Good views
• Different level of land
• Presence of historical city area
Weaknesses:
• Between the banks of the Po river and road without adequate urban quality.
• Connection of river with city
• Lacking of pedestrians
• Difficulties for people to walk along the Po- river
• High density of infrastructure
• Function of the area itself
Opportunities:
• Develop Po river bank;
• Po-river can create transformation
• Huge potential for the city, exploitable in many ways (spaces and public places but
also new residential areas).
• Relationship between city and the river
• Development for the public local events
• Development of Public Spaces
• Changing in government policies
Threats:
• In between(Po river and city) Development
• Transportation connections with the other part of the city
• Flood risks
• Political risks
• investment
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3.5-Project Scope
3.5.1- project Objective
Project have different objective the first aspect concerns
crossings and connections and follow the main grid. Second
aspect concerns the quality of the grid itself. Today the
infrastructures and the main grid should follow the culture of
the city itself and developing integrity. The percolation of the
green and the nature within the urban texture exploits the
redesign of the military areas and the requalification of the
sports field and follow the roman grid to restructure of the
above said infrastructure.
Secondly, enhance connection between different public or
private spaces. Create a ―a pa ―of city.
rt the
Planning concept
 Designed area created more public activity point in Piacenza, which is
designed Library, Cultural center, Commercial and social housing integrated
―poi nts‖. In long term will boost Piacenza‘s social and economic integration
with other parts of the city. Most import point is that it will give great
opportunity to the Piacenza‘s people to enjoy landscape integrated
environment;
 Rich and systematic open spaces provide concept of ―enironmentv
first‖ advanced theory;
 Appropriate scale pedestrian, business integrated walking environment
not only added more interesting point in the city but also emphasized
continuity of the city;
 Large scale open park provides a unique leisure place for the city and it
will be a important meeting point in the city;
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3.5.2- Master plan
Piacenza city pattern and description of area
Idea was to build a relationship between city and current project
area through a Roman grid as the Piacenza city is strongly
based on Roman grid. In Urban design we proposed one Public
Library and Cultural Center along with open spaces public
spaces and some mixed used.
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Concept of Master Plan (Extending existing social house)
Concept of Master Plan ( preliminary functional distribution)
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Sketches during the design…
Some sketches for this area and we built connections for the urban proposed area with the rest
of the city of Piacenza
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Basic idea to develop selected area - ROMAN GRID
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Development of River Bank
The River Po’ along its banks: on the top the high-road.
The River Po’ on the main width
Before its settlement by the Romans, the area was populated by
other peoples; specifically, most recently to the Roman
settlement, the region on the right bank of the Po River
Po River
The Po is a river that flows either or – considering the length of
the Maira, a right bank tributary – eastward across northern
Italy, from a spring seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re,
a flat place at the head of the Val Po
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Between the ‗historical city‘ and the river:
Map of the main relations and the monuments
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 The first area of intervention chosen is the city border between the bundle of the
railway tracks and the Po River on the northern side of Piacenza municipal territory,
along the border between Emilia and Lombardy.
The decision to deal with the morphological complex of the
city of Piacenza stems from a broader reflection on the
possibility to prequalify and rethink the complex relationship
between city centers, infrastructural systems and landscapes
Dynamic of the urban development landscapes, based on a
rejoining of structural elements that shape urban systems. The
designing occasion concerns at the opportunity to relate the
irreversible transformation of the systems in relation, the city's
contemporary new scale, with the enhancement of historical
textiles, infrastructure systems and natural or urban landscapes.
The central location, the important railway junction and the
passage of two major highways, continue to promote the
economic and industrial development of Piacenza and the
surrounding area to this day which is developing and expanding
a logistics hub in the suburbs. The main aspects of
contemporary Piacenza to be sent to the entire chapter of
"transformations" dedicated to these important issues.
Spaces for use by sports clubs, parking lots, paths
A landscape and here lays the paradox of the urban condition of
Piacenza – a city on the river with no river - almost detached
from the city, without connections and even with less chance of
enjoyment and use.
The future changes aim precisely on the usability of the river
related recreational and areas of relevance of Po as part of the
ecological network of supra-regional status and that area to
compensate for environmental impacts and the strong human
presence.
The ability to regenerate the city and prequalifying will be
evaluated in the next few years based on activation and
development of a real and exact river park because of
connections with the urban green space, pedestrian and cycle
routes but also innovative features related to tourism.
In this context of great changes - put more new features, such
as containers and spaces for youth and leisure facilities as well
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as cultural exhibitions, executive, hotel, residential and special
types of service.
Today Piacenza has a unique opportunity for a sort of urban
addition, the recapture of large areas for years excluded from
the dynamics of development, linked by some to its other long-
river to the historic city, where work by integrating different
scales of project architectural details within the landscape of
public spaces.
These make perceptible through a sort of greenway a sequence
of "places" that Recount the economic and cultural history of
Piacenza and the "great river".
Several projects can help to structure the proposed park: the
redevelopment of the marina and the promotion of lpleasure
boating navigation, the project of bicycle track, but also the
possibility of Reuse of old Enel as the Modern Art Museum of
Polo and Dynamic of the urban development
Connection of River Selected area
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3.5.3- Master plan Analysis
Concept of Master Plan
For the urban design part our idea was to follow the roman grid
which is very strong point from the history point of view and
also it was the pivot point to connect the redevelopment area
with the city center…
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Distribution of Private and Public Spaces
Main Axis for the proposed design urban Area
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Main Axis for the proposed design urban Area
Distribution of the provided facilities
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Distribution of the provided facilities
Sketches of street views
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Connection between urban Corridors
OPEN PARK
The environment of an urban open
space significantly influences how
that space is perceived and used.
Some green spaces maintain a natural
environment with a native and self-
sustaining ecosystem. Depending on
factors such as the location of the city
and the location of the space within
the city as in Piacenza site area we
have a grassy field as natural open
space to maintain the natural environment and also provide the connection of the building
with nature.
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In land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for
―par ―green spaces‖, and other open areas. The landscape of
ks‖,
urban open spaces can range from playing fields to highly
maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They
are open to public access and defined as urban open space in
land use planning.
Open green spaces have the following impacts improving on site and adjoining land values;
creating a use out of otherwise low value land; chance to generate income; enhancing
maintenance and security solutions for
problem sites; providing temporary uses
for land until alternative investment
solutions become viable; attracting
alternative funding options; promoting
economic regeneration;
promoting health and well-being;
providing space for exercise and play, education, art and cultural activities as well as food
growing; and promoting community cohesion and pride in the place making value of spaces;
landscape creation; habitat creation; enhancing
wildlife corridors; and helping to manage carbon
emissions and to manage the effects of climate
change, including providing space for surface
water management; micro-climate management
(for example providing cool spaces in built up
urban areas); and carbon sequestration.
Climate change mitigation and adaptation;
resilience; carbon sequestration; bio fuels; reduction
of urban temperature.
Recovery from stress; reduction of obesity;
improved recovery times; physical benefits; reduced
pressure on health services.
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Images shown above describes the ideas to use for open green
space for the public to provide possible way for relaxation and
some activities that help the community of Piacenza in long
run.
Main idea was to provide all sort of function in this open green
space and also the connection with the building of library while
studying providing a green corridor.
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Detailed Area allocation for Urban
Functional Character of the spaces in Urban
T.
Area Ground Architecture F. Area Architectural
Usage/Character (Sq m) Floor area Area Ratio Underground Height
A Library 4490 3319 19914 4.4 yes 22.50m
B Cultural Center 2438 1951 7804 3.2 yes 18.00m
C Commercial 16147 12468 49872 3.1 no varies
D Residential 4825 3522 21132 4.4 no 15.00m
E Public space 14282
F Mixed use 7972 5709 22836 2.9 yes Varies
Total 50154 26969 121558 3.6
In this we presented the detailed area allocation for different functions like open soaces
residential, public spaces in the urban design for selected area.
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Model view of the designed area and city
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Model view of the designed area and city
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Physical Model of Urban Design
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Physical Model of Urban Design
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CHAPTER 4
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
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4- ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
4.1- Library
Library is a collection of information, resources, sources and
services, organized for people use, and maintained by a public
body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more
traditional sense, it means a collection of books. In means
collection of books which helps for people for all ages.
4.1.1-Library in History
The first libraries were only partly libraries, being composed
for the most part of unpublished records, which are usually
viewed as archives, not libraries. Archaeological findings from
the ancient city-states of Sumer have revealed temple rooms
full of clay tablets in cuneiform script. These archives were
made up almost completely of the records of commercial
transactions or inventories, with only a few documents
touching theological matters, historical records or legends.
Things were much the same in the government and temple
records on papyrus of Ancient Egypt. The first ones appeared
some time near the 5th century BC. The celebrated book
collectors of Hellenistic Antiquity were listed in the late second
century in Deipnosophistae. Libraries were filled with
parchment scrolls as at Pergamum and on papyrus scrolls as at
Alexandria: export of prepared writing materials was a staple of
commerce. There were a few institutional or royal libraries like
the Library of Alexandria which were open to an educated
public, but on the whole collections were private.
In the West, the first public libraries were established under the
Roman Empire as each succeeding emperor strove to open one
or many which outshone that of his predecessor. Unlike the
Greek libraries, readers had direct access to the scrolls, which
were kept on shelves built into the walls of a large room.
Reading or copying was normally done in the room itself. The
surviving records give only a few instances of lending features.
As a rule Roman public libraries were bilingual: they had a
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Latin room and a Greek room. Most of the large Roman baths
were also cultural centers, built from the start with a library,
with the usual two room arrangement for Greek and Latin texts.
In the Early Middle Ages, after the fall of the Western Roman
Empire and before the rise of the large Western Christian
monastery libraries beginning at Montecassino, libraries were
found in scattered places in the Christian Middle East. Upon
the rise of Islam, libraries in newly Islamic lands knew a brief
period of expansion in the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily
and Spain. Like the Christian libraries, they mostly contained
books which were made of paper, and took a codex or modern
form instead of scrolls; they could be found in mosques, private
homes, and universities. In Aleppo, for example the largest and
probably the oldest mosque library, the Sufiya, located at the
city's Grand Umayyad Mosque, contained a large book
collection of which 10 000 volumes were reportedly
bequeathed by the city's most famous ruler, Prince Sayf al-
Dawla. [6] Some mosques sponsored public libraries. Ibn al-
Nadim's bibliography Fihrist demonstrates the devotion of
medieval Muslim scholars to books and reliable sources; it
contains a description of thousands of books circulating in the
Islamic world circa 1000, including an entire section for books
about the doctrines of other religions. Unfortunately, modern
Islamic libraries for the most part do not hold these antique
books; many were lost, destroyed by Mongols, or removed to
European libraries and museums during the colonial period.
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By the 8th century first Iranians and then Arabs had imported
the craft of paper making from China, with a mill already at
work in Baghdad in 794. By the 9th century completely public
libraries started to appear in many Islamic cities. They were
called "halls of Science" or dar al-'ilm. Medieval library design
reflected the fact that these manuscripts--created via the labor-
intensive process of hand copying--were valuable possessions.
Library architecture developed in response to the need for
security. Librarians often chained books to lecterns, armaria
(wooden chests), or shelves, in well-lit rooms. Despite this
protectiveness, many libraries were willing to lend their books
if provided with security deposits (usually money or a book of
equal value). The early libraries located in monastic cloisters
and associated with scriptoria were collections of lecterns with
books chained to them. Book presses came to be arranged in
carrels (perpendicular to the walls and therefore to the
windows) in order to maximize lighting, with low bookcases in
front of the windows. This stall system (fixed bookcases
perpendicular to exterior walls pierced by closely spaced
windows) was characteristic of English institutional libraries. In
Continental libraries, bookcases were arranged parallel to and
against the walls. This wall system was first introduced on a
large scale in Spain's El Escorial.
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During the Renaissance, its people began to look to the Greek
and Roman artistic and literary classics for Inspiration. Many
aristocrats of the period were dedicated to developing their
private libraries. Cosimo de Medici of the famous Florentine
family established his own collection, which formed the basis
of the Laurentian Library. Also in Italy, the Vatican Library
opened in the 1400s. Accompanying the growth of universities
was the development of university libraries, which, in some
cases, were founded on the basis of a personal donation. For
example, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, donated his large
collection to Oxford University in the early 1400s. Gutenberg's
movable type innovation in the 1400s revolutionized
bookmaking. Printed books replaced handwritten manuscripts
and were placed on open shelves.
Throughout the 1600s and 1700s, libraries surged in popularity.
They grew as universities developed and as national, state-
supported collections began to appear. Many of these became
national libraries. In Britain, Sir Thomas Bodley rebuilt
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Humphrey's library at Oxford in the late 1500s. It was renamed
the Bodlean Library and today ranks as the second largest in
the country. The largest, of course, is the British Library,
founded in 1759 as part of the British Museum. The earliest
public library in the UK was associated with London's Guild
Hall in 1425. Once Parliament passed the Public Library Act in
1850, libraries began to spread throughout the nation. In
France, the national library in Paris known as Bibliotheque
Nationale de France began in 1367 as the Royal Library of
Charles V. Building on its Roman heritage, Italy boasted
several renowned libraries, including Laurentian Library in
Florence, Vatican Library in Vatican City, Ambrosian Library
in Milan and National Central Library in Florence, based on
the collection of Antonio Magliabechi, a scholar of the 1600s
and 1700s. Three libraries form the national repository for
Germany. The first, the German State Library in Berlin, was
founded in 1661 by Friedrich Wilhelm. The second and third
followed much later: the German Library in Leipzig, founded
in 1912 and the German Library in Frankfurt, founded in 1946.
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4.1.2- Classifications of Library
Type of library is following
General Libraries
Academic Libraries
Technical Libraries
Legal Libraries
Medical Libraries
Academic, technical, legal, and medical libraries feature
specialized content regarding a unique program. Requirements
and design criterion for academic, technical, legal, and medical
libraries are different from each other.
General libraries are centralized facilities for people that serve
the whole community and its population. General libraries are
the most common type of library facilities and cultural
programs. These facilities and types offer information,
materials, collections, and services similar to general public
libraries found in most public communities.
4.2- Project Objective
Circulation Overall
The main public service point is the circulation desk or loans
desk, usually found near the main entrance of a library. It
provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned
items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also
handled at the circulation desk and also to manage the overall
circulation of people in the proposed building.
Meeting place for citizen
Library will be a meeting place for peoples and integrated
design of library with urban context and nature will bring
peoples close to books.
Resource center for all ages
Library will be positively welcoming through good design, and
through the support, guidance and training, which might be
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required to assist the entire community for all ages in making
the most of the opportunities and information available.―‗ Even
the most misfitting child who‘s chanced upon the library‘s
worth, Sits with the genius of the Earth and turns the key to the
whole world‖18
Climate adaptive building and energy adaptive building
Library will be designed to be energy efficient by means of
proper use of skin and sky.
Public transportation net system
Library will be designed in such a way to provide a proper
connection among facilities, nature, people and urban context.
Opportunity for a better evaluation growth
Library development will be innovative provision for all
members of the community, including children and young
people. Visitors will be inspired by worlds of imagination and
information opened up by a range of resources and events and
activities across the year for better growth.
Lighting
Natural light envelops buildings, so architecture of building
selects a part of it and brings it in the interior, through
windows; skylight, Lighting and openness should be used as
concept for architectural and technological simultaneously
Urban Context
18
Ted Hughes, 1997 ―
Frameworks for the Future‖)
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Architectural library should be in integrity with urban context
of city Piacenza as different objective the first aspect concerns
crossings and connections and follow the main grid. Second
aspect concerns the quality of the grid itself. Today the
infrastructures and the main grid should follow the culture of
the city itself and developing integrity
Skin
Selecting the walls, structure, and enclosure in such a way so it
is compatible with architectural, energy sources available and
urban context of city.
Connections
Objective should follow the following connection with respect to urban
context
Surrounding area, connection of Cultural centre with Open Park and spaces
Person connection to the book
Light and visual connections throughout the building
Connection of nature, sun, sky, light, people, nature, Space
Libaray should provide also connection of people with proposed facilities and
architectural context
Meeting place for citizens
Learning resource centre for all ages
Climate adaptive building
Fully integrated public library
Research centre for students and researchers
Public transportation net system connection
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Different Connection for library
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Library Connection for People and Nature
4.3- Research Example for Reference
The following Examples are studied to understand the
requirement for dimension and Proper knowledge of
relationship inside library.
4.3.1-Piacenza Libraries
From Piacenza city we studied four Libraries, First one is
Biblioteca Passerini Landi an old library in 1985 it contains
100,000 books after 1998 they added modern section with
250,000 books. This main Library consists of Reference
section, Newspaper and Magazines, hall of Science and arts,
conference hall and computer hall which is added in 1998.
Second Library is Dante with volume 11,000, two reading
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room with 34 seats and contains General Knowledge, Fiction
and Biography section. Third one is Farnese with volume
5000, 35 seats and contains General knowledge, local section
and kids section. Fourth one is Childern giana Anguissola,
1997 contains two reading room with 50 seats and separate
room for parents.
Biblioteca Passerini Landi,Piacenza.
Dante,Piacenza
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Farnese, Piacenza
Childern giana Anguissola,Piacenza
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4.3.2-Biblioteca Civica, Prato19
5,300 square meters of total area
3,200 sqm of public services
4,250 square meters of outdoor space: Square of Culture, Central Court and
Court of Sculptures
250,000 total volumes
Free access to 120,000 documents
17,000 books for children and young
46,000 books in foreign languages (including the Historical Library of the
French Institute of Florence)
3500 DVD and VHS
2,500 music CDs and DVDs
600 newspapers and magazines by subscription
560 between chairs, places to read and study, even for children and young
100 PC stations
3-point self check
CLASSROOM COURSES
MEETING ROOM: 100 people
4.3.3-New Public library in Pontivy, France20
The Library has two open ends, pointing in two opposite
directions: West towards the city and East towards the canal.
The facade is facing the street and the pedestrians. The Library
has two open ends, pointing in two opposite directions: West
towards the city and East towards the canal. The facade is
19
Comune di Prato
20
http://www.architizer.com
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facing the street and the pedestrians.The platform view is the
key point of the project: a calm and unchanging landscape,
encouraging rest and concentration.
The reading rooms are two light open spaces, offering a view
on the canal. The daylight goes intensely through the building
but is filtrated and controlled. It animates the space with light
and shadow effects.
The closed rooms ‗exposition et conte‘, are unusual volumes
made of white concrete, round and smooth, like pebbles: they
are the icon of the new library. They are refuges where the
visitor's will forget the noise and will be able to enter an
imaginary world.
The structure is made of multiple metal porticos with pressure
points on the outside of the building: this layout enables the
inside spaces to be free of any heavy or bulky construction.
At the same time, the porticos give rhythm to the space with a
series of full and empty volumes.
They wrap the building to offer the readers a unique space
protected from disturbance while bringing the library a
harmonious and calm atmosphere. The façade, entirely made of
glass, is not a limit anymore, it is a filter.
Natural ventilation renews the air and helps the building remain
cool in the summertime.
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New Public library in Pontivy, France
New Public library in Pontivy, France
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4.3.4- Public Library Kelsterbach, Germany21
The new building for the town and school library is both an
extension of the school built in 1970 as well as a public library
for the citizens of Kelsterbach. While solid parts of the building
take over characteristics of the existing school in terms of
material and proportion, a roof in form of a butterfly represents
the new public library. The solid structure incorporates
facilities such as emergency stairs, toilets, storage,
administration, and the reception. The open, light flooded
spaces comprise book shelves and reading areas. Ground floor
and first floor are visually connected by open spaces and open
up to the outer space between school and library designed by
Bernd Mueller completed in 2003.
Public Library Kelsterbach, Germany
21
http://www.architizer.com
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Natural Lighting In Public Library Kelsterbach, Germany
4.3.5- Jaume Fuster Library, Spain22
It is situated in the Plaza Lesseps, in the north end of
Barcelona's Gracia district, in the places of the city whose
landscape has suffered more attacks and more serious offenses
over their recent history, Spain. The volumetric overall library
from their upper decks and that highlights one of the important
purposes of the project, as is to highlight the boundary between
mountain and city that takes the place Lesseps, generates an
element that is repeated throughout the inside the building. In
the library resulted in staggering the cross section is
accompanied by a tilt of the decks in the longitudinal direction.
The covers of the successive strips are bonded in a seesaw
motion, which turns on itself and attaches to the new building
unique status.
The windows of the Biblioteca Jaume Fuster largely complies
with the essential requirements for a stay that is comfortable to
users once they are part of the design of the building, without
neglecting the required compliance. They overlook meaning
both to the outside and inside, shelter with his noisy
22
http://en.wikiarquitectura.com
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environment protection from the Plaza Lesseps while providing
natural light to the reader, design, forming a prominent part of
the design of the facade and reasonable durability due to
material chosen for them.
Jaume Fuster Library, Spain
4.3.6- Surry Hills Library, Australia23
The project has been characterized from the very preliminary
studies by four formal features. On the southern edge, the
Collins Street road closure was converted to a modest public
park with a raised grass platform. This new space extended the
function of the building and reasserted itself as a public place.
The tapered glass atrium evolved in response to the ambitious
sustainability objectives of the project, and equally to the sense
of layered transparency and the project‘s inspirational quality.
The series of glass prisms creates an open, transparent façade,
akin to an open dolls house, and addresses the new open space
23
24 Ore Arketipo (Energy) April 2011
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so that all the different activities of the centre are visible and
displayed, encouraging participation.
The timber ‗U‘ form embraces the prismatic environmental
atrium and orient both towards the south and the new little
park. The ‗solid‘ sections of this timber form are made of
automated louvre systems that filter and control sunlight and
view. This warm timber form is lifted above the ground to
create transparency and accessibility.
The foyer space is a lower transitional form that mediates the
scale of the building against the adjacent shops while creating a
welcoming, transparent entry. Suspended cloud-like roof
profiles bring daylight into this space and extend out above the
street to mark the entrance.
Surry Hills Library, Australia
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Façade of Surry Hills Library, Australia
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4.4-Architectural Design
The library criteria/Brief we defined is based on the study of
various Libraries located in local and abroad as we explained
our case studies above. Piacenza Public Library is designed for
350,000 numbers of books and case studies are also based on
same number of books and energy perspective of this project.
And brief we selected from one Chinese library which is also
proposed to design for the same area and number of books .
Reception 156 m2
Lockers 70 Reception 36 Consulting 50
Quick Access 350
Adult and Young Peoples’ Reading 3300
Open reading area 880 m2 (180 shelves);
half open reading area 520(70 shelves); audio & video
collection 520 m2 (personal reading 200 m2, archives, group
reading 100 (including 15 controlling, 10 devices); rest area 60)
microfilm reading room 300 m2 (100 archives) should have
lending area; New books exhibition 130 m2; news paper and
magazine 520 m2 (70 shelves); Business Intelligence Library Included
in Adult Lending 430 m2;
Children’s Library 450
(Need separate entrance, also close to
The outside Children‘s activity area)
Non-public Space 620
(Offices staff, IT- services area, Rest room, storage)
IT – services 150 m2; reference section 50 m2; Storage 40 m2;
Fire controlling room 50; Mechanical room: 50 m2;
Internal services area: meeting room 70 m2;
Office 25x4= 100 m2; Storage 40 m2; mechanical room 30 m2;
Administration 40;
Circulation, Services and ancillaries 1140
(Including stairs and elevator)
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Public IT services: 1000
Public Service: 460
Café 280; Bookshop 180 m2;
Internal services area: 521
Meeting room 70 m2; photograph 50 m2, copy 50 m2, scan 50 m2;
Office 25x4= 100 m2; Storage 40 m2; mechanical room 60 m2;
Administration 76 m2; WC 25 m2
Conference hall and Exhibition Spaces 756
Conference hall 360 m2; foyer 80 m2; rest room; administration 50 m2;
Guest room 36 m2; (should have WC and should have independent entrance)
Exhibition 200 m2;
WC 120
Gross Floor Area 8,873
The principle operational spaces of the library are likely to be
arranged on 5 floors above ground level.
The floor-to-floor height of the library floors should be
approximately 4.5 M and the height of the conference hall
6.600 M，underground parking 5.0M.
This is to facilitate provision of passive environmental
measures. A large volume per m2 will significantly reduce the
need for energy intensive mechanical ventilation and cooling.
In addition, it is anticipated that undercroft space would be
used for service deliveries, operational car parking, parking for
disabled users, heating plant, equipment, refuse storage and
collection.
The project is intended to provide services for the whole
Piacenza community and as such will become a destination
both for students and resident settled in Piacenza‘s people as a
whole.
One of the most important objectives is to promote a Library
which is designed to the highest standard and which is a
catalyst for further city renaissance.
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The proposed Library directly addresses a wide range of
regional and urban development plan policies. Given its
scale and character, it will in particular provide a major impetus
for urban development in area as well as underpinning the
needs of military area for the development of urban planning.
Project Objectives
The objectives identified for this project vary in focus from the
impact on individuals and communities. What they all share is
an understanding that this development has the capacity to be
transformational.
The project proposed is a ground-breaking partnership
development to create a fully integrated public library,
including specialist provision for children and young people
and business users, which would be completely new and highly
innovative.
• Raise aspirations and reach new people
At the heart of this development will be innovative provision
for all members of the community, including children and
young people. Visitors will be inspired by worlds of
imagination and information opened up by a range of resources
and events and activities across the year. The distinctive
identity and needs of young people will be recognized and the
new Library will provide relevant and attractive materials for
them.
• Offer easy and supported access to learning opportunities and resources for all ages.
• Ensure
The best design creates buildings that are loved and a source of
pride for the community.
Landmark buildings can contribute to regeneration by creating
a destination for visitors and a natural meeting place for
citizens. The project seeks to achieve both of these objectives,
within a building that is able to respond to changes in service
need and technological development.
Any building should be of contemporary design and provide a
landmark presence in order to give the project a strong visual
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identity, high quality architectural design and responsiveness to
environmental issues.
• Create a facility and services that are positively welcoming for everyone
We know that public buildings can sometimes be daunting. The
Piacenza‘s Library will be positively welcoming through good
physical design, and through the support, guidance and
training, which might be required to assist the entire
community in making the most of the opportunities and
information available.
• To improve the quality of life for individuals and communities
By bringing the University and public library together, along
with the history centre and customer service centre, we will be
creating a completely new way of providing these services:
they will be re-defined. This will contribute to the well-being of
the whole community through open access to integrated
information and cultural resources, with exhibitions, meeting
rooms, social space, quiet reflective areas, all within a building
alive with innovative technology for creation, motivation and
learning.
• Innovation in service delivery and development in environmental sustainability
The New Library and History Centre will develop new models
of complementary and innovative service while fully meeting
regulatory Standards and frameworks.
The flagship nature of the development in environmental
sustainability and the innovative approach towards high energy
efficient buildings will encourage others to equal, and perhaps
exceed, our performance.
• To enhance regional identity by developing pride in local history and current
achievements
This has two aspects: to connect with shared past, and celebrate
contemporary achievements.
The centre will therefore enrich the community experience of
history and heritage, while at the same time, finding ways of
showcasing contemporary regional skills and produce.
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• Site Capacity and Usage
The space requirement of the direct service facilities to be
delivered by the Piacenza‘s Library is 10,480 M2. However, to
create a facility which offers higher levels of service to the
public and meets public expectations of a modern library as a
―des tination‖ building, it is proposed to include additional
elements.
These include:
• Operational and disabled car parking provision
• Cafés facilities
• Complementary retail provision (this might include uses such as bookshops, or a toyshop
related to the Children‘s Library)
• A commercial element which must be complementary to the library‘s services.
The site is unique for the opportunities it offers to establish a
high degree of connectivity to existing and proposed city
infrastructure.
The starting point in assessing site capacity is the need to
arrange public spaces in a way which is both easily understood
by users and efficient to manage. To satisfy these needs, the
number of floors in public use should be supposed to a
maximum of three. This requirement translates into a ground
floor (footprint) of between 3,000 and 4,000 M2. Providing that
the operational requirement for 10,480 M2 of usable floor
space is met, the overall volume and height developed from
that footprint can vary.
4.5 Concept and Drawings
The concept for Piacenza library is to create a learning and
information centre of excellence to promote long life learning,
engendering social inclusion and raising inspiration for the
whole community.
The connections of the building with two green spaces, one is
on east connected to the building through façade and the other
one is strongly connected with the building itself.
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Location of Library on master plan
Initial concept of the library and analysis of surrounding area
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CHAPTER 5
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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5-STRUCTURAL DESIGN
5.1-Introduction
Structure is a system formed from the interconnection structural
members or the shape or form that prevents buildings from
being collapse. A structure supports the building by using a
arrangement of Elements known as Structure. There are two
important steps for the design of a building, (I) Structural
Analysis and (II) Structural Design. Forces acting on different
parts of the structure that can be determined through structural
analysis. Bending Moments and shear forces are considered as
the most common forces which are calculated.
The requirement to move towards Positive Energy development
was the most important challenge of this project. The selection
of proper construction material and techniques are always
playing the major role in achieving such a goal in a
construction projects. Reinforced Concrete is a strong durable
building material that can be formed into many varied shapes
and sizes ranging from a simple rectangular column, to a
slender curved dome or shell. Its utility and versatility are
achieved by combining the best features of steel and concrete.
Differing Properties of Concrete and steel
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It can be seen from the list that the materials are more or less
complementary. Thus, when they are combined, the steel is
able to provide the tensile strength and probably some of the
shear while the concrete, strong in compression, protects the
steel to give durability and fire resistance.
The behavior of a simply supported beam subjected to bending
and shows the position of steel reinforcement to resist the
tensile force, while the compression forces in the top of the
beam are carried by the concrete as shown in below figure.
Composite action
Wherever tension occurs it is likely that cracking of the
concrete will take place. This cracking, however, does not
detract from the safety of the structure provided there is good
reinforcement bonding to ensure that the cracks are restrained
from opening so that the embedded steel continues to be
protected from corrosion.
Limit state design of a Building Structure must ensure that
under the worst loadings the structure is safe, and during
normal working conditions the deformation of the members
does not detract from the appearance, durability or performance
of the structure.
The limit state method which multiplies the working loads by
partial factors of safety and also divides the material‘s ultimate
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strengths by further partial factor of safety. Limit state method
is now widely adopted across the Europe and many other parts
of the world. The flexibility is particularly important if full
benefits are to be obtained from development of improved
concrete and steel properties.
a- Ultimate Limit State, the structure must be able to withstand an
adequate factor of safety against collapse, the loads for which it is designed to
ensure the safety of the building occupants and/or the safety of the structure
itself.
b- Serviceability limit states, the efficiency of any part of the structure
must not be adversely affected by deflection, local damage due to cracking
and spalling must not affect appearance and efficiency of the structure,
durability is considered in terms of proposed life of the structure and its
condition of building exposure.
NOTE: The Eurocodes were published as European Prestandards. The
following European Standards which are published or in preparation
are cited in normative clauses :
EN 1991 Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures
EN 1992 Eurocode 2 : Design of concrete structures
EN 1993 Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
EN 1994 Eurocode 4 : Design of composite steel and concrete
structures
5.2-Load Calculations
Dead Load
The following tables describes the weight calculation for
different sections
Description Thickness Specific Weight Weight
Plaster board 0.01 4.42 0.05
Mineral Wool Insulation 0.05 0.09 0.00
Air gap 0.10 0 0.00
Concrete 0.10 23.5 2.35
Insulation, expanded polysterene 0.04 0.13 0.01
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DAKU FSD 30 mm80 0.08 0.43
soil 0.09 9.8 0.83
3.68
Green Roof
Description Thickness Specific Weight Weight
Plaster board 0.025 1.6 0.04
knauf earthwool Reinforced slab 0.075 1.4 0.105
Supporting steel 0.3 8.68 2.604
suspended ceiling 0.06 3.4 0.204
2.953
Floor details
Description Thickness Specific Weight Weight
laminated glass sheet and structural silicone
stainless steel clamps to connect façade glass sheet 0.04 24 0.96
stainless steel pole 0.06 24 1.44
2.4
Wall Transparent
Description Thickness Specific Weight Weight
12.5mm plasterboard 0.013 6.3 0.08
12.5mm plasterboard with vapour barrier 0.014 13.33 0.18
12.5mm plasterboard 0.013 6.3 0.08
INSULATION, GLASS MINERAL WOOL 0.080 0.3 0.02
WOOD FIBER INSULATION 0.100 1.6 0.16
INSULATION, GLASS MINERAL WOOL 0.080 0.3 0.02
DU'PONT TYVEK CONCRETE PANEL (12.5mm) 0.013 23 0.30
Rigid insulation, polystyrene 0.050 0.3 0.02
Render finish with steel mesh 0.005 9.8 0.05
0.91
Vertical wall Enclosure
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Live Load
Live loads are a result of the occupancy of a structure. In other
words, it varies with how the building is to be used.
The imposed load for floors in Public buildings is [EN 1991-1-
1 §6.3.1.2, Tables 6.1 e 6.2, in accordance with National
Annex]
3.00 kN/m2
Wind Load Calculation
The wind load calculations have been conducted according to
EN-1991-1-4, which deals with the determination of natural
wind actions for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works. The code is applicable to buildings and civil
engineering works with heights up to 200 m, thus for the
buildings under the scope of this study, wind actions can be
determined according to this part of the Eurocode.
vb = cdir ⋅ cseason ⋅ vb,0
where;
vb is the basic wind velocity, defined as a function of wind direction and time
of year at
10 m above ground of terrain category II
vb,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity which is 25 m /s
cdir is the directional factor
cseason is the season factor
The value for cdir and cseason recommended by EN 1991-1-4 is 1.
Calculation of the Mean Wind Velocity, vm (z)
vm (z) = cr (z) ⋅co (z) ⋅vb
Where;
cr (z) is the roughness factor,
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co (z) is the orography factor, taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified.
cr (z) = kr⋅ ln (z / z0) for zmin< z < zmax
cr (z) = cr (zmin) for z < zmin
Where;
z0 is the roughness length
kr is the terrain factor depending on the roughness length z0
kr = 0,19 ⋅ (z0 / z0,II) 0,07
where;
z0,II= 0,05 m (the value for terrain category II given in Table 4.1 of EN 1991-
1-4)
zmin is the minimum height defined in the same Table 4.1
zmax is to be taken as 200 m, unless otherwise specified in the National
Annex
z0, zmin depend on the terrain category. Table 4.1 of EN 1991-1-4 also
provides the
recommended values for z0, zmin depending on five representative terrain
categories.
Description of Terrain Categories and Terrain parameters, Source: EN 1991-1-4
z0 = 0,05 m
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zmin = 2 m
kr = 0,19 ⋅ (0,05 / 0,05) 0,07 = 0,19
Since the minimum level of the building is 4.5 m high, it can be concluded
that
zmin< zi < zmax , for all i
Where; i stand for the number of the levels.
Calculation of Wind Turbulence, Iv (z)
Iv (z) = σv / vm (z) for zmin< z < zmax
Iv (z) = Iv (zmin) for z < zmin
σv = kr⋅ vb⋅ kl
Where;
kr is the terrain factor calculated above,
vb is the basic wind velocity calculated above,
kl is the turbulence factor, which is recommended to be taken as 1,0 by EN
1991-1-4.
Calculation of Peak Velocity Pressure, qp (z)
qp (z) = [1 + 7 ⋅ Iv (z)] ⋅ ½ ⋅⋅ v2
m (z)
Where;
is the air density which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric
pressure to be expected in the region during wind storms. The recommended
value is 1.25 kg/m3 in EN 1991-1-4.
Determination of Pressure Coefficient, cpe
The peak velocity pressure is calculated for some reference
heights and these reference heights, ze, for windward walls of
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rectangular plan buildings depend on the aspect ratio h/b and
are always the upper heights of the different parts of the walls.
A building, whose height h is less than b should be considered
to be one part. In the project column parts at each floor
assumed as a single column and the peak velocity pressure at
the upper point of the column part is assigned to the rest of this
column part. In this case the reference height for each column
part is equal to height of that column part because h is always
smaller than the b dimension. For instance, the wind load
applied to the column part along the fourth floor is the equally
distributed peak velocity pressure calculated for 22.5 m.
The pressure coefficients for vertical walls and flat roof vary
through the wall and roof surface. This variation depends on
the geometry of the structure. The zones for different
coefficients are defined in EN 1991-1-4 as follows;
External pressure coefficient for walls. Source: EN 1991-1-4— Recommended
values of external pressure coefficients for vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings
Height Iv(z) Vm (Z) q p (Z) q p (Z)
m m/s N/m2 Kn/m2
Ground
Floor 4.5 0.24 19.814 657.6 0.6576
ist floor 9 0.207 22.934 805.06 0.80506
2nd floor 13.5 0.192 24.802 901.2 0.9012
3rd floor 18 0.182 26.139 971.1 0.9711
4th floor 22.5 0.175 27.181 1027.4 1.0274
Peak Velocity Pressure, qp(z), for each floor
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Snow Load
Snow load calculation was conducted according to Eurocode;
in addition Italian code Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni was
also used for establishing values in regard to local conditions.
The code lists the cities classified as included in Zone - I as
follows; in addition the characteristic value of snow load on the
ground is provided according to altitude;
qsk = 1,50 kN/m2 as ≤ 200 m
qsk = 1,35 [1 + (as/602)2] kN/m2 as > 200 m
The altitude of the site is 138 m. accordingly the characteristic value of snow
load on the ground at the relevant site is taken as;
sk = 1,50 kN/m2
s =i ⋅ Ce⋅ Ct⋅ sk
i is the snow load shape coefficient,
sk is the characteristic value of snow load on the ground,
Ce is the exposure coefficient,
Ct is the thermal coefficient.
Ce should be taken as 1,0 unless otherwise specified for different
topographies.
In regard to the thermal coefficient Ct, EN 1991-1-3 states that the thermal
coefficient Ct should be used to account for the reduction of snow loads on
roofs with high thermal transmittance (> 1 W/m2K). For all other cases: Ct=
1,0. The U value of the roof is 0.08 W/m2K in the project. Accordingly the
thermal coefficient is taken as 1.0.
Snow load on the ground
sk = 1,50 kN/m2 (according to Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni)
The snow load shape coefficient
i = 0,8
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Exposure coefficient:
Ce = 1
Thermal coefficient
Ct = 1
s =i ⋅ Ce⋅ Ct⋅ sk
s = 0,8 x 1 x 1x 1,50 = 1,2 kN/m2
Building
The building floor height is 4.5 and total height of the building
is 22.5m.In building we provided two shear walls opposite
direction to each other and here we provided the structure of
the building and applied load combinations.
COMBO1
1.35DL+1.35SDL
COMBO2
1.35DL+1.35SDL+1.5LL
COMBO3
1.35DL+1.35LL+1.35SDL+1.35WLX
COMBO4
1.35DL+1.35LL+1.35SDL+(-1.35)WLX
COMBO5
1.35DL+1.35LL+1.35SDL+1.35WLY
COMBO6
1.35DL+1.35LL+1.35SDL+(-1.35)WLY
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3D model of the Building
5.3-Slab
Ribbed slab is considered to design. Ribbed slabs are made up
of wide band beams running between columns with equal depth
narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction and the slab is
formed by two identical spans, each 8.4 m long
Benefits
 Flexible
 Relatively light, therefore less foundation costs and longer spans are
economic
 Speed of construction
 Fairly slim floor depths
 Robustness
 Excellent vibration control
 Thermal mass
 Good for services integration
 Durable finishes
 Fire resistance
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Load combination 1
Load combination 2
In order to determine the cover the prescriptions in EN 1992-1-1 §4.4.1 apply.
The nominal cover is defined as a minimum cover, cmin, plus an allowance in
design for deviation, cdev [Expression 4.1-EC2]
cnom = cmin + cdev
where [Expression 4.2-EC2]
cmin = max (cmin,b; cmin,dur +c - cdur,st - cdur,add; 10 mm)
where cmin,b =  = 14 mm
cmin,dur = 10 mm [§ 4.4.1.2(5)-EC2 and Table 4.4 N-EC2 for exposure class X0
(no risk of corrosion) and structural class S4, being used concrete of strength
class C25/30]
c, = 0 (recommended value) [§4.4.1.2(6)-EC2]
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cdur,st = cdur,add = 0, since no stainless steel bar or other special measures will
be taken [§4.4.1.2(7-8)-EC2].
In the end the minimum concrete cover is:
cmin = max (14mm, 10mm, 10mm) = 14 mm
Assuming cdev = 10 mm, as recommended by EC2 [§4.4.1.3], the nominal
concrete cover is:
cnom = 14+10 = 24 mm
and the effective depth of the slab is:
d = h – c - /2 = 240-24-14/2 = 209 mm.
REINFORCEMENT
The longitudinal reinforcing bars will be pre-dimensioned
using the same formulas that will be used for further
verifications.
The following assumptions are then made:
- only tension reinforcement is considered
- plane sections remain plane
- the strain in bonded reinforcement is the same as the surrounding
concrete
- the tensile strength of the concrete is ignored
- a rectangular stress distribution is assumed for the concrete in
compression [EC2 – –
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Expression 3.19] and the factor is equal to 1,0 [EC2 – Expression 3.21] for a
concrete strength class C25/30.
- An elastic-perfectly plastic stress/strain relationship is assumed for
reinforcing bars without the need to check the strain limit [EC2 – 3.2.7(2)b]
The rotational equilibrium about the barycentre of the tension reinforcement is
0,8 b x fcd  d  0, 4 x   M Ed
The geometry of the section is known, as well as the materials and the design
moment. The only unknown of the previous equation then is the position of
the neutral axis, x.
The translational equilibrium, under the hypothesis of yielded tension
reinforcement, is
0,8 b x fcd  As f yd  0
and the required reinforcement area is
0,8 b x f cd
As 
f yd
The hypothesis of yielded steel is verified if
x cu 3,5
    0, 641
d cu   yd 3,5  1,96
The so determined reinforcement needs to be not less than the minimum
recommended [EC2 – 9.2.1.1, Expression 9.1N]
f ctm
As ,min  0, 26 bt d
f yk
As
MEd b As,req bt As,min
Section x/d [mm2]
[kNm] [mm] [mm2] [mm] [mm2]
n° 
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Positive 102.6 200 0,078 840 800 314 1080
negative 25,6 1000 .488 355 1000 251 452
negative 82.35 1000 .11 780 1000 341 616
Area Reinforcement
Bending Ultimate Limit State verification
The section is rectangular with width b = 1000 mm and
effective depth d = 209 mm The working hypothesis is that the
concrete in compression reaches its maximum strain, cu, and
the steel is yielded.
x cu 2 0, 0035
    0, 641
d cu 2   syd 0, 0035  0, 00196
Translational equilibrium
b x f cd  As f yd  0,8 b x f cd  As f yd  0
= .567 = OK
Rotational equilibrium (about the barycentre of the compressions)
= 82.85 KN m OK
Shear Ultimate Limit State verification
For cross-sections in the zones of negative moment near the end supports, the
shear resistance is assumed to be
Asl 452
Asl  2  2 12  452 mm2  l    0, 0108
b d 200  209
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0.18  200  
VRd,c = 1   1.08  251/3   200  209  29.8 kN
1.5  209 

  

The shear resistance needs to be calculated with appropriate formulas for
members requiring shear reinforcement [EC2 – 6.2.3 and EC2 – Expression
6.13] where the entire applied shear is supported by a truss system only.
Near the end supports, for x = 0,35+0,56/2 = 0,63 m from the support the
applied shear is
VEd = 31 kN
Assuming 1+112 as inclined reinforcement the shear resistance is
Asw 226 2
VRd ,s  z f ywd  cot   cot   sin   0,9  209  391 1  2   57, 4 kN  VEd
x 560 2
Near the continuity support, for x = 0,88 m from the continuity support the
applied shear is
VEd =38,3 kN
Assuming 1+114 as bent-up bars the shear resistance is
Asw 308 2
VRd ,s  z f ywd  cot   cot   sin   0,9  209  391 1  2   85,8 kN  VEd
x 560 2
The resistance of the compression struts needs also to be verified [EC2 –
Expression 6.14].
cot   cot 
VRd ,max  cw bw z 1 f cd
1  cot 2 
where 1    0, 7 1  fck 250   0, 63 is a strength reduction factor for
concrete cracked in shear [EC2 – Expression 6.6N and National Annex]. In the
end the resistance of the compression chord is
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2 1
VRd ,max  200  0,9  209  0, 63 14, 2  201,9 kN  VEd
1 4
Reinforcement arrangement
5.4-Beams
Load combination 1
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Load combination 2
Load combination 3
Load combination 4
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Load combination 5
Section position (m) MEd (kNm)
A x=0 -287
B x = 1.65 17.38
C x = 4.12 -142.4
D x = 6.59 3.31
E x = 8.4 -286
Sections and corresponding bending moment
The pre-dimensioning of longitudinal reinforcement is carried
out through the same expressions used for verifications as well
as was previously done for slabs and the same assumptions on
the behavior of the materials are made.
The rotational equilibrium gives the position of the neutral axis, x.
0,8 b x fcd  d  0, 4 x   M Ed
Whereas through the translational equilibrium the required reinforcement area
can be evaluated.
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0,8 b x f cd
As 
f yd
The following limit for the depth of the neutral axis applies.
x cu 3,5
    0, 641
d cu   yd 3,5  1,96
The so determined reinforcement needs to be not less than the minimum
recommended [EC2 – 9.2.1.1, Expression 9.1N]
f ctm
As ,min  0, 26 bt d
f yk
The effective depth of the section, d, to be used in the previous formulas can
be calculated after the evaluation of the concrete cover, similarly to what
previously done for slabs.
According to EC2 – 4.4.1 the nominal concrete cover follows from [EC2 –
Expression 4.1 and 4.2]
cnom = cmin + cdev
cmin = max (cmin,b; cmin,dur +c - cdur,st - cdur,add; 10 mm)
Transversal shear reinforcement (stirrups):
cmin,b =  = 8 mm
cmin,dur = 10 mm [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(5) EC2 – Table 4.4N for exposure class X0
(no risk of corrosion) and structural class S4, being used concrete of strength
class C25/30]
c, = 0 (recommended value) [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(6)]
cdur,st = cdur,add = 0 [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(7) and (8)]
cmin = max (8mm, 10mm, 10mm) = 10 mm
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Assuming cdev = 10 mm, as recommend [EC2 – 4.4.1.3]
cnom transv = 10+10 = 20 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement
cmin,b =  = 16 mm
cmin,dur = 10 mm [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(5) EC2 – Table 4.4N for exposure class X0
(no risk of corrosion) and structural class S4, being used concrete of strength
class C25/30]
c, = 0 (recommended value) [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(6)]
cdur,st = cdur,add = 0 [EC2 – 4.4.1.2(7) and (8)]
cmin = max (16mm, 10mm, 10mm) = 16 mm
Assuming cdev = 10 mm, as recommend [EC2 – 4.4.1.3]
cnom long = 16+10 = 26 mm
From the previous calculations, it appears that the concrete cover for stirrups
is dominant. As a matter of fact, assuming cnom transv = 20 mm, the longitudinal
reinforcement cover is clong = 28 mm > cnom long).
The effective depth of the section in the end is d = h – cnom trasv - strasv - slong
/2 = 540-20-8-16/2 = 504 mm
MEd b x As,req bt
Asmin As
Section x/d 2
(kNm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm ) (mm2)
A -287 400 133 0,264 1546 1200 909 1633
B 17.38 1200 36 0,071 1255 400 303 314
C -142.4 400 133 0,264 1546 1200 909 1080
D 3.31 1200 9 0,018 314 400 303 314
E -286 400 30 0,060 349 1200 909 1633
Pre-dimensioning of longitudinal reinforcement
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Bending Ultimate Limit State verification
The same assumptions on the behavior of the structural
member as the previous chapter apply.
Assuming yielded steel and a rectangular stress block for concrete the
translational equilibrium is
0.8 b x fcd = As fyd
The neutral axis then is
As f yd
x
0,8 b f cd
Through the rotational equilibrium about the bar centre either of the
compressions or tensions, the resisting moment can be easily determined.
MRd = As fyd (d-0.4x) = 0.8 bxfcd (d-0.4x)  MEd
Sez. As (mm2) b (mm) x (mm)  MRd (kNm) MEd (kNm) MRd/MEd
A 1633 400 141 0.28 318 287 1.11
S 314 1200 41 0.08 31 17.38 1.78
B 1080 400 141 0.28 189 142.4 1.33
D 314 1200 12 0.02 11 3.31 3.32
C 1633 400 89 0.18 318 286 1.11
Ultimate Limit State verification Bending
Shear Ultimate Limit State verification
The transversal reinforcement ratio needs to comply with the following limit
[EC2 – 9.2.2(5) and Expression 9.5N]
A sw f ck
sw =  0.08 = 0,0009
bw s f yk
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Where appropriate numeric value for concrete and steel strengths have been
adopted (C25/30, B450C).
The maximum longitudinal spacing between stirrups is [EC2 – 9.2.2(6) and
Expression 9.6N]
sl ,max  0, 75 d 1  cot    0, 75  504  378 mm
Whereas the transverse spacing of the legs of stirrups needs not to exceed the
value [EC2 – 9.2.2(8) and Expression 9.8N]
st ,max  0, 75 d   0, 75  504  378 mm   600 mm
Assuming stirrups 8/250 mm with two legs it is
100
sw = = 0,001 > swmin
400  250
The corresponding value of the shear resistance then is [EC2 – Expression 6.8]
A sw 100
VRd,s = 0.9 d fywd ctg  = 0.9·500· 391·2= 140.8 kN
s 250
Where ctg = 2 has been assumed.
According to EC2 – Expression 6.9
cot   cot  2
VRd ,max  cw bw z 1 f cd 2
 400  0,9  500  0,63 14, 2   644,1 kN  VEd
1  cot  1 4
OK
Where 1    0, 7 1  fck 250   0, 63 [EC2 – Expression 6.6N – National
Annex].
Serviceability Limit States
The translational equilibrium equation is
1
c b x + ‘s A‘s – As s = 0
2
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Assuming an elastic behavior for both concrete and steel ( = E ) and plane
diagram of strains
d-x
σs   e c
x
x - d'
σ' s   e  c
x
where the coefficient e = Es/Ec is assumed equal to 15.
x2
b   e (A s  A's ) x -  e (A s d  A's d' )  0
2
The position of the neutral axis, x, can be obtained from the previous equation
(null static moment of the homogenized cross-section).
Through the rotational equilibrium about the bar yc entre of the tensions, the
maximum compression in concrete can be calculated and compared to the
allowable value c,adm = 0.6 fck = 15 MPa [EC2 – 7.2(3)]
1  x
c b x  d -  = M
2  3
2M
c = < c,adm
 x
bx  d - 
 3
The stress in the reinforcement can be easily obtained from the previous
formula
d-x
σs   e c < s,adm
x
MEd As b c
Section < 0,6 fck
(kNm) (mm2) (mm) (N/mm2)
A 194 1633 400 11,3 OK
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S 23.5 314 1200 1.87 OK
B 176 1080 400 7.8 OK
D 14.5 314 1200 2 OK
C 194 1633 400 11.3 OK
Serviceability Limit States check
Reinforced Arrangement
5.5-Columns
Load Combination 1
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Load Combination 2
Load Combination 3
Load Combination 4
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Load Combination 5
For the calculation of columns only, a reduction factor can be applied to
variable loads [EC1-1 – 6.3.1.2(10) – National Annex]
5 A
 A   0  0  1, 0
7 A
Where: 0 = 0.7
A0 = 12 m2
A is the influence area of the column considered
For column: A  0.95.
For the ULS combination of actions, a single multiplicative factor will be
referred to, as a simplification: F* is obtained as weighted mean of the
coefficients G = 1.35 and Q = 1.5, respectively concerning permanent actions
and variable actions.
N (kN) NEd = F* N Ac0 = N Ed (mm2) bxh Ac
Column N =  Fkj (kN) f cd (mm) (mm2)
498.26 697.5 30688
4th floor 400 x 400 160000
512.85 716.8 64563
3rd floor 400 x 400 160000
2nd floor 998.44 1398 98438 400 x 400 160000
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1994.03 2792 132313
1st floor 400 x 400 160000
Ground 2487.62 3482 166188 500 x 500 250000
2980.21 4172 200063
Bassement 600 x 600 360000
Concrete Area columns
The design axial load is modified in order to take into account the self-weight
of the column at each floor.
N (kN) NEd = F* N Ac0 = N Ed (mm2) bxh Ac
Column N =  Fkj (kN) f cd (mm) (mm2)
4th floor 498.26 765 31593 400 x 400 160000
512.85 834 66373
3rd floor 400 x 400 160000
2nd floor 998.44 1400 101153 400 x 400 160000
1994.03 3840 136235
1st floor 400 x 400 160000
Ground 2487.62 3582 171317 500 x 500 250000
2980.21 4860 206700
Basement 600 x 600 360000
Modified design axial load
It is then necessary to dimension the longitudinal reinforcement. According to
EC2 the following limits apply:
- technological limit: at least one bar needs to be placed at each corner
of a polygonal column, whose diameter needs to be not less than 12 mm [EC2
– 9.5.2(4) and 9.5.2(1) – National Annex]
- geometrical limit: As  0.003 Ac [EC2 – 9.5.2(2) – National Annex]
- static limit: As  0.10 NEd/fyd [EC2 – 9.5.2(2)]
2
As min (mm2) As
Column Ac (mm ) s = 0.3% (mm2)
4th floor 160000 480 480
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3rd floor 160000 480 480
2nd floor 160000 480 480
1stfloor 160000 480 480
Ground 250000 750 750
Basement 360000 1080 1080
Dimension of longitudinal reinforcement
Both Ultimate Limit States and Serviceability Limit States verifications can
then be performed.
The translational equilibrium of the cross-section for SLS is
N = c Ac + s As
Under the hypothesis of plane sections (Eulero-Bernoulli), same strain in steel
and surrounding concrete (c = s) and elastic materials, it is s = e c, where
the ratio between the modulus of elasticity e is assumed equal to 15 in order
to take into account the time-dependent behaviour of concrete.
N = c (Ac + e As) = c Aie
Obviously it needs to be
N
c =  c adm = 0.6 fck = 15 N/mm2
A ie
Ac As Aie N c
Column check
(mm2) (mm2) (mm2) (kN) (N/mm2)
4th floor 160000 480 166780 498.26 2.99 Ok
166780 512.85 3.08
3rd floor 160000 480 Ok
2nd floor 160000 480 166780 998.44 5.99 Ok
169240 1994.03 11.78
1st floor 160000 480 Ok
Ground 250000 750 263860 2487.62 9.43 Ok
378480 2980.21 7.87
Basement 360000 1080 Ok
Limit States verifications
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In Euro code 2 some prescriptions on transversal reinforcement are outlined.
The minimum diameter of transversal bars needs to be not less than ¼ of the
longitudinal diameter and however not less than 6 mm.
The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column needs not to
exceed the following limits:
- 20 times the longitudinal bar size
(20 ∙ 12 = 240 mm; 20 ∙ 14 = 280 mm)
- The smaller dimension of the column (at most, 300 mm)
- 400 mm
In those sections within a distance equal to the larger dimension of the column
cross-section above and below beams and slabs the previous limits are reduced
by a factor 0,6 (0,6 ∙ 240 = 144 mm).
Stirrups 8/200 will be provided along all the columns, whereas at the bottom
and the top of the columns for a distance equal to 500 mm stirrups 8/125 will
be provided.
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Reinforcement Arrangement
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5.6-Foundation
The axial load at the bottom of the column considered is 1800 KN.
Assuming a rectangular plinth, whose dimensions are (a x b x h) = 3.4x3.2x0.8
m the self-weight due to the foundation is
Gplinth = (3.4·3.2·0.8) m3·25 kN/m3 = 217.6 kN
Assuming a gravel soil with internal friction angle equal to  = 35° and
density  = 18 kN/m3, the bearing capacity of the soil is given by the Terzaghi
formula, where the pressure due to the lateral soil is not considered.
Rd,terreno = (s N  b/2)/ R
where s = 1-0.4 b/a
  
N = 2 [etg tg2    +1] tg
4 2
The verification implies that Rd,terreno,d> Ed, where Ed is the design pressure
on the soil due to loads and foundation self-weight.
According to Euro code 7 and Euro code 0 the following values for
combination coefficients apply, where F refers to actions, M refers to
geotechnical parameters and R refers to the soil resistance after the previous
calculations
F = G = 1.0 for permanent loads
F = G = 1.3 for variable loads
A single value can be used averaging the previous coefficients: F = 1.13
M =  = 1.25 for the internal friction angle and to be applied to the tangent of
the angle 
M =  = 1.0 for the soil density
R = 1.4
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NEd = 1.13 N + 1.0 Gplinto = (1.13·1800 + 1.0·217.6) kN = 2252 kN
Ed,terreno = NEd/ab = 2252/(3400·3200) = 0.21 N/mm2
sg = 0.624
tg = tg 35°/1.25 = 0.56
Ng = 20.06
Rd,terreno = [0.624·20.06·18kN/m3·3200mm/2]/1.4 = 0.257 N/mm2 > Ed,terreno
Plinth Verification
The reinforcement of the plinth is dimensioned in accordance
with the schemes Coefficient to be applied to the combination
of actions are taken in accordance with EC7 and EC0
a direction
da = 750 mm
ca = a‘/4 = 100 mm
la = (a-a‘)/4 + ca = (3400-400)/4 + 100 = 850 mm
a = la/da = 850/750 = 1.13
PEd,sa = (a-a‘)/a NEd = (3400-400)/3400·1.4·1800.19 kN = 2253 kN
Asa,min = PEd,a a/2fyd = 2253·1.13/(2·391) = 3255 mm2
Assuming 1320 (20/250) the reinforcement area is Asa = 4082 mm2 and
the resistance is
PRd,s = 2Asa fyd a = 2·4082·391·1.13 = 3511.3 kN > PEd,sa OK
b direction
db = 730 mm
cb = b‘/4 = 125 mm
lb = (b-b‘)/4 + cb = (3200-500)/4 + 125 = 800 mm
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b = lb/db = 800/730 = 1.10
PEd,sb = (b-b‘)/b NEd = (3200-500)/3200·1.4·1800.19 kN = 2447kN
Asb,min = PEd,b b/2fyd = 2447·1.10/(2·391) = 3442 mm2
Assuming 1420 (14/250) the reinforcement area is Asb = 4396 mm2 and
the resistance is
PRd,s = 2Asb fyd a = 2·4396·391·1.10 = 3884.6 kN > PEd,sb OK
The compression struts verification can be performed as follows.
a ' b' 400  500
PEd,c = NEd(1- ) = 1.4·2088.19· [1- ] = 1.4·1800·0.982 = 2475
ab 3400  3200
kN
d a b ' db a ' 750  500 730  400
PRd,c = 2·0.4 [ + ] fcd = 2·0.4·[ + ] ·14.2 = 3371.9
1  a 1  b 1  1.13 2 1  1.10 2
2 2
kN > PEd,c OK
Reinforcement Arrangement
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CHAPTER 6
BUILDING PHYSICS
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6- BUILDING PHYSICS
Library design should provide a system that strives to balance
between environmental responsibility, resource efficiency,
occupant comfort with nature and with books and community
integrity with the library. Concept for development of Library
project is to make a climate responsive, user friendly and
energy efficient building in such a way to achieve our goal
towards positive energy. To make our project more sustainable
and energy efficient we choose some latest technology and
material which can give more strength and meaning to project.
The goal of project can be achieve by choosing an urban
integrity, glazed system, technology to maintain comfort
lighting with latest Photovoltaic panel, solar panel for
providing energy for the Library.
6.1-Climate
The following parameters related to the climate were studied:
Average temperature- 24.7C
Average maximum temperature- 31.2
Minimum temperatures average- - 1.8
Relative humidity- 55% to 82%
Atmospheric pressure- 1006 to 1013 (Hpa)
Prevailing winds- East
Average speed- 4.3 to 8.5%
Days with fog- Average 32 days per year
Days of rain- Spring and Autumn
Precipitation- 6.4 to 167.4 mm
Global radiation- 165 (W/mq)
The Municipality of Piacenza is located in the
floodplain emerged from the sea following the Regression of
water toward the Adriatic coast. The land is to be ascribed to
the Holocene (from 15 000
to 4 thousand years ago), that the post-
glacial alluvial formations. Piacenza is situated in the western
part of the Emilia Romagna region and is bordered to the north
the Po River which divides the town of St. Rocco
al Porto (Milan), to the south with the municipalities
of Podenzano Gossolengo and, on the west by the river that
separates Trebbia Rottofreno and the municipalities of Caledon,
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to the east with the towns of Pontefract and S. George. The
geographic coordinates ofPiacenza city are:
latitude North 45 ° 4 '51'' longitude East 9 ° 41' 1''. The total
area is 118.46 km2, the height above sea level in the Town
Hall is 61 meters. The climate of Piacenza is
padanocontinentale, with rainfall in spring and autumn,
sometime in the summer, with a fog average of 32 days a
year. The following are the main climatic data of Piacenza.24
Temperature
To understand the climatic context of a specific area,
temperature is one of the most important and the most easily
recorded one. The encyclopedic definition for temperature is as
follows: ―Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particles in a substance, which is related to how
hot or cold that substance is.‖ (Wikipedia) The unit for
measurement of temperature in our study will be Celsius.
Temperature
24
Alberoni Observatory, Air Force and APAT
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Minimum and maximum temperatures in the town of Piacenza
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Anomaly in the average temperature - comparison with 2003 year period 1961-1990
Average temperature in the town of Piacenza - Period 1961-2004
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Wind
In general, ―wind is the flow of gases on a large scale‖ and it is
caused by difference in pressure between two locations. If a
difference in pressure exists, the air tends to move from higher
to lower pressure. Besides, the rotation of the Earth also causes
a deflection in the movement of air. In meteorology winds are
referred to according to their strength, and the direction the
wind is blowing from (Wikipedia).
Average wind speed
Rain Water
Rain is liquid precipitation, as opposed to non-liquid kinds of
precipitation such as snow, hail and sleet. Rain requires the
presence of a thick layer of the atmosphere to have
temperatures above the melting point of water near and above
the Earth's surface. On Earth, it is the condensation of
atmospheric water vapor into drops of water heavy enough to
fall, often making it to the surface. Two processes, possibly
acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated leading to
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rainfall: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the
air. Virga is precipitation that begins falling to the earth but
evaporates before reaching the surface; it is one of the ways air
can become saturated. Precipitation forms via collision with
other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Rain drops range
in size from oblate, pancake-like shapes for larger drops, to
small spheres for smaller drops (Wikipedia).
Days of rain
Precipitation
Precipitation is defined as ―any product of the condensation of
atmospheric water vapor‖ that falls down on Earth. Moisture
form the Earth‟s surface evaporates and forms the clouds.
Then, it condenses and returns to the Earth‟s surface in the
form of droplets. This cycle is repeated continuously.
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Average temperature and precipitation
6.2-Analysis for Climate
Weather Data
The weather data file used for climate analysis of Piacenza city
is ―I
TA-Piacenza 160840-IGDG epw‖ and software we used is
climate consultant.
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Comfort Model
The comfort model used for analysis is ―As hrae handbook
Fundamental comfort model,2005‖ states For people dressed in
normal winter clothes, Effective Temperatures of 68°F (20°C)
to 74°F (23.3°C) (measured at 50% relative humidity), which
means the temperatures decrease slightly as humidity rises. The
upper humidity limit is 64°F (17.8°C) Wet Bulb and a lower
Dew Point of 36F (2.2°C). If people are dressed in light
weight summer clothes then this comfort zone shifts 5°F
(2.8°C) warmer.
Analysis
Criteria for analysis (empirical units)
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Temperature Range
Monthly Diurnal Analysis
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Radiation Range
Wind Velocity Range
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Ground Temperature Range
Sun Shading Chart
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Sun Chart
Relative Humidity 3D
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Psychometric chart
The following chart shows the average wind speeds for Piacenza. Prevailing winds in
Piacenza come from the east.
Wind Wheel
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CHAPTER 7
TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN
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7- TECHNOLOGICAL DESIGN
7.1- Towards Positive Energy
A Towards Positive Energy (TPE) is a building with greatly
reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the
balance of energy needs can be supplied with renewable
technologies. We use current generation low-energy buildings
to explore the concept of Positive energy: what it means, why a
clear and measurable definition is needed, and how we had
progressed toward the TPE goal.
Concept is the idea that buildings can meet all their energy
requirements from low-cost, locally available, nonpolluting,
renewable sources. At the strictest level, a ZEB generates
enough renewable energy on site to equal or exceed its annual
energy use.
Generally Insulation and glazing are two key areas where heat loss is greatest:
 Nearly 50% of all heat lost in the average home is through the loft
space and walls.
 More heat is lost through walls than any other route - approximately 33
per cent in an uninsulated building.
 Around 20% of the heat in the average building is lost through
ventilation and draughts,
 Around 20% of heat lost from a building is through poorly insulated
window frames and single glazing.
Thinking towards Positive Energy and technology are
Why do we need to redefine the common concept of construction industry?
Why do we need to rethink of green Construction?
What are people expectations in the future?
Is there a symbiotic relationship between material, function and aesthetic?
Which technologies will move into future?
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7.2- Energy Trends
Building has no global definition for low-energy buildings, but
it generally indicates a building that has a better energy
performance than the standard alternative/energy efficiency
requirements in building codes.
Low-energy buildings typically use high levels of insulation,
energy efficient windows, low levels of air infiltration and heat
recovery ventilation to lower heating and cooling energy. They
may also use passive solar building design techniques or active
solar technologies. In fact, low energy buildings are known
under different names across Europe. A survey carried out in
2008 by the Concerted Action supporting EPBD identified 17
different terms in use to describe such buildings used across
Europe, among which the terms low energy house, high-
performance house, passive house/Passivhaus, zero carbon
house, zero energy house, energy savings house, energy
positive house, 3-litre house etc. In the relevant literature
additional terms such as ultra-low energy house can be found.
Finally, concepts that take into account more parameters than
energy demand again use special terms such as eco-building or
green building.
Variations exist not only as regards the terms chosen, but also
what energy use is included in the definition. Ideally, the
minimum performance requirements should take into account
all types of energy use that is demand for space heating
(cooling), water heating, air conditioning as well as
consumption of electricity. This is often not the case. On the
contrary, the definition may cover only space heating ignoring
all electricity demand that may cover most heating needs for
instance in office buildings.
The following illustration on selected low energy performance
standards shows the different scopes and calculation methods:
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Different scopes, calculation methods and norms for low energy and passive houses in
selected countries (Source: Thomsen/Wittchen, European national strategies to move towards
very low energy buildings, SBI (DanishBuilding Research Institute) 2008.
At present, seven EU MS have defined for themselves when a
building is a low energy building (AT, CZ, DK, UK, FI, FR
and DE, BE (Flanders), a few more (LUX, RO, SK, SE) plan to
do so. Definitions typically target new buildings, but in some
cases (AT, CZ, DK, DE, LUX) also cover existing buildings
and apply in almost all cases to both residential and
nonresidential buildings. Typically the required decrease in
energy consumption will range from 30 to 50 % of what is
defined for standard technology for new buildings. That would
generally correspond to an annual energy demand of 40- 60
kWh/m² in Central European countries. In some countries such
as France or Switzerland, labels have been introduced
(MINERGIE in Switzerland, Effinergie in France) that help
consumers identifying nationally standardised low energy
buildings.
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In Italy, The 2005 renewable energy electricity gross
production represented 16,4 % of the tota gross production,
15,1 % of the total electricity demand (net consumption +
network losses = 330,4 TWh), and 14,1% of the gross inland
consumption (352,8 TWh). This last percentage rises to 17,3%
if we consider the importation of electricity from renewable
energy sources certified through the Guarantee of Origin.
Renewable Energy gross production trend (1994-2005) – source and elaboration: GSE
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Comparison between total and renewable energy electricity gross productions (1994-2005) –
source and elaboration: GSE
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7.2.1- Examples of definitions for low energy building standards
Austria
· Low energy building = annual heating energy consumption below 60-40 KWh/m²
gross area 30 % above standard performance)
· Passive building = Feist passive house standard (15 kWh/m² per useful area
(Styria) and per heated area (Tyrol)
Belgium
(Flanders)
· Low Energy Class 1 for houses: 40 % lower than standard levels, 30 % lower for
office and school buildings
· Very low Energy class: 60 % reduction for houses, 45 % for schools and office
Buildings
Czech Republic
· Low energy class: 51 – 97 kWh/m2 p.a.
· Very low energy class: below 51 kWh/m² p.a., also passive house standard of 15
kWh/m2 is used
Denmark
· Low Energy Class 1 = calculated energy performance is 50% lower than the
minimum requirement for new buildings
· Low Energy Class 2 = calculated energy performance is 25% lower than the
minimum requirement for new buildings (i.e. for residential buildings = 70 +
2200/A kWh/m² per year where A is the heated gross floor area, and for other
buildings = 95+2200/A kWh/m² per year (includes electricity for buildingintegrated
lighting)
Finland
· Low energy standard: 40 % better than standard buildings
France
· New dwellings: the average annual requirement for heating, cooling, ventilation,
hot water and lighting must be lower than 50 kWh/m² (in primary energy). This
ranges from 40 kWh/m² to 65 kWh/m² depending on the climatic area and altitude.
· Other buildings: the average annual requirement for heating, cooling, ventilation,
hot water and lighting must be 50% lower than current Building Regulation
requirements for new buildings
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· For renovation: 80 kWh/m² as of 2009
Germany
· Residential Low Energy Building requirements = kfW60 (60kWh/(m²•a) or
KfW40 (40 kWh/(m²•a)) maximum energy consumption
· Passive House = KfW-40 buildings with an annual heat demand lower than 15
kWh/m² and total consumption lower than 120 kWh/m²
England &
Wales
Graduated minimum requirements over time:
· 2010 level 3 (25% better than current regulations),
· 2013 level 4 (44% better than current regulations and almost similar to
PassivHaus)
· 2016 level 5 (zero carbon for heating and lighting),
· 2016 level 6 (zero carbon for all uses and appliances
Source: SBI (Danish Building Institute), European Strategies to move towards very low
energy buildings, 2008.
Given the varying climatic and regulatory conditions across
Europe, it is difficult to define exactly the concept of low
energy building for the entire EU. National standards and
methodologies vary so that 'low energy' developments in one
country may not meet 'normal practice' in another. For example
in the US, the Energy Star label indicates buildings that use
only 15% less energy than what regulations define.
7.2.2- Passive house and equivalent concepts
The definitions for passive houses are even more
heterogeneous, as in this case what is understood by the term
differs from Central/ Northern Europe (Germany, Austria,
Sweden etc.) to southern Europe (e.g. Spain, Italy, Portugal,
Greece). In southern Europe it means that a house has been
constructed in line with generic Passive Design, i.e. using
passive technologies.
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In central Europe, the term Passive House refers to a certain
standardized type of low energy buildings as developed in
Germany. It is a special type of a low energy building for
which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating
or post-cooling of the fresh air mass without a need for a
conventional heating system. Passive house technologies
typically include passive solar gain (also through south
orientation), super glazing (U-value 0.75 W/(m²K), airtight
building envelope, thermal bridge free construction. 25 This
reduces annual demand for space heating to 15 kWh/(m²a)
which means that they roughly use 85% less overall energy
with the limit for total primary energy use being 120kWh/m²
p.a.. In Switzerland a similar standard as the one in Germany,
MINERGIE®-P is used. In the United States, a house built to
the Passive House standard uses between 75 and 95% less
energy for space heating and cooling than current new
buildings that meet today's US energy efficiency codes.26 The
Passive-on project has based a more general definition on the
above mentioned standards and indicates that a passive house
or equivalent requires combined heating and cooling demand
between 15 – 20 kWh/ (m²,a).
7.2.3- Zero energy houses/zero carbon houses
The specificity of a zero energy house/zero carbon house is
that the remaining energy needs are entirely covered with
renewable
sources/carbon free energy sources. A house with zero net
energy consumption annually can be autonomous from the
energy grid supply, but in practice that means that in some
period‘s power is gained from the grid and in other periods
power is returned to grid (renewable energy sources are often
seasonal).
25
http://www.cepheus.de
26
The application of the standard Passive House concept has some limitations for Southern
climates where the problem of household energy use is one not only of providing warm
houses in winter, but also, and in some cases more importantly, of providing cool houses in
summer. In these regions, the definition of the Passivhaus Standard as applied in Central
Europe needs to be modified as to take into account cooling loads and other end uses within
the home. Passive-on, a Project funded by Intelligent Energy for Europe SAVE programme
applied passive house standards in southern countries, for more information:
http://www.passive-on.org
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In the US, various definitions of zero energy buildings are
used. 27 Japan is in the process of fixing the definition and
preparing their zero energy policies in the coming months.
7.2.4- Energy positive Building
An energy positive building (also: plus energy) is one that on
average over the year produces more energy from renewable
energy sources than it imports from external sources. This is
achieved using combination of small power generators and
low-energy building techniques such as passive solar building
design, insulation and careful site selection and placement.
7.3-Design Pathways
Thermal envelope
Thermal envelope is exceptionally energy efficient, including
the insulation system, window and door selections, and
extensive measures to control air leakage. Selection of
appropriate foundation thermal protection is also vital which
leads to minimizing energy waste.
Sustainable site (Facilitate access to renewable energy)
Sustainable site considerations taken into account including
orientation, local vegetation, proximity to adjacent structures,
distances to water bodies and roadways.
Architectural design
Architectural design must be responsive to the local climate to
maximize the benefits of passive solar heating, natural gains-
avoidance, cooling strategies.
27
For more info: Zero energy buildings: A critical look at the definition. To be found on:
www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39833.pdf
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Exterior
Exterior means colors of building surfaces need to be ―
tuned‖
to the climate, reducing solar driven loads.
Electric demand
Electric demand reduced to micro-load levels by incorporating
super-efficient and right sized appliances, mechanical systems,
plug-loads.
Water consumption
Water consumption reduced to the absolute minimum while
maintaining high levels of consumer satisfaction; particularly
the hot water service system.
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Basic flow chart of towards positive energy
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7.4-Thermal Comfort
―Good tem
perature is the one you don‘t notice at all‖
Our thermal comfort defines not only our well-being but our
physical and intellectual performance
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Environmentally compatible use of resources
Thermal insulation
The quantity of heat flowing through a wall by conduction
(from higher to lower T‘s) is proportional to the
thermalconductivity U of the component
With U depending on the physical characteristics of the layers
making up the wall.
The heat flow through solid materials can be written as follows
– including both conduction and convection (heat lost to air):
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For a homogeneous wall, one gets then:
If the wall is multi-layer:
Where the sum regards all of the layers
Temperature profile in a multi-layer wall (steady state).
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Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation satisfies a primary objective when it comes
to bioclimatic designs: reducing demand in air conditioning
thus limiting energy consumption required to power
installations, particularly in warm weather.
In fact, natural ventilation enables a building's overnight
cooling. Once the sources of pollution have been reduced and
the hot and fouled air evacuated from the building, overnight
cooling enhances the occupants‘ respiratory, olfactory and
thermal comfort.
7.5-U-Values and Glazer Diagrams
U-Values
No Material s λ s/λ k=λ/s
[m] [W/mK] [m²K/W] [W/m²K]
1 Plaster board 0.01 0.16 0.08 13.33
2 Mineral Wool Insulation 0.05 0.04 1.43 0.70
3 Air gap 0.10 0.22 0.45 2.22
4 Concrete 0.10 0.42 0.24 4.20
Insulation, expanded
5 polysterene 0.04 0.03 1.33 0.75
6 DAKU FSD 30 mm80 0.08 0.55 0.15 6.88
7 soil 0.09 0.15 0.57 1.76
sum 4.238
He [W/m²K] 25
Hi [W/m²K] 8
Outside
temperature°C -5 S= Σs= 4.24
Inside temperature
°
C 20 R= 1/He+1/Hi+Σs/λ= 4.403
Temperature
difference 25
Outside relative
humidity (%) 80 U=1/R= 0.227 [W/m²K]
Inside relative
humidity (%) 50
U value Calculation of roof
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No Material s λ s/λ k=λ/s
[m] [W/mK] [m²K/W] [W/m²K]
1 12.5mm plasterboard 0.013 0.16 0.078 12.800
12.5mm plasterboard with vapour
2 barrier 0.014 0.16 0.084 11.852
3 12.5mm plasterboard 0.013 0.16 0.078 12.800
INSULATION, GLASS MINERAL
4 WOOL 0.080 0.032 2.500 0.400
5 WOOD FIBER INSULATION 0.100 0.035 2.857 0.350
INSULATION, GLASS MINERAL
6 WOOL 0.080 0.032 2.500 0.400
DU'PONT TYVEK CONCRETE
7 PANEL (12.5mm) 0.013 0.16 0.081 12.308
8 Rigid insulation, polystyrene 0.050 0.03 1.667 0.600
9 Render finish with steel mesh 0.005 0.47 0.011 94.000
sum 9.856
He [W/m²K] 25 S= Σs= 9.856
Hi [W/m²K] 8 R= 1/He+1/Hi+Σs/λ= 10.021
Outside
temperature°C -5
Inside temperature
°
C 20 U=1/R= 0.0998 [W/m²K]
Temperature
difference 25
U value Calculation of Wall vertical Enclosure
λ S R
Sr.
(w/m.k) (m) (m2.k/W)
laminated glass sheet and
1 3.030
structural silicone
stainless steel clamps to
2 12 0.04 0.003333333
connect façade glass sheet
3 stainless steel pole 12 0.06 0.005
0.10 3.038 ∑S/λ
U=1/( 1/he+∑
For Vertical member
S/λ+1/hi+1/C)
U= 0.31 1/hi 0.13
1/he 0.04
U value Calculation of Wall Transparent
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Condensation Risk
A Section separates two environments with different
concentrations of water vapour, a vapour flow will start
between the two (higher to lower concentration). The highest
partial vapour pressure Pv is generally to be found where
temperature is higher. If at some point of the wall, Pv reaches
the saturation value Ps, condensation occurs. As a rule,
condensation does not occur in single-layer, homogeneous
walls, while it is very likely if the inner layers are insulating
and with small resistance to the passage of vapour.
Condensation should be avoided because:
• It decreases the durability of materials;
• If it happens in insulating materials, it makes them ineffective (condensed water fills
the air gaps).
Two ways to avoid condensation:
• Raising the saturation value Ps: this happens if the inner surface temperature is
higher, that is, working on the insulation level;
• Lowering the partial pressure Pv: this can be obtained inserting in the wall -towards
the warm environment - a layer with high resistance to vapor flow (vapor barrier -
polyethylene or aluminum sheet).
Glazer diagram
Glaser diagram representing Pv and Ps can be traced to assess
the risk of condensation. Condensation is tolerated if materials
are not deteriorated by condensed water, and if this can
evaporate completely during the warm season.
For Temperature Distribution
Ti= Ti-1– (ΔT/Ki) U
where:
ΔT = Difference in Temperature between the two sides of the Section (T int - T ext);
Tint = Internal temperature, 20 C
Text = external Temperature -5 C
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Ki = λ/s is the thermal Conductivity of the i-th layer;
U= Thermal conductivity of whole section(W/m2 K)
To calculate the internal Surface temperature
Φ=US∆T
Φ= Heat Flux(W)
U= Thermal conductivity of whole section(W/m2 K)
S= Total thickness of Section(m)
Tpi= Ti – (Φ/S)(1/hi)
Tpi = Internal Surface Temperature©
Ti= Internal ambient temperature©
S= Total thickness of Section(m)
hi= Internal Convective co-efficient
For Pressure Distribution
The risk of condensation can be assessed by tracing the Glaser
diagram: in every point, Pv curve should remain below Ps
curve. If the distribution of temperatures through the wall is
known, saturation pressure can be determined by specific
charts, while partial vapor pressure can be calculated from:
Pi= Pi-1– (ΔP/ρtot) ρi
where:
ΔP = Difference in vapor pressure between the two sides of the section (P int - P ext);
Pint = Internal Pressure at 20 C Temp & 50% Rh(Calculated through Psychometric
chart)
Pext = external Pressure at -5 C Temp & 80% Rh(Calculated through Psychometric
chart)
ρi = sj/δj is the resistance to vapor diffusion of the i-th layer;
δj is vapour permeability of the i-th layer (from code UNI 10351 or DIN 4108);
ρtot is the resistance (diffusivity) to vapour diffusion of the whole wall and is
calculated as:
ρtot = Σρj
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In multi-layer walls, the inner the insulation, the higher the risk of condensation.
Example A
–A vapour barrier is always recommended.
Example B
–Quantity of condensed water should be assessed, as a vapour barrier might not be necessary.
Example C
–External wall insulation: the external finish should be permeable to vapour. Condensation is
very unlikely.
No Material T δ*10-12 ρ=s/δ Ps Pv cum.s cum.s
[*10-
[Kg/mspa] 12 2 [Pa] [Pa] [m] [cm]
m spa/kg]
1 Ti 20.00 2339.00 1168.60 0.00 0.00
2 Plaster board 19.57 20.00 0.00 2339.00 1168.60 0.01 1.20
Mineral Wool
3 Insulation 11.46 150.00 0.00 1966.28 1005.62 0.06 6.20
4 Air gap 8.90 193.00 0.00 1759.21 915.07 0.16 16.20
5 Concrete 7.55 200.00 0.00 1437.34 774.33 0.26 26.20
6 Insulation, expanded -0.02 200.00 0.00 1126.74 638.51 0.30 30.20
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polysterene
DAKU FSD 30
7 mm80 -0.85 200.00 0.00 1002.50 584.18 0.38 38.20
8 soil -4.06 150.00 0.00 754.02 475.53 0.47 46.70
9 Te -5.00 402.00 321.60 0.47 46.70
ρtot= 0.003
Glasier Diagram Calculation of Green roof
No Material T δ*10-12 ρ=s/δ Ps Pv cum.s cum.s
[*10-
[Kg/mspa] 12 [Pa] [Pa] [m] [cm]
m2spa/kg]
1 Ti 20 2339.0 1168.6 0.00 0
2 12.5mm plasterboard 19.81 20 0.001 2339.0 1168.6 0.01 1.25
12.5mm plasterboard with
3 vapour barrier 19.59 5 0.003 2299.7 1151.4 0.03 2.6
4 12.5mm plasterboard 19.40 20 0.001 2129.9 1077.2 0.04 3.85
INSULATION, GLASS
5 MINERAL WOOL 13.16 150 0.001 2090.6 1060.0 0.12 11.85
6 WOOD FIBER INSULATION 6.04 150 0.001 2057.1 1045.3 0.22 21.85
INSULATION, GLASS
7 MINERAL WOOL -0.20 150 0.001 2015.2 1027.0 0.30 29.85
DU'PONT TYVEK
8 CONCRETE PANEL (12.5mm) -0.40 150 0.000 1981.6 1012.3 0.31 31.15
9 Rigid insulation, polystyrene -4.56 2 0.025 1976.2 1009.9 0.36 36.15
10 Render finish with steel mesh -4.59 150 0.000 404.1 322.5 0.37 36.65
11 Te -5 402.0 321.6 0.37 36.65
ρtot= 0.031
Glasier Diagram Calculation of wall vertical Enclosure
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2500.00
2000.00
1500.00
Ps
1000.00 Pv
500.00
0.00
0.00 1.20 6.20 16.20 26.20 30.20 38.20 46.70 46.70
Glasier Diagram of Green roof
2500.0
2000.0
1500.0
Ps
1000.0 Pv
500.0
0.0
0 1.25 2.6 3.85 11.85 21.85 29.85 31.15 36.15 36.65 36.65
Glasier Diagram of wall vertical Enclosure
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7.6-Materials and Technology
Green Roof and building
The use of the roofs of buildings as green roofs is one of the
main strategies used in bio-architecture to limit the
environmental impact of the construction.
Green roof gardens have very ancient origins, the hanging
gardens of Babylonia built by King Nabucodonosor being one
of the best known examples. In fact, they are recommended by
all the associations who promote sustainable building, both
because they contribute to the reduction of the building‘s
energy requirements and therefore the reduction of CO2
emissions, and because they lead to many other economic and
ecological advantages:
• they temporarily absorb stormwater and release it again slowly hence
preventing floods due to the sewer network overflowing and slow down
overloading of the network when new urban settlements are built.
• they filter urban pollution and reduce carbon dioxide
• they filter polluted stormwater
• they cool the air by evapotranspiration of water vapour
• they reduce wind speed
• they promote the settlement of animal ecosystems
• they reduce the transmission of noise inside the building
• they reduce the effects of ―ur heat islands‖
ban
• they increase the heat inertia of the roof
• they increase the heat resistance of the roof
• they protect the waterproof covering and increase its lifetime
• they are a tool of new architectural expression
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Roof can collect rain water and later using for the purpose of
toilets and green area.
Rain Water collection
Façade
Transparency became an architectural theme at many levels,
allowing an inviting and welcoming building that is accessible
and open to public view. At the same time it was important that
the building was not merely ‗transparent‘, or only expose what
is accommodated within, but that it represented and embodied
the values of the community. Accessibility, openness,
transparency and sustainability were key values as was a
general sense of aspiration.
Use of terracotta tiles:
A significant evolution of traditional brick cladding is the rain
screen cladding in terracotta tiles. These claddings are available
in a wide range of finishing, color and dimension.
The Earth produces clay and with a simple process of firing, it
is reduced to a hard, resistant material, with a grainy feel, plus
color and strength which have allowed a long established and
intense relationship between man and life
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Terracotta tile has been developed from a material used for
horizontal floor tiling, to one that can also be used on vertical
surfaces. We have also added to the tiles a particular finishing
surface, which while maintaining the link to its natural
terracotta origins, also allows for different shaping, surface
treatments and variations of color.
Water entering the rain screen is drained at every horizontal
joint. Air quickly enters the rain screen through the vertical and
horizontal joints – providing full ventilation and instant
pressure equalization.
Assembly on sub structure
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Support system that allows for local Substitution of tiles
Solar shading for Glazed parts through Terracotta
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Terracotta also as solar shading in front of glazed parts
Façade elements (extruded ceramics) create a catalogue of
cladding components playing between opaque and transparent
elements.
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Energy
Nowadays, buildings have to meet a number of requirements
before being constructed. The requirements that significantly
can influence the design and thus the ‗quality‘ of ZEBs are (1)
energy efficiency requirements and (2) indoor climate
requirements and in the case of grid connected ZEBs (3)
building–grid interaction requirements.
Overview of possible renewable supply options
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Photovoltaic Panels
PV Panels
Photovoltaic is commonly known as pv solar panels which
produce electricity from daylight through a process called
photovoltaic streaming. "Photo" refers to light and "voltaic" to
electricity. Photons are converted to electrons and streamed
into your power supply and any surplus energy produced can be
sold. Photons can penetrate clouds allowing the system to
generate even on overcast days.
PV Panels Circuit Review
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Heat Exchanger
A ground loop is a heat exchanger that either extracts or adds
heat to the ground. The ground itself is not a perfect heat
sink/source because the energy added to the ground by the loop
can change its temperature over time. The principles of this
interaction are common in all loop types and will be discussed
here. Geothermal systems come in several different
configurations, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.
These are discussed below
Horizontal Loop
A horizontal loop runs piping parallel and close to the surface.
The undisturbed ground temperature often changes seasonally
depending upon where the loops are installed. Horizontal
loops are easier to install but require significantly more area
(approximately 2500 ft²/ton) than other loop types.
Horizontal loop
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Vertical Loop
Vertical loops run perpendicular to the surface and the holes
can be several hundred feet deep. At these depths, the
undisturbed ground temperature does not change throughout
the year. Vertical loops only require approximately 250 to 300
ft²/ton
Vertical Loop
7.7-Modeling of building
Energy consumed in-buildings accounts for 40% of the energy
used worldwide, and it has become a widely accepted fact that
measures and changes in the building modus operandi can yield
substantial savings in energy. Moreover buildings nowadays
are increasingly expected to meet higher and potentially more
complex levels of performance. They should be sustainable, use
zero-net energy, be healthy and comfortable, grid-friendly, yet
economical to build and maintain. Zero-energy or even
positive-energy buildings are becoming a high priority for
multi-disciplinary researchers related to building engineering
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and physics and have been recently discussed by energy policy
experts: as on April 23, 2009 the EU Parliament has requested
that by 2019 all new buildings to conform to zero-energy and
emission standards (European Parliament, 2009).
Buildings are complex systems and detailed simulation is
needed to take into account the actual climate data, geometries,
building physics, HVAC-systems, energy-generation systems,
natural ventilation, user behavior (occupancy, internal gains,
manual shading), etc. towards a zero or positive energy
approach. Moving from regular to high-performance buildings
requires a departure from perceived notions on building design
and operation and necessitates the inclusion of more
sophisticated methods and tools in the design and
implementation phases. In current practice, buildings and their
energy performance are estimated based on calculations using
simplified physical models and taking a largely static view of
the building and its operation. This oftentimes leads to
significant deviations regarding performance between the
design calculations and the actual building operations
(Degelman, 1999; Crawley, 2003).
Energy efficiency measures (e.g. insulation, low-emissivity
windows, active and passive cooling systems, thermal mass,
etc.) are extensively studied in the literature and the effects of
their usage are relatively well understood. Their use is
encouraged by codes, certification and best-practice
recommendations and the application of such measures yield
tangible benefits in improving energy requirements while
maintaining end-user comfort at acceptable levels. Still the
complex interplay between the various design parameters
precludes empiricism or simplistic models as the parameters
neglected in such approaches are important with respect to the
application of the efficiency measures. For example, the
inclusion of a thermal mass combined with a natural ventilation
strategy can yield significant and undisputable energy savings.
A misuse though of such a practice, e.g. neglecting to open
windows at night during hot summer days can have
catastrophic results both with respect to thermal comfort and
energy efficiency yielding exactly the opposite compared to the
intended results, i.e. increased discomfort and cooling load. It is
therefore necessary to be able to a priori ascertain performance
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characteristics and achieving this requires detailed modeling
and simulation tools that yield meaningful representations of
the building and all its subsystems, and are capable of
predicting with sufficient accuracy energy requirements and
system response.
A basic modeling assumption used by most building-simulation
software is the multi-zonal paradigm: dividing the building into
regions (zones), each with a temperature and humidity variable,
assumed to be spatially constant. The evolution in time of the
zonal parameters is evaluated from the solution of a system of
algebraic and ordinary differential equations (essentially the
energy conservation equation on each zone is used to compute
the temperature variation, and mass conservation is used to
determine the humidity variables).
Open and noncommercial modeling languages for the
description of physical systems, like Modelica, can also be used
for building simulation (Fritzson, 2004; Tiller, 2001; Haase et
al., 2006). The open and noncommercial character of the
language with capabilities of equationbased, acausal modeling,
object-orientation, multiple inheritances and multi-physics
modeling, guarantee a transparent simulation standard for the
development of such models. A component library for
building-simulation purposes containing models for thermal
room performance, occupants‘ behavior, and weather model
has been developed and used for building-simulation purposes
(Matthes, 2006; Haase, 2007).
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The components of Zero Energy or Positive Energy architecture during real-time operation.
Future Infrastructure and networking
Sensors, actuators and interfaces are essential components for
the successful implementation and real-time operation of
NZEBs or PEBs. The evolution of the specific components was
quite rapid the last decades leading to the intelligent buildings‘
concept derived from artificial intelligence and information
technology. So far the intelligent building systems are
supported by either building automation technologies such as
Profibus (www.Profibus. org) (Yao et al., 1999), BACNETe
www.bacnet.org
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(Rodenhiser, 2008; Bushby, 1997) or home automation
protocols like X10e, EIBe, and LonWorks or wireless networks
such as ZigBee. The main features of the above protocols are
tabulated in Figure.
Protocols used in-building automation.
Wireless media in the building sector have the following
benefits compared to previous wiring communication
techniques:
_ Ease of installation.
_ Reduction of labor costs.
_ Mobility and portability.
_ Minimum interference with occupants.
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The monitoring and infrastructure of a Zero Energy or Positive Energy system.
To meet future requirements for PEB/NZEB sector,
interoperable and low-cost wireless communication systems
that will be able to operate to generic PEBs should be
developed and deployed. Such systems may be based on a low
power solution to wireless robust real-time connection for
reaching long distances in a building by using mesh
networking. Moreover possible combination of wireless
devices (forsensing and actuation through dedicated interfaces),
of synchronized (or non-synchronized) coordination of these
devices and cabled ones may improve the usability, comfort
and eventually effectiveness either in the process monitoring
and control procedure or in the user interaction procedure.
The other benefit of possible combinations is the flexibility,
durability and ease of deployment of wireless sensing and
actuation networks allowing for fast installation and transparent
operation at lower cost, even for long time if the devices have a
very low-power consumption.
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Cost efficiency
Regarding cost efficiency a series of performance indicators are
included in the literature for both low energy as well as zero-
energy dwellings (Parker, 2009; Kolokotsa et al., 2009b)
including direct costs and initial investment costs, annual
ongoing charges, Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of
Return (IRR), Life Cycle Cost, etc. The role of Payback Period
(PP) in the cost efficiency.
Performance indicator Description
GCEI The Generation–Consumption Effectiveness
Index (GCEI) is an objective and quantitative
indicator to compare the effect
different decision strategies have on system
performance. To measure system
performance a relevant metric is selected
like, for
example, the Net Expected Benefit, which is
a monetary equivalent on the effects of a
particular decision strategy. The BO&C
system takes decisions with the goal of
maximizing the selected metric and, as would
be expected, different metrics can yield
different decisions. For the computation of
the GCEI index the ―no -control‖ case can
used as the base, and is effectively the
decision-strategies used before the
implementation of a decision-system like
BO&C. Since the renewable-energy
generation
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pattern is not a priori known, it is hard for a
system to take optimal decisions. The optimal
decision strategy can be computed a
posteriori for the calculation of the GCEI.
The GCEI takes values less than one, and for
a particular decision strategy a value of
0.8 (80%) indicates that we are getting a
performance improvement (as measured in
the selected metric) that is 80% of the
performance that would be obtained had we
taken all the correct decisions
CI1 Thermal comfort objectives that are related to
quantities measured directly from the
installed sensors. These quantities include
temperature, humidity, illuminance and CO2
levels. For all of these quantities, minimum
and maximum allowable values should
be defined in cooperation with the buildings‘
operators and end-users following, e.g.
CEN‘s standard EN 15251 (CEN, 2006a).
This standard specifies how design criteria
can be established and used for dimensioning
of systems and how to establish and
define the main parameters to be used as
input for building energy calculation and long
term evaluation of the indoor environment.
The index CI1 takes the value ―Pass‖ when
the respective sensor measurements do not
violate any of these minimum
and maximum values throughout the overall
demonstration period (except for the time-
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intervals where buildings are notoccupied)
CI2 Using user interfaces the end-users can
communicate their thermal comfort
preferences to the system. The answers
should be
recorded on a daily basis via electronic
questionnaires available on the building‘s
intranet. The end-users will be asked to rate
their
subjective feeling of e.g. thermal comfort on
a 7-point scale (_3: too cold . . . 0:
satisfactory . . . 3: too warm) and if the
average
value of responses is between _1 and 1, then
the index CI2, takes the value ―Pass‖
PP BO&C Payback Period: The period required
to amortize BO&C implementation and
operational costs (for all energy-generation
elements, sensors, control devices) from cost-
savings due to reduced energy consumption
Performance indicators NZEB/PEB
7.8- Heat Energy and Cooling Demand
Heat Energy and Cooling demand are calculated by using
Software Casanova. Casanova calculation is made separately
for two different models, Summer & Winter model.
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For winter, ventilation system is designed as 0.5 1/h Mechanical and 0.10 1/h as Natural
ventilation. Shading is considered as 50% in winter.
For summer, ventilation system is designed as 0.5 1/h as Natural ventilation. Shading is
considered as 50% in summer.
Building data for Winter
Mean U value: 0.32 W/(m² K)
Specific transmission losses: 3532.8 W/K
Specific ventilation losses: 7705.6 W/K
Sum specific losses: 11238.4 W/K
Thermal inertia: 84.0 hours
Maximum heating load: 346.0 kW
Maximum specific heating load: 36.0 W/m²
Maximum cooling load: 469.4 kW
Maximum specific cooling load: 48.9 W/m²
Limit temperature for heating: 17.5°C
Heat energy demand
in kWh/m²
__________________________________
January 9.3
February 6.4
March 2.6
April 0.5
October 0.4
November 5.7
December 9.4
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Yearly sum 34.3
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Energy Flow Diagram for heating
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Building data for Summer
Mean U value: 0.32 W/(m² K)
Specific transmission losses: 3532.8 W/K
Specific ventilation losses: 11008.0 W/K
Sum specific losses: 14540.8 W/K
Thermal inertia: 64.9 hours
Maximum heating load: 456.8 kW
Maximum specific heating load: 47.6 W/m²
Maximum cooling load: 458.8 kW
Maximum specific cooling load: 47.8 W/m²
Limit temperature for heating: 18.1°C
Cooling demand
in kWh/m²
_____________________________
April 0.1
May 1.1
June 2.2
July 4.9
August 4.2
September 1.8
October 0.3
_____________________________
Yearly sum 14.6
Cooling balance
Cooling demand and overheating
Cooling demand Cooling demand Mean Cooling degree
specific absolute overheating hours
in kWh/m² in kWh in hours/day in Kh
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April 0.1 693 0.0 0.0
May 1.1 10674 8.2 452.1
June 2.2 21179 11.4 1010.6
July 4.9 47344 20.1 2949.2
August 4.2 40422 19.6 2687.1
September 1.8 16929 11.8 885.9
October 0.3 3109 1.8 41.5
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Yearly sum 14.6 140349 8026.5
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Energy Flow Diagram for heating
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7.9-Lighting
―Dayli is a gift of Nature. As civilized man learns to use
ght
artificial light, which frees him from the total dependence on
daylight, he also learns to appreciate the value of daylight and
its special qualities‖ {Hopkinson 1966}
Daylight is probably the most wasted resource in building
servicing. With good geometry and controls, huge amounts of
CO2 emission due to artificial lighting could be avoided.
Daylight, and its source, are a powerful link with nature and the
forces which formed us. The windows of the building, that
facilitate this link, are of vital importance.
Child‘s reading Area: Avg. DF value: 16.21%
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New Book Exhibition & news paper: Avg.DF Value. 13.28%
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Audio & Video Collection: Avg.DF Value. 10.46%
Open Reading Area: Avg.DF Value. 18.70%
The shadow analysis is done on 21st of December. For the shadow analysis t time and date is
selected intentionally and following figures shows the shadow of the selected site.
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Shadow view 2PM on 21st of December
10AM 11AM
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12PM 1PM
2PM 3PM
4PM 5PM
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References
A roadmap towards intelligent net zero- and positive-energy buildings by D. Kolokotsa, D.
Rovas ,E. Kosmatopoulos and K. Kalaitzakis
Zero Energy Building – A review of definitions and calculation methodologies A.J. Marszala,
P. Heiselberg, J.S. Bourrelle , E. Musallc, K. Voss, I. Sartori and A. Napolitano.
Mediterranean and National Strategies for Sustainable Development Priority Field of Action
2: Energy and Climate Change Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Italy - National
study.
Architettura della biblioteca. Linee guida di programmazione e progettazione by Muscogiuri
Marco 2004, 477 p., ill., brossura, 2 ed.
Masera, Gabriele. Lecture series – Thermal comfort. Politecnico di Milano, 2010.
Masera, Gabriele. Lecture series – Visual comfort. Politecnico di Milano, 2010.
Massimo Tadi. Lecture series – Architectural Design. Politecnico di Milano, 2009-2010.
Palazzo, Danilo. Urban Design, un processo per la progettazione urbana. 2008.
Rapisarda, Giuseppe. Building Services System Design Lecture series. Politecnico di
Milano, 2011.
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Web Search:
http://www.imaa.cnr.it/
http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/sig/eufores/sig.asp
http://dgerm.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/dgerm/ben/ben_2007.pdf
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/biofuels_members_states_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/legislation/electricity_member_states_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/facts_en.htm
http://haitipassivecooling.tumblr.com/
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