Critically compare Plato's form of the good with Aristotle's prime mover
Mark scheme made by me around Summer 2022 - may have errors, always compare with info in textbook
Ancient philosophical influences, A level RE, made by me in summer 2022, example mark scheme/essay help. may contain errors - always compare with info in textbook. Critically compare Plato’s form of the good with Aristotle’s prime mover. (40) GO
Ancient Greek influences on philosophy of religion - AS OCR Philosophy of Rel...wizwardealdam
Plato: the Analogy of the Cave
The Republic VII. 514A–521B
Candidates should be able to demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of what might be
represented in the Analogy of the Cave by the
following:
• the prisoners, the shadows, the cave itself, the
outside world, the sun, the journey out of the
cave and the return to the prisoners.
Candidates should be able to discuss critically
the validity of the points being made in this
analogy.
Plato: the concept of the Forms;
the Form of the Good
Candidates should understand what Plato meant
by ‘Forms’ and be able to demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of:
• the relation between concepts and
phenomena;
• the concept of ‘Ideals’;
• the relation between the Form of the Good
and the other Forms.
Candidates should be able to discuss critically
the validity of the above points.
Aristotle: ideas about cause and purpose in
relation to God
Metaphysics Book 12
Candidates should be able to demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of:
• Aristotle’s understanding of material, efficient,
formal and final cause;
• Aristotle’s concept of the Prime Mover.
Candidates should be able to discuss critically
the validity of the above points.
Put your Hands on the Plough: And Never Look BackPeter Anyebe
Given a paradigm shift in which there are four, 4 realms of existence that include spirit, soul, mind, and matter rather than the current one, 1 realm that includes only matter; the possibility of causal openness and closure become apparent.
Thus energy exists in all four, 4 realms, but in different forms, to describe an open system that allows the free movement of energy between the realms.
In the spirit it is an idea, in the mind it is objectivity, in matter it is procedure, and in the soul, power.
But the system is also closed, to the extent that it obeys reciprocity, continuity, and conservation, for maturity.
OCR AS Level Philosophy of Religion - G571
Topic = Plato
In my AS year, I thought I would upload my revision notes I made and see what happened.
Yes, I bombed. So I stopped
So now that I am in my A2 year, things are a lot more challenging so I thought I should give it another go.
What do you think?
It would be helpful if you left a comment and thank you !
Ancient philosophical influences, A level RE, made by me in summer 2022, example mark scheme/essay help. may contain errors - always compare with info in textbook. Critically compare Plato’s form of the good with Aristotle’s prime mover. (40) GO
Ancient Greek influences on philosophy of religion - AS OCR Philosophy of Rel...wizwardealdam
Plato: the Analogy of the Cave
The Republic VII. 514A–521B
Candidates should be able to demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of what might be
represented in the Analogy of the Cave by the
following:
• the prisoners, the shadows, the cave itself, the
outside world, the sun, the journey out of the
cave and the return to the prisoners.
Candidates should be able to discuss critically
the validity of the points being made in this
analogy.
Plato: the concept of the Forms;
the Form of the Good
Candidates should understand what Plato meant
by ‘Forms’ and be able to demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of:
• the relation between concepts and
phenomena;
• the concept of ‘Ideals’;
• the relation between the Form of the Good
and the other Forms.
Candidates should be able to discuss critically
the validity of the above points.
Aristotle: ideas about cause and purpose in
relation to God
Metaphysics Book 12
Candidates should be able to demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of:
• Aristotle’s understanding of material, efficient,
formal and final cause;
• Aristotle’s concept of the Prime Mover.
Candidates should be able to discuss critically
the validity of the above points.
Put your Hands on the Plough: And Never Look BackPeter Anyebe
Given a paradigm shift in which there are four, 4 realms of existence that include spirit, soul, mind, and matter rather than the current one, 1 realm that includes only matter; the possibility of causal openness and closure become apparent.
Thus energy exists in all four, 4 realms, but in different forms, to describe an open system that allows the free movement of energy between the realms.
In the spirit it is an idea, in the mind it is objectivity, in matter it is procedure, and in the soul, power.
But the system is also closed, to the extent that it obeys reciprocity, continuity, and conservation, for maturity.
OCR AS Level Philosophy of Religion - G571
Topic = Plato
In my AS year, I thought I would upload my revision notes I made and see what happened.
Yes, I bombed. So I stopped
So now that I am in my A2 year, things are a lot more challenging so I thought I should give it another go.
What do you think?
It would be helpful if you left a comment and thank you !
For AS Level Philosophy, however, again like my other uploads, it is useful for A2 Philosophy because understanding of Aristotle's concepts is crucial to be able to hold an argument in A2 essays so this is just a brief revision summary.
If you found this useful, please make sure to give it a like!
Thank you !!!
Describes the mystical experience of the Void in one-pointed meditation or N.D.E. When the mind stills in meditation or death we flash into the superconsciousness of Infinite Space-Time. This is a complimentary ppt to my "How The Universe Works" ppt also posted on Slideshare which has additional information on The Void.
I am Dr. John Fruncillo and I will be your professor for this on-.docxsusanschei
I am Dr. John Fruncillo and I will be your professor for this on-line course. Let's look at a brief overveiw of Philosophy's Fundamental Questions: The history of western philosophy spans over 2500 years and begins with the questions raised by the Presocratic philosophers. Among the fundamental questions formulated by the Presocratics are: 1) what is the foundation of reality-what is being? The problems of Metaphysics and Ontology 2) what is the nature of the soul?, 3) What can we know, the study of knowledge-epistemology 4) what is the good, what is the life of virtue, 4) what is beauty? Philosophy has been and still is, a search for the conditions for the possibility of experience and reality. In order to tackle this seemigly absract endveour, philosophy must be both historical and critical in its methods. We need to understand what the authors of the past have said so that we can gain a better understanding of where we are today. How did we go from anceint Greece to modern technological society? How do we justify any knowledge claims? What is the difference between opinion and knowledge or appearance and reality? What is the difference between good and evil? Each thinker will approach these questions in a different way depending on the historical context in which they lived. So, for example, Aristotle takes for granted the reality of physical motion (Kinesis) and attempts to explain how things change from one physical state to the next, birth, growth, death while the fundamental ground of reality for Aquinas is God's creative act of bringing all things into being ex-nihilo (out of nothing). As we will see, there is a tremendous ontological gulf between the Greek understanding of nature and time and the Christian understanding in the middle ages.Please don't become worried if my example seems too technical. I'm am only using the Greeks and Christians to illustrate a basic principle underlying the history of philosophy: that the ultimate conditions for what is taken as 'real' change with each historical time-frame. I’d like to describe the fundamental questions of philosophy in relationship to the basic fields of philosophy:a) Epistemology: the theory of knowledge, the standards for justifying knowledge claims, what is truth? What are the limits and sources of our knowledge? From theGrrek words- ‘Epistme’ and ‘logos’ = discourse about knowledge b) Metaphysics: fundamental questions about the nature of reality, is the universe finite or infinite? What is the foundation of reality? Is reality made up of one kind of substance or many? Composed of matter or spirit? Meta/physis = after physics, beyond the sensible world. Is the universe finite or infinite, does God exist, do we have a soul? c) Ethics: what is good? What is evil/wrong? What standards can we use to justify our asserting that certain actions are wrong and others are right? What rational arguments can we give to support a moral argument? These three fields of philosophy do not exhaus.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis Inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor (HBCU)
Remarks by Angela Stevens McNeil
July 26th 2008
Good Morning. My name is Angela Stevens McNeil and I have the privilege of introducing the next Hall of Honor Inductee, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis. Dr. Kritsonis was chosen because of his dedication to the educational advancement of Prairie View A&M University students. He earned a Bachelor’s degree in 1969 from Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his Master’s in Education from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa.
Dr. Kritsonis has served and blessed the field of education as a teacher, principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, invited guest professor, author, consultant, editor-in-chief, and publisher. He has also earned tenure as a professor at the highest academic rank at two major universities.
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning.
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies.
Dr. William Kritsonis is a well respected author of more than 500 articles in professional journals and several books. In 1983, Dr. Kritsonis founded the NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS. These publications represent a group of highly respected scholarly academic periodicals. In 2004, he established the DOCTORAL FORUM – National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research. The DOCTORAL FORUM is the only refereed journal in America committed to publishing doctoral students while they are enrolled in course work in their doctoral programs. Over 300 articles have been published by doctorate and master’s degree students and most are indexed in ERIC.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is a Professor in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership here at Prairie View A&M University.
Dr. William Kritsonis has dedicated himself to the advancement of educational leadership and to the education of students at all levels. It is my honor to bring him to the stage at this time as a William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor Inductee.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
More Related Content
Similar to Marks scheme ancient philosophical influences
For AS Level Philosophy, however, again like my other uploads, it is useful for A2 Philosophy because understanding of Aristotle's concepts is crucial to be able to hold an argument in A2 essays so this is just a brief revision summary.
If you found this useful, please make sure to give it a like!
Thank you !!!
Describes the mystical experience of the Void in one-pointed meditation or N.D.E. When the mind stills in meditation or death we flash into the superconsciousness of Infinite Space-Time. This is a complimentary ppt to my "How The Universe Works" ppt also posted on Slideshare which has additional information on The Void.
I am Dr. John Fruncillo and I will be your professor for this on-.docxsusanschei
I am Dr. John Fruncillo and I will be your professor for this on-line course. Let's look at a brief overveiw of Philosophy's Fundamental Questions: The history of western philosophy spans over 2500 years and begins with the questions raised by the Presocratic philosophers. Among the fundamental questions formulated by the Presocratics are: 1) what is the foundation of reality-what is being? The problems of Metaphysics and Ontology 2) what is the nature of the soul?, 3) What can we know, the study of knowledge-epistemology 4) what is the good, what is the life of virtue, 4) what is beauty? Philosophy has been and still is, a search for the conditions for the possibility of experience and reality. In order to tackle this seemigly absract endveour, philosophy must be both historical and critical in its methods. We need to understand what the authors of the past have said so that we can gain a better understanding of where we are today. How did we go from anceint Greece to modern technological society? How do we justify any knowledge claims? What is the difference between opinion and knowledge or appearance and reality? What is the difference between good and evil? Each thinker will approach these questions in a different way depending on the historical context in which they lived. So, for example, Aristotle takes for granted the reality of physical motion (Kinesis) and attempts to explain how things change from one physical state to the next, birth, growth, death while the fundamental ground of reality for Aquinas is God's creative act of bringing all things into being ex-nihilo (out of nothing). As we will see, there is a tremendous ontological gulf between the Greek understanding of nature and time and the Christian understanding in the middle ages.Please don't become worried if my example seems too technical. I'm am only using the Greeks and Christians to illustrate a basic principle underlying the history of philosophy: that the ultimate conditions for what is taken as 'real' change with each historical time-frame. I’d like to describe the fundamental questions of philosophy in relationship to the basic fields of philosophy:a) Epistemology: the theory of knowledge, the standards for justifying knowledge claims, what is truth? What are the limits and sources of our knowledge? From theGrrek words- ‘Epistme’ and ‘logos’ = discourse about knowledge b) Metaphysics: fundamental questions about the nature of reality, is the universe finite or infinite? What is the foundation of reality? Is reality made up of one kind of substance or many? Composed of matter or spirit? Meta/physis = after physics, beyond the sensible world. Is the universe finite or infinite, does God exist, do we have a soul? c) Ethics: what is good? What is evil/wrong? What standards can we use to justify our asserting that certain actions are wrong and others are right? What rational arguments can we give to support a moral argument? These three fields of philosophy do not exhaus.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis Inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor (HBCU)
Remarks by Angela Stevens McNeil
July 26th 2008
Good Morning. My name is Angela Stevens McNeil and I have the privilege of introducing the next Hall of Honor Inductee, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis. Dr. Kritsonis was chosen because of his dedication to the educational advancement of Prairie View A&M University students. He earned a Bachelor’s degree in 1969 from Central Washington University in Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his Master’s in Education from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa.
Dr. Kritsonis has served and blessed the field of education as a teacher, principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, invited guest professor, author, consultant, editor-in-chief, and publisher. He has also earned tenure as a professor at the highest academic rank at two major universities.
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing through the Realms of Meaning.
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies.
Dr. William Kritsonis is a well respected author of more than 500 articles in professional journals and several books. In 1983, Dr. Kritsonis founded the NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS. These publications represent a group of highly respected scholarly academic periodicals. In 2004, he established the DOCTORAL FORUM – National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research. The DOCTORAL FORUM is the only refereed journal in America committed to publishing doctoral students while they are enrolled in course work in their doctoral programs. Over 300 articles have been published by doctorate and master’s degree students and most are indexed in ERIC.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is a Professor in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership here at Prairie View A&M University.
Dr. William Kritsonis has dedicated himself to the advancement of educational leadership and to the education of students at all levels. It is my honor to bring him to the stage at this time as a William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor Inductee.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. Name: Idris
Question: Critically compare Plato’s form of the good with Aristotle’s prime mover.
AO1 Candidates may demonstrate knowledge and understanding through the use of some of the
following materials:
Aim for between 6-10 bullet points
Plato’s form of the good: ultimate end in itself, all other forms participate in it/are
illuminated by it (sun analogy) and are therefore good, enables people to perceive Forms
(sight analogy).
Prime Mover: pure thought (theoria), immaterial/transcendent, eternal, deism/detached, is
a leader and is in the order of the universe, no plan and knows nothing of anything but itself,
immutable/unmoved, redundant (everything depends on it but it’s disinterested).
Similar: absolutely good (form of good is ideal goodness/highest; prime mover is pure
actuality so perfect), immaterial/transcends this world, eternal (form of good exists in
eternal realm of forms; prime mover is just part of an eternal universe that already exists
and that has no beginning; neither is a creator), both are immutable (prime mover is
unmoved; form of good is absolute because “everything tangible flows”), absolute/pure
(pure goodness/form of forms; pure actuality), no empirical evidence/known through
reason, defines reality (good illuminates everything; prime mover is the final cause which
comprises the essence of something), deism.
Different: morality (form of good is distinctly moral therefore a bit closer to the theistic god
than prime mover); prime mover is disinterested in anything and cannot have knowledge of
morality that applies to us), interaction (form of good illuminates but material things are not
attracted to it; prime mover material things are attracted towards it as a telos),
consciousness (prime mover is theoria and a being, good has no consciousness and is not a
being.
AO2 Candidates may demonstrate evaluation and analysis through the use of some of the following
arguments.
Aim for between 6-10 bullet points
Form of good > prime mover
PRIME MOVER WEAK
Prime mover is the telos of everything but even if everything acts towards a purpose it
doesn’t mean it is the same purpose or that there is a unified telos for the whole – fallacy of
composition. Aristotle’s example of the bronze statue of Athena shows how individual
objects can have final causes but this does not apply to universe as a whole
Edwin Hubble found in the 1920s that there are countless galaxies beyond the milky way;
big bang theory, an ever-expanding universe that has a beginning and no fixed telos.
Aristotle focuses on materialism yet recourses to a being that transcends space and time and
cannot be known through sense experience.
Aquinas: If something didn’t come to be (aka first cause), then it has no reason for existing,
so we cannot rationally conclude it exists – there cannot be an uncaused causer.
Why is it conscious??? There’s no justifications behind why the final cause is a being but the
formal cause isn’t, when objects are moving towards both.
2. 4 causes don’t fully explain abstract concepts and emotions; plato explains their reality
better
FORM OF GOOD BETTER
If Forms are seen as an ideal standard then it is likely that these Forms are to be bound
together by their own ideal, that of goodness. Makes sense because good is an intrinsically
ideal quality aka the form of forms
it can be argued that all things must emanate from one point, source or ideal. How else,
plato argues, can we categorise mutable material objects and images? “everything tangible
flows” heraclitus “no man ever steps into the same river twice”
Bryan Magee “the theory that there is another world other than this…gives value and
meaning to our present world”
Prime Mover > Form of good
FORM OF GOOD IS WEAK
A.J. Ayer plato has ‘primitive superstition’ in calling ‘good’ a noun. good is just an expression
of our emotional reaction to something; it’s not knowledge
Karl popper: in a world of continual change, we cannot find any constant let alone ideal form
of good
Dawkins- it’s nonsense to make judgements about a metaphysical world; all we can know is
the physical
How can the form of good participate in things that are amoral? It’s easy to see goodness in
justice, beauty, truth etc, but not in lower forms and material objects – there’s no intrinsic
goodness in the form of a tree or of blueness.
No empirical evidence of forms; John Locke – humans are born as blank slates (tabula rasa)
with no inate knowledge. Reason can’t providenew knowledge; it just interprets/processes
sense exp.
Kant- We can’t gain new knowledge from pure reason, the “severe and fruitless labour” of
asking from reason what is beyond its capabilities (so cave analogy is weak). Reason is
actually obscuring rather than enhancing our knowledge of reality, phenomenal vs
noumenal world.
Plato argues “the journey upwards is the ascent of the soul into the intellectual world” but
this is elitist
Plato’s cave analogy in which the freed prisoner returns to the cave upon seeing the sun
(form of good) posits that a priori understanding of the form of the good is a complete
“turning of the soul”; it drives him to practise and implement the good e.g. he knows how
the prisoners should live, and returns to the cave. But this is an is-ought fallacy: just because
something is good, doesn’t suggest you ought to do it, especially since plato conceives of the
good as a noun, it is definitely not an imperative.
PRIME MOVER IS BETTER
Things do change and all actual states require the object first to have potential
Empiricism is more reliable and corresponds with the scientific method
Conc: both are things we can’t empirically verify, at least plato justifies the existence of an
immaterial absolute through a rationalist approach; aristotle’s empiricism is insufficient and
inappropriate justification for concluding a prime mover