Introduction Applications method of mass spectrophotometry

1. Gas Chromatography and Mass
Spectrophotometry
By Group no 10
Department of Moleculer Biology

2. Group Members
 Tayyab Jamal (1037)
 Aamer Hasan (1035)
 Zaheer Abbas (5001)
 Rukhsana Kousar (1047)
 Aisha Staar ( 1049 )

3. Introduction
Presented by Tayyab Jamal

4. Introduction
 Gas chromatography (GC) is a widely used analytical
technique for separating and analyzing compounds that
can be vaporized without decomposition.

5. Methods
 In gas chromatography, a sample is vaporized and injected into a
column , which is packed with a stationary phase or coated with
a stationary liquid. The column is then heated and an inert gas
(the mobile phase) carries the sample through the column. As the
sample travels through the column, its components separate
based on their interactions with the stationary phase. The
separated components are then detected by a detector, which
produces a signal that is used to create a chromatography
showing the distribution of the components over time.

6. Applications
 Gas chromatography is used in various fields such as
pharmaceuticals, environmental analysis. food and
beverage. forensics, petrochemicals, and more. It is
employed to analyze complex mixtures, identify
unknown compounds ,the amount of a particular
compound, and assess the purity of substances.

7. Advantages and Disadvantages
Presented by Ruksana Kousar

8. Advantages
 GC can separate complex mixtures with high resolution,
making it useful for analyzing compounds in low
concentrations.
 It can detect compounds at very low levels, making it suitable
for trace analysis.
 GC analysis is relatively fast, allowing for high sample
throughput.
 It provides accurate quantitative data for the amount of each
component in a sample.

9. Disadvantages
 GC is not suitable for analyzing non-volatile or thermally
unstable compounds.
 Some samples require extensive preparation before analysis,
which can be time-consuming.
 Choosing the right column for a specific analysis can be
challenging and may require expertise.
 Different have different sensitivities and selectivity, so
choosing the detector is crucial.

10. Mass spectrophotometry
Presented by Aamer Hassan

11. Introduction
 Mass spectrophotometry is a technique used to analyze
the composition of substances. It measures the mass-to-
charge ratio of ions to determine their identity and
concentration. It's used in various fields like chemistry,
biology, and even forensics.

12. Methods
 Ionization
 Acceleration
 Separation

13. Ionization
 In mass spectrophotometry, the first step is
ionization, where the sample is converted into
charged particles called ions. This can be done using
various methods such as electron impact,
electrospray ionization, or matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization (MALDI).

14. Acceleration
 Once the ions are generated, they are accelerated and
separated based on their mass-to-charge ratio using a
mass analyzer. There are different types of mass
analyzers, including time-of-flight (TOF),
quadrupole, and magnetic sector analyzers.

15. Separation
 After separation, the ions are detected by a detector,
which generates a signal proportional to the
abundance of each ion. This data is then processed to
create a mass spectrum, which shows the abundance
of ions at different mass-to-charge ratios.

16. Applications
Presented by Aisha Staar

17. Applications
 Mass spectrophotometry finds applications in various
fields. In chemistry, it helps identify unknown
compounds, molecular structures, and analyze
reaction products. In biology, it aids in proteins,
peptides, and DNA sequences. In forensic science, it
can be used for drug analysis, identifying trace
evidence, and detecting explosives.

18. Advantages and Disadvantages
Presented by Zaher Abass

19. Advantages
 It can detect even very low concentrations of compounds,
making it valuable in trace analysis.
 It also provides mass measurements, allowing for precise
identification and characterization of molecules.
 It is an excellent tool confirming the presence of unknown

20. Disadvantages
 Mass spectrophotometry is can be quite expensive to purchase
and maintain the equipment.
 It also requires trained operators who can interpret the complex
data generated by the instrument.
 The process can be time- consuming, especially when analyzing
complex samples.