The marine toad, also known as the cane toad, is a large, venomous toad found in tropical and subtropical regions. It has rough, warty skin and can grow up to 800 grams in size. Its call is a low-pitched trill that sounds like an idling diesel engine. The marine toad was introduced to parts of the United States and Australia in attempts to control agricultural pests, but became an invasive species. When threatened, it secretes a toxic milky substance from parotoid glands that can kill dogs and other animals. Symptoms of poisoning include excessive salivation, loss of coordination, and potentially fatal irregular heartbeats. While there is no antid

1. Marine Toad
Prepared by: Asad ULLAH

2. Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphiba
Order: Anura
Family: Bufonidae
Genus: Bufo
Click to Listen the
voice of toad
Call: Its call is a low-pitched trill and a chorus
that sounds like an idling diesel engine.

3. Scientific Name: Bufo Marinus
Diet: Carnivore
Weight: 200g - 800g
Top Speed: 8km/h (5mph
Life Span: 10 - 15 years
Colour: Black, Green, Grey, Brown, Tan
Favorite Food: Insects
Habitat: Forests and fields close to water
Main Prey: Insects and Small Animals
Predators: Dogs, Snakes, Birds
FAST FACT

4. Common Names:
Marine Toad, Giant Toad, Cane Toad
Species Description:
Largest toad has a stout body and short legs.
The skin is rough and warty.
The tympani (ear membranes) are one-half to two-
thirds the diameter of the eyes
Reproduction: The Marine Toad breeds year-round
in standing water, streams, canals and ditches.

6. when dog attack or mouth the large, slow moving toads.
When threatened or handled, it secretes a highly toxic
milky substance from its large parotoid glands at the back
of its head, behind the ears. This secretion can burn your
eyes, may irritate your skin, and can kill cats and dogs if
they ingest the secretion.
A dog can die following a single exposure, morbidity is high
Habitat:
Exposure:
In united states mainly in Florida and Hawaii
It was originally released in the U.S. in sugar cane fields to help
control “white grubs,” larvae of pest Scarabaeidae.

7. Cardioactive glycosides
I. Bufotoxin
II. Bufotenins
have digitalis like and oxytocic (vasopressor) actions.
Other are
Epinephrine
5-Hydroxytryptamine
Principle Toxin:
 in pets include excessive salivation ,drooling, head-
shaking, crying, loss of coordination,
 in more serious cases, convulsions, The dog's (or cat's)
gums often turn red, an indicator used by veterinarians
to distinguish toad poisoning from epilepsy.
Symptoms of poisoning:

8. MOA of Toxin:
The toxin are produced in the parotid gland ,
Toxin absorbed by the mucous membrane of dog
Excessive stimulation by the cardioactive glycosides
causes ventricular fibrillation and hypertension

9.  No specific antidote
 Flush the mouth of pet with stream of water
 Detoxification with activated charcoal and osmotic
cathartic.
 cardiac arrhythmias can be controlled by giving
propranolol at 2mg/kg.
 Atropine can also used to control salivation and
brocnhoconstriction
Treatment
:
Laboratory
findings: Hematology changes increase level of PCV,
 Increase level of glucose, BUN,
 Hyperkalemia and hypercalcemia
 Decrease in leukocytes count

10.  No specific antidote
 Flush the mouth of pet with stream of water
 Detoxification with activated charcoal and osmotic
cathartic.
 cardiac arrhythmias can be controlled by giving
propranolol at 2mg/kg.
 Atropine can also used to control salivation and
brocnhoconstriction
Treatment
:
Laboratory
findings: Hematology changes increase level of PCV,
 Increase level of glucose, BUN,
 Hyperkalemia and hypercalcemia
 Decrease in leukocytes count

12. http://edistt.ifas.ufl.edu/uw046
Toxicology by oselwer
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-
burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Bufo_marinus.html
References