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Dan Luca
Mapping
the Influencers
in EU Policies

Mapping the Influencers in EU Policies

Dan Luca
Mapping
the Influencers in EU
Policies

Dan Luca
Brussels, Belgium
ISBN 978-3-030-02040-8 ISBN 978-3-030-02041-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02041-5
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
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vii
Preface
Brussels has emerged into a political pole attracting the largest multicul-
tural community. Explorers… that’s what we are in the “blue flag city”.
Each day, we explore the unknown reaches in search for a better life for
the EU’s roughly half-a-billion citizens, and for several billions more
connected through indirect action (such as the Neighborhood Policy,
Development and Cooperation, and even international relations now
included within the ambit of The European External Action Service).
Brussels is a city like many others in Europe. A city that had the
chance (or misfortune as some Belgians say) to be the administrative cap-
ital of a supranational structure, now called the “European Union”. This
is not the place to focus on what this “machine” can offer, that is not
the purpose of this book, but it is important to emphasize that under
the European umbrella—in rainy Brussels, the comparison is apposite—
we live decently in a peaceful, economically developed, pleasant space.
There are, of course, differences: we are more than 500 million citizens,
some faring much better than others, but in general defining oneself as
European is no bad thing.
It should be emphasized that Europe is not only about big-ticket
items such as the Euro or Schengen area, the EU is also locus for myr-
iad complicated technical issues and small topics. Elected and unelected
national and European public servants continuously strive to better the
quality of life of us and our families through legislation and policies on
the European level.

viii Preface
These so-called EU standards and policies did not appear out of
nowhere. They are the result of tough negotiation processes at several
levels—from technical experts to adoption at the political level.
Moreover, it is imperative that the formulation of this legislation and
policy is done in cooperation with relevant stakeholders, both national
and European. We have to take their knowledge, skills, legitimate sec-
toral interests and any technical alternatives into account, and this will
contribute to a balanced political decision making process.
Most legal entities present in Brussels exist mainly for this purpose: to
advocate or communicate their views or the views of their members as
stakeholders in EU affairs—and they need employees to accomplish this.
The Community of EU actors is considerable with around 100,000
people working in Brussels1 and an additional 700,000 people working
in the Member States. From the 100,000 persons working in EU affairs
in Brussels, only 50% of the posts are accounted for by the EU insti-
tutions.2 The approximatively 50,000 remaining EU actors work within
industry federations, consultancies, media, corporate, non-profit organi-
zations, think tanks, regional and city representations, etc.
The private sector segment of the EU affairs jobs market is very
superficially presented in higher education curricula (unlike the institu-
tions and opportunities within these). This means that young graduates
from Europe’s prestigious universities do not see the 20,000 jobs that
can be found in the EU federation sector, for example. More frustrat-
ingly and absurdly: statistics show that 5000 such jobs (including at
starter, mid-tier and senior levels) are available every year, due to the
dynamics of the Brussels EU job market.
Paradoxically 95% of private sector recruitment in Euro-Brussels is
carried out by personnel with no human resources training or profes-
sional experience. These are Secretary Generals, directors and consultants
who lead small companies (most of them with a team of fewer than 10),
who also handle the recruitment process. Whether that is a good or bad
thing, it is the reality!
1New figures reveal EU’s weight in Brussels local economy, EURACTIV, 16 January 2016
(https://www.euractiv.com/section/public-affairs/news/new-figures-reveal-eu-s-weight-
in-brussels-local-economy/, accessed on 24 March 2018).
2http://theconversation.com/how-many-people-work-for-the-eu-59702, accessed on
24 March 2018.

Preface ix
I cannot end this preface without thanking those people without
whom this book could not have been written. Essential academic guid-
ance was provided by Ramona Coman, Alina Bârgãoanu, Irina Tãnãsescu
and Lut Lams. For their support in the case studies, I would like to
thank Jana Zaric, Ştefana Veria and Ianula Gioga.
I am also indebted to several EU experts, who have given me a few
hours of their precious time and have responded with passion to the
questionnaire which proved invaluable for my research. Many thanks to
Jonna Byskata, Fazilet Cinaralp, Elaine Cruikshanks, Susan Danger, Jan
Dröge, Diana Filip, Mella Frewen, Georgi Gotev, Adrian Harris, Tomi
Huhtanen, Karl Isaksson, Paul Ivan, Suela Janina, Oleg Kamberski,
Michaela Kauer, Kazuo Kodama, Dennis Kredler, Holger Kunze, Natalia
Kurop, Karel Lannoo, Virginia Lee, Lydia Makaroff, Fabio Marchetti,
Karen Massin, Paul-Emile Mottard, Niki Naska, Luminiţa Odobescu,
Raul Rãdoi, Sandra Penning, João Pinto, Aurica Pripa, Conny Reuter,
Aart van Iterson, Glenn Vaughan, Rachel Ward, Philip Weiss, Alfons
Westgeest and Lesley Wilson.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife, Jiska, to whom I
dedicate this book.
Brussels, Belgium
March 2019
Dan Luca

xi
Introduction
This present research represents a new type of edition: novel in its
approach of mapping people and organisations working in EU affairs.
It adopts an integrated and inclusive approach, since much of the
book is allocated to non-EU institutional representation in Brussels.
Complementary to this, a distinct section focuses on those entities situ-
ated in EU capitals connected with EU policy dynamics.
The intention of the book is to describe each sector within Brussels’
eco-system, including with statistics and numbers, but also to have prac-
tical examples of organisations that are represented in EU affairs. The
second part of the book is dedicated to interviews with relevant influenc-
ers from within the Brussels scene. This publication is a working tool for
experts in EU affairs, academics and students. It could also be an inter-
esting read for those who are interested in finding a job in EU affairs, as
well as entrepreneurs, who want to set up a sustainable business.
Until now, several relevant authors covered the borderline of the
issues mentioned before: Justin Greenwood (Interest Representation in
the European Union, 2017), Rinus van Schendelen (More Machiavelli in
Brussels: The art of Lobbying the EU, 2010), Sylvain Laurens (Lobbyists and
Bureaucrats in Brussels: Capitalism’s Brokers, 2017) or Daniel Gueguen
(How to be influential tomorrow in Brussels? 2017). A relevant analogy
on the American continent was presented by Daniel P. Carpenter, Kevin
M. Esterling and David M. J. Lazer (Friends, Brokers, and Transitivity:
Who Informs Whom in Washington Politics? 2004). The closest relevant

xii Introduction
publication, whereas content is concerned, would definitely be Justin
Greenwood’s book. Professor Greenwood has focused mainly on lobby-
ing, and present approach is complementary. It is a more macro presenta-
tion of the market, more inclusive, referring to the complete framework of
EU actors, and it also describes national players, from the EU capitals, in
the EU legislation.
The first chapter provides an introduction to non-EU institutional
entities which are represented in Brussels. It offers an explanation of the
market on a macro level (number of organizations and people working
in these sectors), but it also provides the reader with at least three prac-
tical examples for each category: countries, regions and cities, corporate,
industry federations, unions, chambers of commerce, consultancies, law
firms, media, NGOs, think tanks, European political parties and politi-
cal foundations, foundations, universities, European platforms, consum-
er’s organisations, patient organisations, liberal professions, international
associations and national representations in Brussels.
In the second chapter the focus lies mainly on a market comprising
20,000 people working in trade federations. Two showcases are pre-
sented: “Interest groups in agriculture policy. EU and Romania” and
“Interest groups in energy policy. EU and USA”. Special parts are allo-
cated to present the branding of EU federations, but also to provide the
reader with the link between EU federations and corporate. A detailed
list of approximately 500 European associations, segmented by their EU
policy interests, is presented.
The author has over the last 20 years interacted with different experts
from all over Brussels and they been asked to explain their view on the
European affairs market. Stakeholders expressed their opinion in terms of
the changes that have happened in the last decade, as well as what influ-
ences the European affairs in their view, and how they see the trends of
the European market towards horizon 2030.
The “EU Affairs” market has become more holistic over the past
few years, and will continue to develop into a more all-round market;
Government Affairs, Public Affairs, Public Relations, Communications,
Legal and other roles, are already becoming more co-mingled and
integrated under the “EU Affairs” banner. The number of actors in
Brussels has grown considerably—whether from the industry, NGO or
other sector. As a result the effort required to make one’s voice heard
has increased considerably. Demand for EU affairs skills and experience

Introduction xiii
is high, while supply is relatively limited still, despite the fact that the
Brussels bubble has grown in terms of number of people employed in
EU affairs over the last twenty years.
Dan Luca has been active in Brussels since 1997. In 2001, he began
working for EURACTIV Media. This gave him a unique insight in how
different EU policies have developed over the years, but also directs
interaction with hundreds of EU actors each year. Since 2016, he has
been one of the judges of the annual European Association Awards
competition. In 2008 Mr. Luca gained a doctorate in ‘International
Relations and European Studies’ specialising in communication. He now
teaches at several European universities in Brussels, Antwerp, Leuven and
Bucharest. His lectures mainly focus on EU Stakeholders, EU’s commu-
nication policy and the European public sphere.

xv
Contents
1 Non-EU Institutional Actors Working Within
and Outside Brussels 1
1 Brussels—Pole of Power 1
2 Working in Brussels 9
3 International Representation in the Brussels Bubble 57
4 Life Outside Brussels: Local Actors in EU Affairs 61
2 EU Federations 65
1 Working Together: EU Federations 65
2 Case Study: Interest Groups in Agriculture Policy—EU
and Romania 70
3 Case Study: Interest Groups in Energy Policy—EU
and USA 83
4 Branding EU Federations 93
5 The Link Between EU Federations and Corporate 94
6 List of European Associations and Their EU Policy Interests 96
3 EU Stakeholders Views 115
1 Major Shifts Over the Last 10 Years 115
2 Most Influential Non-EU Institutional Organisations
in EU Affairs 129
3 EU Affairs Market in 2030 139
4 Business, Careers, Networking in EU Affairs 149
5 Sources for Mapping EU Actors 154

xvi Contents
Conclusion 157
Annex: Interviews with EU Stakeholders 161
Bibliography 237
Index 253

1
This chapter provides an introduction to non-EU institutional entities
which are represented in Brussels. It offers an explanation of the mar-
ket on the macro level (number of organizations and people working in
these sectors), but also presents at least three practical examples for each
category.
1 Brussels—Pole of Power
When Robert Schuman presented his Schuman declaration on 9 May
1950, it is hard to imagine that he could have predicted what this organ-
isation would look like almost 70 years later. Between the Council,
the Parliament and the Commission as well as many smaller agencies
and offices, both in Brussels and across the globe, the EU employs
some 55,000 people. They work in several impressively large buildings
around the European quarters as well as in other parts of the Belgian
capital and further afield. The work they carry out range from drivers
and receptionists to some of the most powerful men and women in the
world such as the EU’s Trade Commissioner, currently the Swedish
commissioner Cecilia Malmström.1 The bulk of this staff works within
the European Commission which is split into 31 Directorate-Generals
(DGs), 16 Service Departments and six Executive Agencies. Among
CHAPTER 1
Non-EU Institutional Actors Working
Within and Outside Brussels
© The Author(s) 2020
D. Luca, Mapping the Influencers in EU Policies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02041-5_1
1https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/figures/administration_en, accessed on
15 January 2019.

2 D. LUCA
the most influential DG’s are Trade, Competition, Maritime Affairs and
Fisheries and Agricultural and Rural Development. The single largest
DG in terms of staff is Translations with some 4000 employees.2 The
EU also employs staff at the Court of Justice and Court of Auditors in
Luxembourg, at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt as well at many
agencies across Europe such as the European Fisheries Control Agency
in Vigo in Spain, the European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki in Finland
and the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training in
Budapest, Hungary.3
The soon-to-be EU27 has some 450 million inhabitants, cover an
area of 4215 square kilometers and have a GDP of 13 trillion euros.
Eight of the 50 largest companies in the world are headquartered in the
EU27.4 The only countries in the world as large and powerful as the EU
are the US with a population of 325 million and a GDP of around 17
trillion euros5 and China with a population of 1.4 billion and a GDP of
11 trillion euros.6 The US federal services employ, by comparison, about
180,000 people in Washington, DC.7 In other words, the EU is a large
and powerful organisation working across a range of areas and with
influence reaching far beyond the borders of the European Union. This
makes the EU civil service one of the most influential and powerful civil
services in the world and this in turn means that having a physical pres-
ence at the heart of this process is crucial to all sorts of organisations and
companies, from inside the EU and from around the world.
Every decision made in Brussels follows a strict and pre-defined pro-
cess from Commission to Council to Parliament.8 The voters and con-
sumers of news at home may be familiar with the lines of cars arriving
3https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/agencies_en, accessed on 15 January
2019.
4https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/figures/living_en, accessed on 15
January 2019.
5 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html,
accessed on 15 January 2019.
6 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html,
7 https://web.archive.org/web/20090114201419/http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/
cgs041.htm, accessed on 15 January 2019.
8https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/decision-making/ordinary-legisla-
tive-procedure/, accessed on 15 January 2019.
2https://ec.europa.eu/info/departments_en, accessed on 15 January 2019.

1 NON-EU INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS WORKING … 3
at the back entrance of the Council-building on the Rue de la Loi and
the images of all the leaders of Europe sitting around a massive table.
But at that point, most proposals have been carefully prepared and dis-
cussed at the so-called Sherpa-level. The Permanent Representatives to
the EU, of which each member state has one, are the day-to-day pres-
ence of the member states in Brussels. Based in offices in or around the
European quarters, and not to be confused with the national embassies
of the member states to the Kingdom of Belgium, these “permreps” play
a crucial role in negotiations. Each meeting of the Council, regardless of
which topic and thus which national minister is involved, has been delib-
erated through an intensive network of diplomatic staff from each mem-
ber state. Certainly, for less sensitive areas, it is often left for the minister
to just make some final, minor adjustments and sign the dotted line.
These “permreps” are also an invaluable source of information to feed
back to the capitals. This work is often aided by preparatory work done
by the national missions to the other member states trying to build alli-
ances and trying to find out who is going what direction. Nobody likes
to turn up to the table not sufficiently prepared and having a good diplo-
matic network in Brussels and across the EU is invaluable for any ambi-
tious minister wishing to make a difference.9
The single market, the crown-jewel of the European project, in which
goods, services and workers can move freely within the EU and Norway,
Switzerland, Lichtenstein and Iceland, has opened up the markets of all
the European countries to trade with each other making it no more dif-
ficult for a company based in Hamburg to sell its products to customers
in Seville or Turku than it is to sell them in Hannover. It is this removal
of trade barriers that means that whatever future arrangements the UK
makes with the EU27, its trade will very likely reduce in scope as long as
the UK government maintains the current position of staying outside of
the single market.10 But this removal of trade barriers, both tariffs and
non-tariff barriers, has required a harmonisation of rules across all the 32
countries currently inside the single market. This in turn has meant that
decisions on consumer protection, standards and norms are now more
often than not taken at the European level rather than at the national
9https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/decision-making/, accessed on 15
January 2019.
10https://cer.eu/sites/default/files/smc2016_26april2016.pdf, pp. 109–110, accessed
on 15 January 2019.

4 D. LUCA
level which of course in turn means that any company wishing to influ-
ence the decision-making process will have to be present at the heart of
the decision-making, in other words Brussels.
Look, by way of an example, at vehicle emission standards. The
harmful emissions from car exhausts have, since the 1980s, increasingly
caught the attention of law-makers across the world.11 In the EU, due
to the very nature of the competences attributed to each political level,
the rules on vehicle emissions are set by the Commission and are, more
specifically, found in Regulation 168/2013.12 As a regulation, it has
direct effect, in other words it is enforceable as law in each and every
member-state without any action or reaction by the member-states.
Any car-company that sells cars in the single market will have to com-
ply with the rules set out in this regulation and as such, the workings
of the Commissioner and the staff with the relevant Directorate-General
and agencies is of crucial interest for the automotive industry across the
globe. Having the ears of those at the heart of power is therefore very
important for the players in the automotive industry and as the capital of
one of the largest markets in the world; Brussels is, as it were, the place
to be.
For organisations on the other side of the table, the same applies.
Organisations such as cancer-research charities, environmental organisa-
tions but also university research groups and spin-offs active in alterna-
tive forms of transport, fuels and sources of energy will want to influence
the decision-makers to their favour and will want to allow those in
power to hear and to understand their story. For such organisations and
groups, having a physical presence, even if just through membership of
an umbrella-organisation, will be of significance and will increase their
ability to influence the decision-making process and, sometimes just
as important, follow the trends and developments of the thinking in
Brussels as closely and as up-to-date as possible.13 Chance meetings with
the right people at a dinner party or in one of the many cafés in Brussels
are just as important and can play just as crucial a role as more official
13 https://pac.org/wp-content/uploads/SCPA-Summary-version-12192016-PRINT.
pdf, accessed on 15 January 2019.
11 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/445e/f8210932ca2b848b8d8b0d46072b592d
97ae.pdf, p. 4, accessed on 15 January 2019.
12 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32013R0168,

contacts across conference-tables. But people on both sides of this indus-
try of influence-making have to be careful as the rules on lobbying are
strict and followed closely. Every contact made, every event attended is
reported and registered and you will never catch a Commissioner know-
ingly alone with a lobbyist, even in one of the many elevators of the
Berlaymont building.14
But it is not just industry giants and other global organisations that
see the benefits of a presence at the heart of Europe in Brussels. The EU
is also in charge of considerable amounts of regional funding for struc-
tural economic and social cohesion through the system known as the
EU’s structural and investment funds. For the current budgetary period
2014–2020, the total amount invested under the auspice of the EU
Regional Development Fund is 645 billion euros of which 460 billion
euros are straight from the EU’s own budgetary fund and the remain-
ing 180 billion euros is matched by member-states.15 The Regional
Development Fund focuses on four areas, these being innovation and
research, the digital agenda, support for small and medium-sized enter-
prises (SMEs) and the low-carbon economy. The EU’s Cohesion fund
has access to a 63 billion euros for the same period,16 the EU’s Social
Fund invests some 80 billion euros,17 the European agricultural fund for
rural development provides funding at around 100 billion euros18 and
the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund some 6 billion.19 In other
words, decisions for the investment of over half a trillion euros over a
period of six years are made in Brussels. The amounts mentioned here
do not include the investments and support available to the farmers of
Europe where the EU every year provide support of a further around
60 billion euros and there is support to member-states in the event of
natural disasters as well as financial support to candidate states and for
14https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission/service-standards-and-prin-
ciples/transparency/transparency-register_en, accessed on 15 January 2019.
15https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/overview, accessed on 15 January 2019.
16https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/cohesion-fund/, accessed on 15
January 2019.
17https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/social-fund/, accessed on 15
January 2019.
18https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rural-development-2014-2020_en, accessed on 15
January 2019.
19https://ec.europa.eu/fisheries/cfp/emff_en, accessed on 15 January 2019.

6 D. LUCA
international co-operation and development. It is easy to see that access
to Brussels is very valuable indeed to any investment actors in infra-
structure, social policy, education, culture and research as well as farm-
ing and fishing. This is why umbrella-organisations also within these
sectors as well as regions and cities, sometimes alone and sometimes in
co-operation, consider a presence in Brussels just as, or perhaps even
more, crucial than a presence in their own capitals.20
The single market and the Eurozone have also led to further harmoni-
sation in matters such as consumer rights, social policy, health policy and
industry standards in accounting, the legal profession and many other
areas which have benefitted from the closer and closer integration of the
various markets and systems across the EU.21 This in turn has meant
that all sorts of NGO’s and other non-commercial actors such as patient
organisations, trade unions, associations for liberal professions and foun-
dations have also felt the need to open offices in Brussels, which gives
them a base at the heart of Europe and allows them to participate in the
processes but also gives them a platform with which to feed information
back to their national members and gives the national members the often
invaluable opportunity to, for a shorter or longer period of time, deploy
staff to Brussels who can learn and experience the often very different
processes necessitated by a multi-lingual, multi-national rules-based
organisation. Having spent a couple of years in Brussels is certainly a
boost to a CV. The very nature of power and politics in Brussels also
makes it a very attractive location for law firms, both from within the EU
and from further afield, who can open sometimes relatively small offices
in Brussels staffed perhaps with a handful of partners specialising in EU
law but which again means that these networks of law-firms and global
players in the legal profession have access to information as well as eyes
and ears in Brussels. Clearly, this has a cluster-effect as once a critical
mass of firms set up shop in Brussels, their very presence makes it even
more attractive.22
20 https://www.euractiv.com/section/public-affairs/opinion/the-evolving-role-of-re-
gional-representations-in-brussels/, accessed on 15 January 2019.
21https://www.whitecase.com/publications/alert/new-deal-consumers-european-com-
mission-tables-new-consumer-protection-proposals, accessed on 15 January 2019.
22https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5105/a1057188e389f3776bd93c8809da66202bfc.
pdf, p. 10 onwards, accessed on 15 January 2019.

One of the important institutions of the European Union is the
European Parliament. The Parliament, with a split presence between
Brussels and Strasbourg, has shared legislative decision-making pow-
ers with the Council and it has final approval on the appointment of
the Commissioners.23 The parliament is elected by the voters of each
member state on national lists but the parties form groups in the par-
liament and these groups have grown into pan-European political par-
ties of considerable power.24 These parties meet annually for conferences
allowing their leaders, who more often than not include senior ministers
and prime ministers from at least some member states, to socialise and to
discuss. Again, the importance of co-operation, consultation and conver-
sation within the framework of the European project is not to be under-
estimated. Which faction delivers the most senior posts within the EU is
closely watched and the position of spitzenkandidat in the EP elections
is a coveted post.25 As major political players in the European context,
these parties have offices and staff in Brussels working on research, com-
munication and supporting their members of the parliament.26
Equally, a multitude of more or less party-political think-tanks and
research institutes have set up based in Brussels providing them with
access to information, proximity to power and just the ability to be pres-
ent where it happens, when it happens.27 The political links and ties
between these organisations are not to be underestimated with most
European political parties having more or less extensive research offices
providing both supportive facts and data to party officials and coming up
with policy proposals and election programmes.28 This world is a world
of labels and affiliations. The liberals have their structure, the Christian-
democrats and conservatives theirs and the socialist and social democrats
25https://www.rte.ie/news/analysis-and-comment/2018/1107/1009385-spitzenkan-
didaten/, accessed on 15 January 2019.
26http://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/en/organisation-and-rules/organ-
isation/political-groups, accessed on 15 January 2019.
27https://lobbyfacts.eu/articles/06-07-2016/which-are-most-influential-think-tanks-
brussels, accessed on 15 January 2019.
28http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/afco/dv/study_
pe509983_/study_pe509983_en.pdf, accessed on 15 January 2019.
23http://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/19/the-european-parliament-
powers, accessed on 15 January 2019.
24 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/eng-pub/contracts-and-grants/en/20150201
PVL00101/Political-parties-and-foundations, accessed on 15 January 2019.

8 D. LUCA
their network. They arrange conferences, debates and offer various forms
of training to their candidates and staff building pan-European political
networks and links which often prove invaluable once they are in power,
or when seeking power. Again, Brussels is the heart of this process and
Brussels is where offices are opened and people stationed.
It is perhaps not surprising that the presence of all these actors from
the world of politics, of business, of NGO’s, of regions and cities, of
education and research, of industry and professional umbrella organisa-
tions also attracts the presence of journalists and the media. Having a
desk in Brussels is certainly a must for any national newspaper or broad-
casting organisation. For some who have the financial resources, this can
be a floor in an office block with a handful of staff but for many, this
is just a man or woman with a laptop and a press-badge.29 Either way,
they are invaluable sources of information for the audiences at home and
often, the Brussels correspondent for the national TV- or radio-stations
is as familiar to regular consumers of broadcast news as that of the
Washington-based correspondent. But equally, the immense power held
in Brussels has also meant that specific news organisations have emerged
focused on the machinations of Brussels.
Finally, actors from outside the EU have also come to realise the
significant power concentrated in Brussels and in the EU institutions.
Companies, NGO’s and umbrella organisations from the US, Japan,
China and the BRICS are present in Brussels and this is a trend going in
no direction other than up. Knowing what Brussels says and thinks and
having access to the key players in Brussels is crucial for anyone wishing
to play a key role in global affairs in politics, in the commercial world
and in the world of research and innovation. Understanding Brussels is
crucial and Brussels, always a key player in European history as a cen-
tre of power for the Dukes of Brabant30 and the location of the corona-
tion of Charles V as King of Spain31 and having at various points been
held by the Holy Roman Empire, various Spanish kings, various kings of
the Netherlands, Napoleon and the Austrians, has grown into one of the
most powerful centres in the world. Brussels certainly cannot be ignored.
29 https://voxeurop.eu/en/content/article/3172791-embedded-brussels-bubble,
30https://www.britannica.com/place/Brabant, accessed on 15 January 2019.
31 https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/a-historic-tour-of-brussels-
landmarks-and-heritage-sites/, accessed on 15 January 2019.

2 Working in Brussels
2.1 Countries
Brussels is a dense market for the representation of United Nations-
affiliated countries. Together with Washington, Brussels is one of the
most powerful centres of diplomatic representation.
It is very important to differentiate EU representation from bilateral
embassies and their diplomatic emissaries to the Kingdom of Belgium.
The term “EU embassies” is to be understood to identify different
institutions, with diverse responsibilities and other persons empow-
ered by each country to represent those interests before the European
institutions.
There is of course another tranche of embassies, those affiliated to
NATO,32 which are not dealt with in this research. By way of example,
Germany has a diplomatic embassy in Brussels33 which focuses on the
bilateral relationship with Belgium, a “German embassy to the EU”34—
referred to as a Permanent Representation—and a diplomatic German
representation at NATO,35 and these are three wholly different entities.
Turning now to EU representation: each EU member state has a
Permanent Representation to the EU, based in Brussels. These offices
represent the country’s interests in the EU, as well as providing policy
advice to their national politicians including prime ministers and minis-
ters of European affairs.
i. For example, The Permanent Representation of Sweden to the
European Union in Brussels36 is an extended arm of the Swedish
Government. Its main task is to pursue Swedish interests and poli-
cies effectively in the policy making of the Union. The 120 employ-
ees make it the largest Swedish mission abroad. Officials from all
36 http://www.government.se/sweden-in-the-eu/permanent-representation-of-swe-
den-to-the-eu/, accessed on 16 March 2018.
32https://www.nato.int/cps/ic/natohq/who_is_who_39074.htm, accessed on 7 April
2018.
33https://www.german-embassy.com/de/Germany-Mission-Brussels, accessed on 14
April 2018.
34https://bruessel-eu.diplo.de/eu-en, accessed on 14 April 2018.
35https://nato.diplo.de/, accessed on 14 April 2018.

10 D. LUCA
Ministries serve at the Representation. The primary task of the
Representation is to negotiate in EU-policy development. The
staff takes part in daily negotiations with the European Council of
Ministers’ Working Groups and of the Permanent Representatives’
Committee that prepare ministerial meetings and summits between
the leaders of EU member states.37 The Representation is the
Swedish government’s daily link of contact to the EU institutions.
Analysis and assessments of the Representation are important con-
tributions to the policymaking activities of the Government on
EU-related matters. Reaching out to the public about Sweden’s
work in the EU is a priority. Sweden’s Permanent Representation
to the EU is located in the Brussels city center, within walking dis-
tance of the European institutions.
ii.
As a relatively fresh member state, Romania is determined to make
best use of the opportunities created by her new status and con-
tribute to the further development of the European project.38
Approximately 100 Romanian diplomats are now working in the
Permanent Representation of Romania to the EU.39 “The benefits of
Romania’s EU accession are mostly related to the access on the inter-
nal market, free movement, economic growth, cohesion and access to
EU funds,” explains the Permanent Representative of Romania to
the EU, Luminița Odobescu.40
iii.
EU countries are not alone in holding representation to the EU;
those countries seeking to join the bloc also send missions. Take
for example the Mission of the Republic of Albania to the EU.41
The objective of this institution is to help with the EU accession
negotiating process. Special Albanian diplomats are appointed in
Brussels to coordinate the sectorial legislation approach. “I expect
more civic engagement of European citizens. In the case of EU’s insti-
tutions, their complexity have led many citizens to feel disengaged
with the political system. If EU will choose to be stronger it needs to
hear the voice of the citizens, to make them part of the reforming of its
37 http://www.government.se/sweden-in-the-eu/permanent-representation-of-swe-
den-to-the-eu/about/, accessed on 16 March 2018.
38http://ue.mae.ro/en/node/438, accessed on 19 April 2018.
39http://ue.mae.ro/en/node/439, accessed on 19 April 2018.
40Full interview in the Annex.
41http://www.ambasadat.gov.al/european-union/en, accessed on 6 May 2018.

institutions and create the mechanisms for transmitting their vision
of the future EU,” declares Suela Janina, Ambassador of Albania to
EU.42
iv.
Nor is diplomatic representation limited to EU members or coun-
tries in the process of accession to EU membership. The U.S.
Mission to the European Union43 is a direct link between the U.S.
Government and the European Union in Brussels. Once focused
primarily on the trade and economic aspects of the transatlan-
tic relationship, the Mission has evolved as the EU has taken on
new political, judicial, foreign policy, and defence responsibilities.
Staff at the U.S. Mission to the EU includes representatives from
the Department of State (Political, Economic and Public Affairs
Sections), the Foreign Agricultural Service, the Office of the
U.S. Trade Representative, the Foreign Commercial Service, the
Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, and
the Department of Defense and the U.S. Agency for International
Development. “Several former US Ambassadors have made a strong
and positive impact on European affairs,” according to Susan
Danger.44
v.
The Mission of Japan to the EU45 is another example of a G7
country representation in Brussels. “The EU will be required to
respond to globalization by further expanding her trading and
investment relationships with the developing world through conclud-
ing Economic Partners Agreements and Free Trade Agreements,”
states Kazuo Kodama, the Ambassador of Japan to the European
Union.46
vi.
Even micro-states allocate resources for diplomatic missions to the
EU. For example Lichtenstein has an EU embassy in Brussels.47
The activities of the Mission in Brussels are focused primarily
43https://useu.usmission.gov/mission/useu/sections-offices/, accessed on 16 March
2018.
45http://www.eu.emb-japan.go.jp/itprtop_en/index.html, accessed on 19 April 2018.
47 http://www.regierung.li/ministries/ministry-for-foreign-affairs/diplomatic-rep-
resentations/brussels-b/staff-contacts/, accessed on 17 March 2018.

12 D. LUCA
on the EU.48 This is due to Liechtenstein’s membership in the
European Economic Area (EEA), the association of Liechtenstein
with the Schengen and Dublin Agreements as well as further areas
of cooperation with the EU. The Ambassador and the staff of the
Mission represent Liechtenstein in various EEA/EFTA bodies.
Many countries present in Brussels combine “bilateral diplomacy” with
“EU diplomacy”. Thus, some buildings in Brussels house both embassies
in the same premises.
Some countries opt for representation using the same person as the
head of the bilateral and multilateral mission. A concrete example is
that of Georgia. Natalie Sabanadze is Ambassador/Head of Georgian
Mission to the EU, but also Ambassador of Georgia to Belgium and
Luxembourg.49
2.2 Regions and Cities
In addition to the countries, there are around 300 European Regions and
Cities, which also have their “permanent representations” in Brussels.
Regional representations have their own structures, which are largely
copied from the institutional models in place in their home countries.
Although these are informal bodies, they are consultative bodies recog-
nised by the European Union. Some of the regions, such as the German
Länder, are powerful entities in Brussels, with imposing office buildings
and a large staff.
i.
The Representation of the State of Baden-Württemberg to the
European Union50 ensures that the voice of the State is heard in
Brussels, and also focuses the attention of the State on develop-
ments taking place in Europe from the earliest possible juncture.
ii.
West Finland European Office (WFEO)51 is the regional office of
West Finland, representing the interests of Ostrobothnia, South
48 http://www.regierung.li/ministries/ministry-for-foreign-affairs/diplomatic-rep-
resentations/brussels-b/multilateral-and-bilateral-relations/, accessed on 17 March 2018.
49https://twitter.com/natasabanadze, accessed on 21 March 2018.
50https://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/government/baden-wuerttemberg-in-eu-
rope-and-the-world/state-representation-in-brussels/, accessed on 17 March 2018.
51https://www.wfeo.fi/en/, accessed on 17 March 2018.

Ostrobothnia, Satakunta and Central Finland in Brussels. It follows
EU policies closely and provides information on EU funding pro-
grammes and co-operation opportunities for stakeholders. Based
on the smart specialisation strategies in West Finland, the office
focuses on energy, robotics, food and bioeconomy, cyber security,
education and health. Four full time staff are located in Brussels to
represent this region.52
iii.
Région des Pays de la Loire has seven full time permanent staff in
Brussels.53
iv.
Stockholm Region EU Office serves as a representation office for
Stockholm Region in Brussels with five full-time employees. The
Office is a company fully owned by the non-profit organization
the Stockholm Region Association for European Affairs, represent-
ing eight local and regional governments. The Office has the task
of coordinating and promoting the common political interests of
the Association’s members and state the regions’ joint positions
and recommendations towards EU policy makers. The Stockholm
Region aims to contribute to those EU policy initiatives that open
up opportunities or constitute barriers to the region in its aim to
continue being one of the most competitive metropolitan regions
in Europe.54
v.
The House of Slovak Regions in Brussels55 acts as an umbrella
office for eight Slovak self-governing regions. Its activities
towards European institutions and other regional representations
in Brussels focus on increasing the awareness and information of
Slovak regions about the EU policies and possibilities resulting
thereof.
vi.
Since its inauguration, the Vienna House56 has basically been act-
ing as an extension of Vienna’s European policy by serving as place
52https://www.wfeo.fi/kontaktuppgifter-en-us/, accessed on 17 March 2018.
53 http://www.paysdelaloire.fr/index.php?id=10122no_cache=1tx_ttnews%5Btt_
news%5D=41581, accessed on 12 April 2018.
54https://stockholmregion.org/about-us/, accessed on 25 May 2018.
55 http://www.region-bsk.sk/en/article/house-of-slovak-regions-in-brussels.aspx,
accessed on 17 March 2018.
56https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/eu/vienna-house/, accessed on
17 March 2018.

14 D. LUCA
of discussion, networking and encounter. Thus, the original objec-
tive of this institution on the one hand always embodied the provi-
sion of assistance to EU institutions and networks of which the City
of Vienna is a member; this primary purpose was moreover com-
plemented by an event roster that highlights Vienna’s interests vis-
à-vis the EU, presents departments and enterprises from Vienna
or showcases Viennese culture in Brussels. “The Treaty of Lisbon
changed a lot with regard to co-legislation and a stronger role for the
European Parliament for responsible in EU affairs. Today, cities and
local authorities must have much closer contact with MEPs and institu-
tions like Committee of the Regions and European Economic and Social
Committee in order to advocate for our issues,” concluded Michaela
Kauer, Director of the Brussels Liaison Office of the City of Vienna.57
“Regional representations from different countries have excellent networks,
notably the ones from Germany and to a lesser extent Italy,” according to
Adrian Harris.58
The formal representation of regional and local authorities takes place
through the Committee of the Regions59 an advisory body set up by the
1992 Treaty of Maastricht to represent subnational, regional and local
actors within the EU. Regional and city representations have a strong
link with the Committee of the Regions, an institution that brings
together local elected members of the EU member states. Often, these
regional representatives support the content and infrastructure of the
elected representatives coming from the same area and who have a man-
date at the level of the Committee of the Regions.
There are a number of representative associations of European regions
or cities. Some local structures decide to interact with the world of
European institutions also (or only) through this form of association.
i.
The Assembly of European Regions (AER)60 is the largest independ-
ent network of regions in wider Europe, gathering regions from 35
countries—from Norway to Turkey and from Russia to Portugal.
59http://cor.europa.eu.
60https://aer.eu/aer-largest-independent-network-regions-wider-europe/, accessed on
21 March 2018.

ii.
EUROCITIES is the network of major European cities.61 The
members are the elected local and municipal governments of
major European cities. The objective is to reinforce the important
role that local governments should play in a multilevel govern-
ance structure. They aim to shape the opinions of Brussels stake-
holders and ultimately shift the focus of EU legislation in a way
which allows city governments to tackle strategic challenges at
local level.
iii.
The Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR)62
is the oldest and broadest European association of local and
regional governments. It is the only organisation that brings
together the national associations of local and regional govern-
ments from 42 European countries and represents, through them,
all levels of territories—local, intermediate and regional.
iv.
The Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions (CPMR) brings
together some 160 Regions from 25 States from the European
Union and beyond. It operates both as a think tank and as a lobby
for Regions.63
v. Founded in 2001, ERRIN64 is a unique Brussels-based platform of
more than 120 regional stakeholders organisations most of whom
are represented by their Brussels offices. ERRIN promotes knowl-
edge exchange between its members, focusing on joint actions and
project partnerships to strengthen regional research and innovation
capacities.
vi.
The Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy is the world’s
largest movement for local climate and energy actions. The initi-
ative now gathers 7000+local and regional authorities across 57
countries.65 18 full-time persons are located in its Brussels EU
office.66
61http://www.eurocities.eu/eurocities/about_us, accessed on 21 March 2018.
62http://www.ccre.org/en/article/introducing_cemr, accessed on 21 March 2018.
63http://cpmr.org/who-we-are/, accessed on 3 April 2018.
64https://www.errin.eu/content/about-us, accessed on 21 March 2018.
65 https://www.covenantofmayors.eu/about/covenant-initiative/origins-and-develop-
ment.html, accessed on 26 April 2018.
66 https://www.covenantofmayors.eu/about/support-the-community/office.html,
accessed on 26 April 2018.

16 D. LUCA
vii. Founded in 2008 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the
Treaty of Rome as a cooperation network of intermediate local
authorities across Europe, the European Confederation of Local
Intermediate Authorities (CEPLI)67 became in 2011 a non-profit
organisation recognised under Belgian Law. “Local Intermediate
Authorities hold a specific position and have common characteris-
tics that, over the course of time, have proved particularly suited to
achieving European social, economic and territorial cohesion. Every
year, CEPLI organizes a political conference and high level meet-
ings with EU representatives (Commission, Parliament, CoR, The
Congress of Local and Regional Authorities…),” clarifies Paul-
Emile Mottard, President of CEPLI.68
British regions are also well represented in Brussels. For example, the
West Midlands in Europe69 is the representative office for the West
Midlands region in Brussels. Established in 2000 as a broad member-
ship-based partnership, building on twenty years of local authority pres-
ence in Brussels, West Midlands in Europe brings together regional
partners to engage in evolving EU policy and legislation which will
impact on the region and to participate in EU funding opportunities to
support regional priorities.
Another UK representation is the London Municipality, which is pres-
ent in Brussels.70 The City Office in Brussels represents the needs of an
international financial marketplace. It liaises between the City and both
the EU institutions and Member States—strengthening the dialogues
between them.
“UK regions are and have been great and active partners for other
regions,” declares Ilse Penders-Stadlmann, the Director of the Office
of Lower Austria in Brussels.71 Brexit will raise questions related to
the structure of future policies, implications to the EU budget, impact
67http://www.cepli.eu/general-presentation-16384771, accessed on 21 March 2018.
69https://wmie.wordpress.com/about/, accessed on 17 March 2018.
70 https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/eu-and-regulation/city-office-brussels/
Pages/default.aspx, accessed on 17 March 2018.
71http://www.east-of-england.eu/documents/presentations/pdf_ilse%20penders-stadl-
mann_brexit%20conference%2028%2002%202018.pdf, accessed on 15 April 2018.

Other documents randomly have
different content

they would know soon enough. I told them he had a red light, and I
knew Slack would tell him what happened in the basement.
Mr. Hubert. So then you flipped the button for the hot line at
O’Neal Funeral Home?
Mrs. Cason. Yes; I did.
Mr. Hubert. Did you get it immediately?
Mrs. Cason. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. What happened then?
Mrs. Cason. It is just a matter of seconds until they answered,
and I told them that someone just shot Oswald in the basement,
and we needed a white ambulance, code 3, to the basement.
Mr. Hubert. What does code 3 mean?
Mrs. Cason. Code 3, red lights and sirens, as fast as possible.
Mr. Hubert. What did the man on the other end say to you?
Mrs. Cason. He told me he would send ambulance 607, from his
office, and I told him, “Okay,” and hung up the phone.
Mr. Hubert. Now, who were you speaking to, do you know?
Mrs. Cason. I do not know. Sometimes they will give their names
when they answer, and sometimes they do not, and I do not
remember if he did or not.
Mr. Hubert. He told you that 607, ambulance 607, would answer
this call?
Mrs. Cason. Yes; he did.
Mr. Hubert. And answer it under conditions of code 3, that is to
say, as fast as possible, red lights and sirens.
Mrs. Cason. Yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. What happened next?

Mrs. Cason. Apparently I must have told Officer C. E. Hulse, who
was on the radio, that Oswald had just been shot, and I had ordered
an ambulance, and by then I proceeded to make up the call sheet,
which is just routine work that we do in the office on every call that
we take.
Mr. Hubert. All right. Now, you have before you Exhibit 5135,
which is the call sheet we are talking about, and I notice written in
hand, “605 on air,” and it seems to be next to the initials, “F.C.” Is
that language, to wit, “Ambulance 605 on air,” in your handwriting?
Mrs. Cason. Yes; it is.
Mr. Hubert. Are the initials “F.C.” your initials?
Mrs. Cason. Yes; they are.
Mr. Hubert. Now, can you tell us about when you made up that
card?
Mrs. Cason. Immediately after ordering the ambulance I made up
the call sheet. I did not have to look up the district or any of the
information because I knew it all by memory, and we have a lot of
calls to city hall, and normally use 2000 and Main, and I knew, of
course, it was district 102, and——
Mr. Hubert. And the top of the card shows it is district 102?
Mr. Hubert. Now, there is also on that Exhibit 5135, and it
appears in blue ink printed by someone in the column entitled,
“Ambulance ordered,” the following: “C—11:12 a.m., November 24th
——”
Mrs. Cason. 11:21, it said——
Mr. Hubert. “11:21,” I beg your pardon. Then the column
immediately below that, “Time received,” “C—11:21 a.m., November
24th.”
Can you explain that to us, please?

Mrs. Cason. Well, the writing was not on the original call sheet.
The original call sheet was stamped in the timeclock. The only
reason I can see for it is that in the copying of the call sheet, the
printed matter did not show up, and it was necessary to write this in
in ink.
Mr. Hubert. In other words, it is your thought that the original of
which 5135 is a photostatic copy, has got the time printed, and that
someone just simply wrote it in?
Mrs. Cason. I feel like it was stamped; yes, sir. I am almost
positive it was.
Mr. Hubert. This writing in blue ink that I referred to is not in
your handwriting?
Mrs. Cason. No, sir; it is not.
Mr. Hubert. What would have been the normal procedure for
stamping the time in those two columns?
Mrs. Cason. Well, ordinarily, we make up the call sheet before we
stamp it in complete form. In other words, we don’t do part of it and
stamp that and then do part of it again and stamp that time. I,
myself, always stamp the time that the ambulance is ordered
regardless of whether it is on the air or whether it is sent from the
office itself. Whereas, some other telephone clerks may have left the
“Ambulance ordered” place blank for the dispatcher to stamp.
That is, if it was an ambulance on the air call.
Mr. Hubert. You feel certain, therefore, that you, having prepared
the card, did put it into the time clock?
Mrs. Cason. Yes, sir. I feel sure I stamped the card twice as to
the time. Once for the ambulance and——
Mr. Hubert. How long would it take you to prepare the card?
Mrs. Cason. Just a few seconds. It is very routine, and it just
takes a matter of a few seconds if you are familiar with it.

Mr. Hubert. What kind of time clocks are these? I don’t mean the
make of them, but how do they work? Are they automatic?
Mrs. Cason. Yes; they are. They are all electric clocks, and I
believe the name of them is Synchron. They show the time on the
face of the clock, and you insert the call sheet on the place marked
by a red arrow, and when you place the call sheet in, the weight of it
causes the clock to stamp the time.
Mr. Hubert. You do not have to punch anything down?
Mrs. Cason. The weight of the card causes the clock to stamp the
time.
Mr. Hubert. Now, is that clock checked at any time as to
accuracy?
Mrs. Cason. I don’t know how often they are checked. I do know
that sometimes we find a discrepancy as to the time on the clock
insofar as sometimes when we dispatch—when we sent a call sheet
through and the time received may be—it says, this could have been
11:23 on the time I received the call, and when we dispatched it it
would have shown 11:22, then we would know that the clocks were
off, because we couldn’t—I couldn’t receive a call after we had
dispatched it.
Mr. Hubert. But, the dispatcher would be using a different clock
from you?
Mrs. Cason. And when we find these errors in these clocks this
way, someone in the office usually adjusts them to where they all
are stamping the same time. It doesn’t happen very often that they
get out of time, but sometimes they do.
Mr. Hubert. They are not all tied into a master clock?
Mrs. Cason. No; not as far as I know. I don’t really know how the
system works, but I don’t believe they are. I believe they are all on
individual basis.

Mr. Hubert. I notice that Exhibit 5135 shows an “M.J.”; is that in
your handwriting?
Mrs. Cason. Yes; it is.
Mr. Hubert. Well——
Mrs. Cason. These are the initials of Officer M. J. Jackson who
was working on the radio with Officer C. E. Hulse at the time the
calls were dispatched. The way our radio is set up part of the squads
are handled by this officer on one side of the board and part of the
squads and the ambulances and APB, which is traffic investigators
are handled by the officer on the other side of the radio board, and
Mr. Jackson was sitting on the side of the board that would handle a
call in the downtown area. That is why I placed his initial on the call
sheet, but when it got in there Officer Hulse had already been
talking to the ambulance and was dispatching the call rather than
Mr. Jackson.
Mr. Hubert. Have you stated yet whether you conveyed the
information about Oswald being shot to Officer Hulse by word of
mouth?
Mrs. Cason. No.
Mr. Hubert. Tell us what happened there?
Mrs. Cason. There is a discrepancy in the number of the
ambulance that was on the call sheet and the number of the
ambulance that was told to me that would be sent by the ambulance
company. I feel that the reason for this is because I called Officer
Hulse over the intercom that we have between the telephone clerk’s
office and the radio dispatcher’s office and told him that Oswald had
been shot, and I was sending an ambulance, and it is my
understanding that ambulance 605 was cleared in the downtown
area, and he gave it to ambulance 605, and told me to clear 607
through the office, so, rather than put 607 on the call sheet, I put
ambulance 605 on the air, because he was giving the call on the air.

Mr. Hubert. Well, Officer Hulse got the information that Oswald
was shot and that an ambulance was needed from you?
Mrs. Cason. I do not have total recall about the matter, but I feel
like Officer Hulse knew Oswald had been shot. This is my only
explanation for it. It was busy that day and things were confusing,
and I just feel like this is what must have happened. It’s not unusual
for us to tell them about things like this on the intercom that is
placed there for that reason, like if we have an armed robbery they
can tell them the location and they can have a squad practically
there before we can make up the call sheet, because it takes longer
to make up a call sheet if you have to look up the district, and we do
not know all of the districts. I happened to know what district this
call was in.
Mr. Hubert. That is why it was easy and quick for you to make up
your call sheet, identified as Exhibit 5135?
Mr. Hubert. Now, is there anything that we have not covered, to
your recollection?
Mrs. Cason. I can’t think of anything other than that we did not
know the exact time that Oswald was to be transferred and I might
clarify the matter as to why Officer Farr was on channel 2. Channel 2
was maintained throughout the whole time that President Kennedy
was in town and was used for special services such as the—if we
have a whole lot of extra traffic men and solo motorcycles and
things of this sort to keep them off of channel 1, they set up channel
2, and put all of those people on that channel 2, and I feel sure that
this must have been the case this day, because they must have had
all sorts of extra people set up for the transfer from the city hall to
the county jail and this is probably why Officer Farr was maintaining
channel 2.
Mr. Hubert. But this call went out on channel 1?
Mrs. Cason. This call went out on channel 1, but other than that,
I can’t think of anything else I know that might have any bearing on

this whatsoever.
Mr. Hubert. Let me ask you this: We did have an interview, didn’t
we, immediately before the beginning of this deposition?
Mrs. Cason. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Can you think of anything that we discussed in the
course of that interview which has not been covered in this
deposition?
Mrs. Cason. Only pertaining to the squad dispatched, and I
believe Officer Hulse can cover that. Other than that, I can’t think of
anything.
Mr. Hubert. All right, now, do you perceive any inconsistencies
between the interview and the facts brought out in the interview and
your deposition now being taken?
Mrs. Cason. No; I don’t.
Mr. Hubert. I think that is all, then. Thank you very much.
Mrs. Cason. Thank you.

TESTIMONY OF MICHAEL HARDIN
The testimony of Michael Hardin was taken at 4:30 p.m., on
March 31, 1964, in the office of the U.S. attorney, 301 Post Office
Building, Bryan and Ervay Streets, Dallas, Tex., by Mr. Leon D.
Hubert, Jr., assistant counsel of the President’s Commission.
Mr. Hubert. This is the deposition of—Michael?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. [Spelling] M-i-c-h-a-e-l? H-a-r-d-e-n?
Mr. Hardin. -i-n.
Mr. Hubert. [Spelling] H-a-r-d-i-n?
Mr. Hubert. My name is Leon D. Hubert, I am a member of the
advisory staff of the General Counsel of the President’s Commission.
Under the provisions of the Executive Order No. 11130, dated
November 29, 1963, Joint Resolution of Congress 137, and the rules
of procedure adopted by the Commission in conformance with that
Executive order and the joint resolution, I have been authorized to
take a sworn deposition from you, Mr. Hardin, identified in my
authority as the proper representative of the O’Neal Funeral Home. I
state to you now that the general nature of the Commission’s
inquiry, to ascertain, evaluate, and report upon the facts relating to
the assassination of President Kennedy and subsequent violent
death of Harvey Lee Oswald. In particular to you, Mr. Hardin, the
nature of our inquiry today is to determine the facts you know about

the death of Oswald and any other pertinent facts you may know
about the general inquiry including the ambulance call and the
documents relative to that of the O’Neal Funeral Home.
Now, Mr. Hardin, I think you have appeared today by virtue of a
general request made by Mr. J. Lee Rankin, who is the General
Counsel of the Commission’s staff. And that general request—rather
it was a particular request to the O’Neal Funeral Home to have its
representatives come and have their depositions taken and to
produce certain documents relative to the matter under inquiry.
Have you received a copy of that letter?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; I haven’t.
Mr. Hubert. Well, under the rules adopted by the Commission you
would be entitled to a 3-day written notice prior to the taking of this
deposition, but the rules also provide that you can waive that 3-day
written notice if you so wish. Do you desire to waive it?
Mr. Hubert. Then, will you raise your right hand so that I may
administer the oath. Do you solemnly swear to tell the truth, the
whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help you God?
Mr. Hardin. I do.
Mr. Hubert. Will you state your full name, please?
Mr. Hardin. Michael Norfleet Hardin.
Mr. Hubert. And your age?
Mr. Hardin. Twenty-three.
Mr. Hubert. Your residence?
Mr. Hardin. 1311 Exeter.
Mr. Hubert. Dallas?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; it is in Dallas.
Mr. Hubert. And your occupation?

Mr. Hardin. I drive one of the city contract emergency
ambulances.
Mr. Hubert. Now, on November 24, what was your occupation?
Mr. Hardin. City ambulance, or contract emergency ambulance
driver.
Mr. Hubert. What connection have you with O’Neal?
Mr. Hardin. I drive the ambulance for the funeral home. We are
under contract to the city for emergency ambulance service.
Mr. Hubert. Now, you have produced written records which you
have in your hand now. Do you, from your own knowledge, know
those records to be the official records of the O’Neal Funeral Home?
Mr. Hardin. Yes; I do.
Mr. Hubert. Are those records relied upon by the O’Neal Funeral
Home in the course of their ordinary normal business transactions?
Mr. Hardin. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Is it a normal administrative matter to make such
records as you now hold in your hand, which you are producing?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; it is.
Mr. Hubert. Well, now, we’ll mark these various documents for
identification, as follows, to wit: And I might add that although you
have the originals we have compared the originals, have we not,
with these photostatic copies, and, of course, they are identical.
Therefore, I am not going to take the original from you, or even
mark them for identification, but use, for all purposes the photostatic
copies that you have supplied and you may keep the originals, or
return them where you got them from. But for the purposes of
identification, now, let us mark the documents as follows: There is
an ambulance call record which I am identifying as follows:
“Dallas, Tex., March 31, 1964. Exhibit No. 5125, deposition of
Michael Hardin,” and signing my name on it.

Mr. Hardin. Okay, sir.
Mr. Hubert. There is another ambulance call record which I am
marking as follows: “Dallas, Tex., March 31, 1964. Exhibit 5126.
Deposition of Michael Hardin,” and signing my name on it. Finally
there is a call ticket bearing number 35127, which I am marking,
“Dallas, Tex., March 31, 1964. Exhibit 5127, Deposition of Michael
Hardin,” and signing my name on the bottom of it, and for the
purposes of identification and so that the record may show that we
are both talking about the same documents I will ask you to sign
your name near mine, or below on each one of the three.
Mr. Hardin. All right.
Mr. Hubert. Now, Mr. Hardin, I hand you the document which has
been marked for identification as Exhibit 5125, and ask you to
identify that document for the record.
Mr. Hardin. That is the ambulance call sheet—we—that was the
original call sheet from the—made from the call itself, or at the time
of the call itself.
Mr. Hubert. Now, whose handwriting appears on that?
Mr. Hardin. That is our dispatcher, or Hal Priddy, this is his
handwriting.
Mr. Hubert. That is Harold—Hal Priddy. [Spelling] P-r-i-d-d-y?
Mr. Hubert. He is outside in the hall right now?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; he is.
Mr. Hubert. Do you recognize the handwriting?
Mr. Hardin. I am not too familiar with it, really.
Mr. Hubert. That is all right. He will identify it.
Mr. Hardin. Well——

Mr. Hubert. I show you a document marked previously for
identification as 5126, and ask you to identify that document.
Mr. Hardin. This is a copy of the call sheet taken from the police
dispatcher’s tape.
Mr. Hubert. Whose handwriting appears on that sheet?
Mr. Hardin. This is my handwriting on this one.
Mr. Hubert. As I see it, that is sort of a reconstruction, or
amendment of the first document, 5125, is that correct?
Mr. Hubert. There is some data missing from 5125, which is
supplied on 5126, is that right?
Mr. Hubert. And you supplied that missing information by
inserting the times, principally, in your own handwriting, which times
you obtained from the police tape relevant to this transaction?
Mr. Hubert. All of that is in your handwriting?
Mr. Hubert. Do you state now for the record that those times
entered on Exhibit 5126, were accurate entries as you gathered
them and found out about them from the police log?
Mr. Hardin. That’s right; yes, sir.
Mr. Hubert. Now, I show you the document marked 5127, and
ask you if you can identify that.
Mr. Hardin. That is the ambulance—the call ticket that was made
on the call.
Mr. Hubert. Whose handwriting is that document written in?
Mr. Hardin. That is my handwriting.

Mr. Hubert. When was it written?
Mr. Hardin. Written at the time of the call, or right after the call
was made.
Mr. Hubert. And before you answered the call?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; after we had already answered the call and
cleared.
Mr. Hubert. In other words, after the person had been brought to
the hospital?
Mr. Hubert. You then executed that form. All right. Now, tell us
what you know about what happened on November 24, 1963.
Mr. Hardin. We were en route to the funeral home from veterans
hospital, and we were on the Stemmons Freeway, about a quarter of
a mile southwest of Industrial Boulevard, and we received a call that
—at 11:21 over the police radio on signal 19, which is a shooting in
the basement of the city hall.
Mr. Hubert. Did you have radio equipment in your car?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; we do. It is police radio equipment. Hooked
up directly with the police dispatcher. Just regular police equipment.
Mr. Hubert. Is it 2-way?
Mr. Hardin. Yes; 3-way.
Mr. Hubert. Three-way?
Mr. Hubert. What is the third way?
Mr. Hardin. We can talk to the squads and they can talk back to
us and we can talk to the dispatcher and he can talk, and we can
talk to the squad and the dispatcher.
Mr. Hubert. I see. It is customary for you to have that radio
machine open and operating when you are traveling?

Mr. Hubert. Well, tell us what you heard.
Mr. Hardin. Well, a call came out on signal 19, in the basement.
Mr. Hubert. Did you know what signal 19 meant?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; it means shooting.
Mr. Hubert. How is it identified as being a shooting in the
basement?
Mr. Hardin. They gave us the call as signal 19, in the basement.
Code 3, which means emergency, red lights and sirens, and at the
time I heard them dispatch three squads, I believe it was, to the
basement on this call, and at that time they dispatched us to the call
and——
Mr. Hubert. Who dispatched you?
Mr. Hardin. This police dispatcher. They phoned—the dispatcher
phoned our office, O’Neal’s Funeral Home and he gave our
dispatcher the call, and our dispatcher in turn told the police
dispatcher we were en route back to the office from the veterans
hospital and should be close to that vicinity when the call came out,
so, he, in turn gave it to us, used our call number, which is 605, and
gave it to us.
Mr. Hubert. Called 605 and you knew that was you?
Mr. Hubert. You also knew what the signal 19 was, and what the
other signal you mentioned——
Mr. Hardin. Code 3.
Mr. Hubert. You knew what that was?
Mr. Hubert. And I think you have explained all these meanings of
signals in the record already?

Mr. Hubert. What did you do then?
Mr. Hardin. We, as I say, we were on the Freeway about a
quarter of a mile—I guess you would call it southwest—of Industrial
and we went on the freeway, from there to Ervay Street, north on
Ervay to Main, and then east on Main Street to city hall.
Mr. Hubert. And you came into the city hall, in your ambulance?
Mr. Hardin. Came off the Main Street entrance to the city hall.
Mr. Hubert. Describe for the record what you saw and what you
did?
Mr. Hardin. Now remembering coming into the basement, there
were police officers standing there guarding the basement to see
nobody got out, and let us go into the basement, and when—and
boy, the basement was pretty crowded, a bunch of photographers
and newsmen down there, and they were moving this van up the
Commerce Street side so we could get in—I mean going up the
ramp toward Commerce Street side, best I remember, now, and
pulled the ambulance up just south of the—well, I don’t—jail office I
guess it would be in there, and stopped the ambulance, and when
we got out I started around the back of the ambulance to take the
stretcher out, and there was a police officer, I don’t remember who
he was or anything, but he must have not recognized me, kind of
pushed me back into the crowd. I guess he thought I was someone
just coming through, so, just a few seconds until he did recognize
me and let me on through——
Mr. Hubert. By the way, was there anyone with you then?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; my rider attendant, was with me.
Mr. Hubert. Who was that?
Mr. Hardin. Harold Wayne Wolfe.
Mr. Hubert. Go ahead.

Mr. Hardin. And I went around to the back of the ambulance, and
my rider opened the back door and took the stretcher out, and went
into the police or jail office, and we saw Oswald lying on the floor
there, and several men around him, and we picked him up and put
him on the stretcher and put him in the ambulance, and then there
were two or three men, I don’t remember now, got into the back of
the ambulance, I believe.
Mr. Hubert. Do you know who they were?
Mr. Hardin. I believe they were police officers and I believe one
of them was Leavelle.
Mr. Hubert. Yes.
Mr. Hardin. I am not sure. And then there was a doctor riding in
the seat in the back, there, and then my assistant was in the front
seat.
Mr. Hubert. How did you know the man was a doctor?
Mr. Hardin. I have seen him at Parkland Hospital several times
and city hall, too, and recognized him as being a doctor.
Mr. Hubert. Do you know his name?
Mr. Hardin. Sir?
Mr. Hubert. Do you know his name?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; I don’t know his name. He was in here just
before us.
Mr. Hubert. Let the record show that Dr. Fred Bieberdorf was in
the hall with the witness, Mr. Hardin, and appeared in this room
where this deposition is being taken just before Mr. Hardin came in.
All right.
Mr. Hardin. And we got him in the car, or ambulance, they drove
the armored truck on out of the basement on the Commerce Street
side, and we went out behind the truck. Of course, the truck was
there when we left, and then went east on Commerce to the

expressway, and north on the expressway to Elm and then west on
Elm to Harwood and north on Harwood to Harry Hines, and north on
Hines to Parkland.
Mr. Hubert. And what happened when you got to Parkland?
Mr. Hardin. When we got to Parkland we went in the emergency
entrance, pulled around there, backed up to the dock. Of course, it
was pretty crowded there, too. People had, I guess, saw the thing
on television and came out there to see us when we came in with
him, and as soon as we got—took him out of the car, took him into
the emergency room—we got to the hall of the emergency room
itself, and they put him on one of their tables from our carriage, and
we cleared from the call, but there was a few minutes before we
cleared.
We were waiting in the hall because it was so crowded that we
couldn’t get through, so we waited in the hall and I imagine it was
about an hour, from the time we got the call before the time we
cleared. I believe it was an hour and 9 minutes, if I am not
mistaken.
Mr. Hubert. Would it help you if you looked at Exhibit No. 5127,
to determine the time of the call?
Mr. Hardin. Well——
Mr. Hubert. As far as the time of the clearance of the call?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; the call was at 11:21, and cleared at 12:30,
and I believe it took 9 minutes from the time we got the call on the
air until we were at Parkland with him.
Mr. Hubert. How did you determine that the call came in at
11:21?
Mr. Hardin. That is the time that I believe the call came into our
office.
Mr. Hubert. That is what you have on Exhibit 5127?

Mr. Hubert. What I mean by that is that Exhibit 5127 was
prepared in your handwriting, but insofar as that time is concerned it
was taken off Exhibit 5125, was it not?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; that’s correct.
Mr. Hubert. There is no mechanism there in the ambulance itself
which fixes the time of a call?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir.
Mr. Hubert. No timeclock or anything?
Mr. Hubert. Now, during all the time you were with Oswald, from
the moment you saw him until the moment he was taken over by
the hospital, did he say anything at all?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; not that I could hear.
Mr. Hubert. Do you remember the name of the patient that you
all had delivered to Veterans Hospital?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; I don’t.
Mr. Hubert. Where had you taken him from?
Mr. Hardin. Let’s see, I’m trying to think. I don’t—we make so
many calls that I—just hard to remember exactly where I had picked
him up.
Mr. Hubert. Man or woman?
Mr. Hardin. It was a man. He was——
Mr. Hubert. Do you remember where you picked him up from?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; that is what I was trying to think.
Mr. Hubert. Nor do you remember his name?
Mr. Hubert. What was the number of the car you were driving?

Mr. Hardin. 605.
Mr. Hubert. You don’t normally cruise around, do you?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; we don’t. As soon as we clear from a call we
go right back to our station. From the time we received the call until
the time we checked out at the city hall, it was just 2 minutes,
according to their tape.
Mr. Hubert. Do you know what the significance of the code 5,
code 6 and so forth is on Exhibit 5126?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir. Code 5 means en route to the scene; code 6
means at the location.
Mr. Hubert. And there is another code on Exhibit 5126, that
means time of departure from the jail?
Mr. Hardin. En route to the hospital.
Mr. Hubert. And code 6 on to that would be arrival at the
hospital?
Mr. Hubert. And 13 means is cleared, in the sense is that you
were dismissed about an hour later?
Mr. Hardin. It all was a little while before that. I don’t believe we
cleared at the hospital. I think I came on back to the funeral home
from the hospital without clearing, because if I am not mistaken, I
believe those phones were all tied up at the hospital and I couldn’t
get to one of them.
Mr. Hubert. Anyhow, from the time you got the call over the radio
until the time you got to the hospital, was exactly 10 minutes?
Mr. Hardin. Let’s see. Yes.

Mr. Hubert. And you got to the jail 3 minutes after you got the
call, approximately, right?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir. Well, from the time we got the call until we
got to the jail, and—let’s see, in 2 minutes, because we actually
received the call at 11:21 and the call from the dispatcher to us at
11:22.
Mr. Hubert. In other words, code 5, on Exhibit 5126, code 5
indicating that 11:22 is the time they put it on the air to you?
Mr. Hardin. Is the time it was given to us.
Mr. Hubert. Well, I’ll ask you to look at Exhibit 5125, and tell me
if you recognize the handwriting on the bottom part of that exhibit
by the printed word “oxygen and remarks.”
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; that handwriting, I don’t recognize.
Mr. Hubert. All right. Now, is there anything further you want to
add to this?
Mr. Hubert. About all you know about it?
Mr. Hardin. Yes, sir; that’s it.
Mr. Hubert. Have you been interviewed by any member of the
Commission other than myself prior to the taking of this deposition?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; I haven’t.
Mr. Hubert. Now, during the interview that you had with me
immediately prior to the taking of this deposition, was anything
brought out material nature which has not been covered in this
deposition?
Mr. Hardin. No, sir; not that I know of, not that I can remember.
Mr. Hubert. All right. Do you know of any inconsistencies
between what you testified here in this deposition and the matter as
to which we look about during the interview which proceeded the
deposition?

Mr. Hubert. All right, thank you very much.

TESTIMONY OF C. E. HULSE
The testimony of C. E. Hulse was taken at 4:30 p.m., on April 1,
1964, in the office of the U.S. attorney, 301 Post Office Building,
Bryan and Ervay Streets, Dallas, Tex., by Mr. Leon D. Hubert, Jr.,
assistant counsel of the President’s Commission.
Mr. Hubert. This is the deposition of Officer C. E. Hulse. Mr.
Hulse, my name is Leon Hubert, and I am a member of the advisory
staff of the General Counsel of the President’s Commission. Under
the provisions of the Executive Order 11130, dated November 29,
1963, the Joint Resolution of Congress No. 137, and the rules of
procedure adopted by the Commission in conformance with this joint
resolution and the Executive order, I have been authorized to take
the sworn deposition of you. I state to you that the general nature
of the Commission’s inquiry is to ascertain, evaluate, and report
upon the facts relating to the assassination of President Kennedy
and the subsequent violent death of Lee Harvey Oswald.
In particular to you, Mr. Hulse, the nature of the inquiry today is
to determine the facts that you know about the death of Oswald and
any other pertinent facts you may know about the general inquiry,
and more particularly, about your actions with respect to putting the
radio call on the air and so forth.
Now, you have appeared here by virtue of a general request
made by Mr. J. Lee Rankin, General Counsel of the Commission.
Under the rules adopted by the Commission, you are normally
entitled to a 3-day written notice before you are required to testify,
but the rules also provide you can waive that notice if you wish to do

so. So, I ask you now if you are willing to waive the 3-day notice
that you would normally be entitled to?
Mr. Hulse. I do.
Mr. Hubert. Will you rise, and raise your right hand so as to be
sworn. Do you solemnly swear that the testimony that will be given
in this matter will be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the
truth, so help you God?
Mr. Hulse. I do.
Mr. Hubert. Will you state your name, please.
Mr. Hulse. C. E. Hulse.
Mr. Hubert. Your age?
Mr. Hulse. Thirty-one.
Mr. Hubert. Where do you live, sir?
Mr. Hulse. 7825 Gayglen.
Mr. Hubert. Dallas?
Mr. Hulse. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. What is your occupation, sir?
Mr. Hulse. Policeman, city of Dallas.
Mr. Hubert. How long have you been so employed?
Mr. Hulse. Six years.
Mr. Hubert. On November 24, 1963, were you on duty?
Mr. Hulse. Yes, sir; I was.
Mr. Hubert. What were your specific duties on that day?
Mr. Hulse. Radio dispatcher.
Mr. Hubert. What does that mean that you do?
Mr. Hulse. Dispatch all calls in the city of Dallas which come
through on the telephone lines.

Mr. Hubert. In other words, you mean that you can get into radio
communication with moving vehicles and other places through
special channels?
Mr. Hulse. That’s right.
Mr. Hubert. What channel were you using, do you remember?
Mr. Hulse. Using channel 1.
Mr. Hubert. Do you know Mrs. Frances Cason?
Mr. Hulse. Yes, I do.
Mr. Hubert. Who is she?
Mr. Hulse. She is a telephone operator for the city of Dallas Police
Department.
Mr. Hubert. Now, I invite you to look at the document before you
which has been marked for identification as: “Dallas, Texas, April 1,
1964. Exhibit 5135, deposition of Frances Cason and C. E. Hulse,”
and ask you whether or not you have signed it?
Mr. Hulse. Yes, I have.
Mr. Hubert. Now, would you tell us what part you played with
reference to the activities reflected by Exhibit 5135?
Mr. Hulse. I dispatched this shooting call to 118, and also
dispatched the same call to ambulance 605, sir.
Mr. Hubert. Now, can you recall how you got the information, or
where you got the information as to the shooting of Oswald?
Mr. Hulse. To the best of my knowledge, I don’t remember who
told me that that he had been shot. Some other officer, or some
other telephone clerk in the dispatcher’s office told me that he had
been shot.
Mr. Hubert. Is it possible that Mrs. Cason——
Mr. Hulse. It is quite possible that she did.

Mr. Hubert. How would she do it? Were you in the same office
with her?
Mr. Hulse. No, now, I was in another office which is divided by a
plate glass, but we also have an intercom system and it is quite
possible she told me through the intercom system that Oswald had
been shot.
Mr. Hubert. When you heard that, what did you do?
Mr. Hulse. I knew that she had already ordered an ambulance. I
knew 605 had just cleared from a previous call. Best I can remember
I asked her what ambulance was going, what ambulance had been
ordered and she told me 607.
Mr. Hubert. All right.
Mr. Hulse. I knew that 605 would probably be closer to the
basement, and I disregarded 607, and ordered 605 on the air.
Mr. Hubert. All right, now, how did you know that 605 was
nearby?
Mr. Hulse. When he heard the call come out on the shooting in
the basement, the best I can remember, he told me he was probably
closer to the basement than 607.
Mr. Hubert. That is to say that you were in radio communication
with 605?
Mr. Hulse. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. Ambulance 605?
Mr. Hulse. Yes.
Mr. Hubert. And he heard the call for ambulance 607?
Mr. Hulse. I am not positive whether he heard—no, he never did
dispatch 607 at all. It was handled through the telephone by Mrs.
Cason, but he knew that there was an ambulance needed for this
shooting victim, and he told me he would probably be closer.
Mr. Hubert. Than the other?

Mr. Hulse. Than any ambulance. I’m not sure whether he said
that he would be closer than 607, but he said closer to the basement
than any other ambulance.
Mr. Hubert. Isn’t it a fact that you had heard ambulance 605, on
channel 1, announcing to his own company just shortly before this
all happened that he was clear and that you remembered that he
was clear and was going back towards his company?
Mr. Hulse. Yes; that is correct. He had just cleared from a
previous call, and was en route back to the company, which I
presume he would be in the immediate downtown vicinity.
Mr. Hubert. And isn’t that the reason why you then, realized that
605 had just cleared, as you had heard him clear over your radio,
and you realized that he was closer, and that is why you called 605?
Mr. Hulse. Yes; plus that he told me that he would probably be
closer himself, on the radio.
Mr. Hubert. I would like you to look at Exhibit 5135 and tell us
what portion of that card is written in your hand?
Mr. Hulse. Just the squad number, which I first dispatched to
squad 108. He was on another assignment, so I dispatched it then
to 118.
Mr. Hubert. So, that the column, or block which there is printed
the word, “Squad assigned is 108,” and it appears to be scratched
out and immediately above it is “118,” is that right?
Mr. Hulse. Yes; that’s correct.
Mr. Hubert. All in your handwriting?
Mr. Hulse. All that.
Mr. Hubert. Now, I notice that there is printed on that card by
what apparently is a timeclock two figures, “time dispatched C-
11:22, November 24,” would you explain what you had to do with
that, if anything?

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Mapping the Influencers in EU Policies Dan Luca

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Mapping the Influencers in EU Policies Dan Luca