bilingual PPT for manufacturing industry, class X, Geography- Chapter - 6
This PPT covers the following topics-
- Manufacturing Industries
- Importance of manufacturing industries
- Contribution of industry in national economy
- Industrial Location
- Classification of industries
- Agro based industries
- Cotton textile industry
- Jute industries
- Sugar industry
- Mineral- based industries
- Iron and steel industry
- Aluminium industry
- Chemical industries
- Cement industry
- Fertilizer industry
- Automobile industry
- Fertilizer industry
- Cement Industry
- Automobile Industry
- Industrial pollution and environmental degradation
- Control of environmental degradation
Bilingual and interesting notes for class X Geography Chapter- 1.
Topics which are covered in this ppt-
- Classification of resources
- Resource planning
- sustainable development
- Agenda 21
- Land resources
- Land utilization
- Land use pattern
- Soil as resource
- Types of soil
- Soil erosion
- Soil conservation
2024 State of Marketing Report тАУ by HubspotMarius Sescu
┬а
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
┬╖ Scaling relationships and proving ROI
┬╖ Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
┬╖ Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
┬╖ The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
┬╖ Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
┬╖ Seeking: A single source of truth
┬╖ TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
┬╖ More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
┬а
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
┬а
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying itтАЩs good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation thatтАЩs least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state theyтАЩre comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
┬а
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
Bilingual and interesting notes for class X Geography Chapter- 1.
Topics which are covered in this ppt-
- Classification of resources
- Resource planning
- sustainable development
- Agenda 21
- Land resources
- Land utilization
- Land use pattern
- Soil as resource
- Types of soil
- Soil erosion
- Soil conservation
2024 State of Marketing Report тАУ by HubspotMarius Sescu
┬а
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
┬╖ Scaling relationships and proving ROI
┬╖ Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
┬╖ Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
┬╖ The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
┬╖ Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
┬╖ Seeking: A single source of truth
┬╖ TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
┬╖ More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
┬а
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
┬а
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying itтАЩs good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation thatтАЩs least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state theyтАЩre comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
┬а
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
┬а
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
┬а
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
┬а
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Desh├й M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy ├Бlvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho Gonz├бlez, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplyt─Ч, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie So╠Иhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
┬а
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
ItтАЩs important that youтАЩre ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
YouтАЩll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If youтАЩre looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
┬а
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the worldтАЩs most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, itтАЩs no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article тАЬ5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its SpeakersтАЭ, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
┬а
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
┬а
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
┬а
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
┬а
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
WeтАЩve stripped back project management processes to the
basics тАУ to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
тАЬIf youтАЩre looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.тАЭ
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
┬а
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
тАв Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
тАв Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
тАв Gain insight into different AI-based tools
тАв Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
The document discusses various AI tools from OpenAI like GPT-3 and DALL-E 2, as well as ChatGPT. It explores how search engines are using AI and things to consider around AI-generated content. Potential SEO uses of ChatGPT are also presented, such as generating content at scale, conducting topic research, and automating basic coding tasks. The document encourages further reading on using ChatGPT for SEO purposes.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
┬а
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka GamesтАЩ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
┬а
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
┬а
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
┬а
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Desh├й M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy ├Бlvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho Gonz├бlez, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplyt─Ч, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie So╠Иhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
┬а
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
ItтАЩs important that youтАЩre ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
YouтАЩll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If youтАЩre looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
┬а
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the worldтАЩs most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, itтАЩs no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article тАЬ5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its SpeakersтАЭ, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
┬а
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
┬а
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
┬а
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
┬а
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
WeтАЩve stripped back project management processes to the
basics тАУ to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
тАЬIf youтАЩre looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.тАЭ
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
┬а
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
тАв Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
тАв Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
тАв Gain insight into different AI-based tools
тАв Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
The document discusses various AI tools from OpenAI like GPT-3 and DALL-E 2, as well as ChatGPT. It explores how search engines are using AI and things to consider around AI-generated content. Potential SEO uses of ChatGPT are also presented, such as generating content at scale, conducting topic research, and automating basic coding tasks. The document encourages further reading on using ChatGPT for SEO purposes.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
┬а
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka GamesтАЩ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
2. Manufacturing Industries
Production of goods in large quantities after
processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called manufacturing.
People employed in the secondary activities
manufacture the primary materials into
finished goods.
The economic strength of a country is
measured by the development of
manufacturing industries.
рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдкрджрд╛рдерд░реНрдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрд╡рд╛рди рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВрдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд┐рд░реНрддрдд
рдХрд░ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рдорд╛рддрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдУ рдВрдХреЗ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЛ
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рд┐рджреНрд╡рддреАрдпрдХ рдХрд╛рдпреЛрд░реНрдВ рдореЗрдВрд▓рдЧреЗрд╡реНрдпрд┐рдХреНрдд рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдорд╛рд▓
рдХреЛ рдкрд┐рд░рд╖реНрдХреГрдд рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдУ рдВрдореЗрдВрдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд┐рд░реНрддрдд рдХрд░рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рд┐рдХрд╕реА рджреЗрд╢ рдХреА рдЖрд┐рд░реНрдердХ рдЙрдиреНрдирд┐рдд рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рд╕реЗрдорд╛рдкреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИред
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
3. Importance of manufacturing рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХрд╛ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡
The manufacturing sector is considered the
backbone of development due to the following
reasons:
Manufacturing industries help in
modernising agriculture as it provides
jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
It helps in the eradication of
unemployment and poverty.
Export of manufactured goods expands
trade and commerce,and brings in
much needed foreign exchange.
It helps in prospering the country by
giving a boost to the economy.
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЛ рдЖрд┐рд░реНрдердХ рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рдХреА рд░реАрдврд╝
рд╕рдордЭрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрд┐рдХ-
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреГрд┐рд╖ рдХреЗ рдЖрдзреБрд┐рдирдХреАрдХрд░рдг рдХреЗ
рд╕рд╛рде-рд╕рд╛рде рд┐рджреНрд╡рддреАрдпрдХ рд╡ рддреГрддреАрдпрдХ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рдУ рдВрдореЗрдВ
рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рднреА рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдХрд░рд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рдмреЗрд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░реА рддрдерд╛ рдЧрд░реАрдмреА рдХреЛ
рдж реВрд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗрдореЗрдВрд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ (рд┐рд╡рд╢реЗрд╖рдХрд░
рд┐рдкрдЫрдбрд╝реЗрдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ)ред
рд┐рдирд┐рд░реНрдордд рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдУ рдВрдХрд╛ рд┐рдирдпрд╛рд░реНрдд рд╡рд╛рд┐рдгрдЬреНрдп рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рдХреЛ
рдмреЭрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИрд┐рдЬрд╕рд╕реЗрдЕрдкреЗрд┐рдХреНрд╖рдд рд┐рд╡рджреЗрд╢реА рдореБрджрд░рд╛ рдХреА
рдкрд░рд╛рд┐рдкреНрдд рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред
рдпрд╣ рдЖрд┐рд░реНрдердХ рд╕рдВрд╡реГрд┐рджреНрдз рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╝рд╛рдХрд░ рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЛ
рд╕рдореГрджреНрдз рдФрд░ рд┐рд╡рдХрд┐рд╕рдд рдмрдирд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
4. Contribution of Industry
to National Economy
Over the last two decades,the share of
manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17 per
cent of GDPтАУout of a total of 27 percent.for
the industry.
This is much lower in comparison to some East
Asian economies,where it is 25 to 35 per
cent.
The trend of growth rate in manufacturing
over the last decade has been around 7 per
cent per annum.The desired growth rate over
the next decade is 12 per cent.
For manufacturing industrial development,The
National Manufacturing Competitiveness
Council (NMCC) has been set up with this
objective.
рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯрд░реАрдп рдЕрдерд░реНрд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди рд┐рдкрдЫрд▓реЗ
рджреЛ рджрд╢рдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗрд╕рдХрд▓ рдШрд░реЗрд▓реВрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВрд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди 27 рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╢рдд рдореЗрдВрд╕реЗ17 рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╢рдд
рд╣реИред
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдЕрдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдкреВрд╡реАрд░реН рдПрд┐рд╢рдпрд╛рдИ рджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди рд╕рдХрд▓ рдШрд░реЗрд▓реВрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж рдХрд╛ 25
рд╕реЗ35 рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╢рдд рд╣реИред
рд┐рдкрдЫрд▓реЗрдПрдХ рджрд╢рдХ рд╕реЗрднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░ рдореЗрдВ7
рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╢рдд рдкрд░рд┐рдд рд╡рд╖рд░реНрдХреА рджрд░ рд╕реЗрдмреЭреЛрддрд░реА рд╣реБрдИ рд╣реИред
рдмреЭреЛрддрд░реА рдХреА рдпрд╣ рджрд░ рдЕрдЧрд▓реЗрджрд╢рдХ рдореЗрдВ12 рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╢рдд
рдЕрдкреЗрд┐рдХреНрд╖рдд рд╣реИред
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рдХреЗ рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рд╕реЗрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯрд░реАрдп
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╕реНрдкрдзрд╛рд░реНрдкрд┐рд░рд╖рдж реН (The National
Manufacturing Competitiveness Council) рдХреА
рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдХреА рдЧрдпреА рд╣реИред
рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдЕрдерд░реНрд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
5. Industrial Location
Industrial locations are influenced by the
availability of:
Raw material
Labour
Capital
Power
Market
Government policies
Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the
most appropriate place where all the factors
of industrial location are either available or
can be arranged at a lower cost.
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдЕрд╡рд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рдХреЛ рдкрд░рднрд╛рд┐рд╡рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ
рдХрд╛рд░рдХ:-
рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХреА рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрддрд╛,
рд╢рд░рд┐рдордХ,
рдкреВрдБрдЬреА,
рд╢рд┐рдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдзрди
рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдЖрд┐рдж рдХреА рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрддрд╛
рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдиреАрд┐рддрдпрд╛рдБ
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреАрд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рд╡рд╣реА рд╕реНрдерд╛рди
рдЙрдкрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╣реИрдВрдЬрд╣рд╛рдБрдпреЗрдХрд╛рд░рдХ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рд╣реЛрдВ рдЕрдерд╡рд╛
рдЬрд╣рд╛рдБрдЗрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВрдХрдо рдХреАрдордд рдкрд░ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдХрд░рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛
рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдЕрд╡рд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
6. Figure 6.1
Industry-Market
Linkages
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдмрд╛реЫрд╛рд░ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдз
Inputs ( рд┐рдирд╡реЗрд╢ )
Raw Materials and/or component parts
рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рдорд╛рд▓ рддрдерд╛/рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдШрдЯрдХ
Factors of Production ( рдЙ'рд╛рджрди рдШрдЯрдХ )
Land,labour,capital,entrepreneur,infrastructure
рднреВрд┐рдо,рд╢рд░рдо,рдкреВрдБрдЬреА, рдЙрджреНрдпрдореА,рдЕрд╡рд╕рдВрд░рдЪрдирд╛
Outputs рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдорд╛рд▓
(Products) рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж
Money рдкреВрдБрдЬреА
Factory рдХрд╛рд░рдЦ
рд╝ рд╛рдирд╛
Market рдмрд╛рдЬ
рд╝ рд╛рд░
Transport рдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд╣рди
Transport рдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд╣рди
7. After an industrial activity starts,
urbanisation follows.Sometimes,
industries are located in or near the
cities.
Thus,industrialisation and urbanisation
go hand in hand.
Many industries tend to come together
to make use of the advantages offered
by the urban centres known as
agglomeration economies.
Gradually,a large industrial
agglomeration takes place.
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдкрд░рд┐рдХрд░рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рдкрд░рд╛рд░рдВрдн рд╣реЛрдиреЗрдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде-
рд╕рд╛рде рдирдЧрд░реАрдХрд░рдг рдкрд░рд╛рд░рдВрдн рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдХрднреА-рдХрднреА
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╢рд╣рд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдпрд╛ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд┐рдирдХрдЯ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдП
рдЬрд╛рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рдЗрд╕ рдкрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдФрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреАрдХрд░рдг рддрдерд╛ рдирдЧрд░реАрдХрд░рдг
рд╕рд╛рде-рд╕рд╛рде рдЪрд▓рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рдирдЧрд░ рдХреЗрдВрджрд░реЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рджреА рдЧрдИ рд╕реБрд┐рд╡рдзрд╛рдУ рдВрд╕реЗ
рд▓рд╛рднрд╛рдВрд┐рд╡рдд,рдХрдИ рдмрд╛рд░ рдмрд╣ реБрдд рд╕реЗрдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдирдЧрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ
рдЖрд╕ рдкрд╛рд╕ рд╣реА рдХреЗрдВрд┐рджрд░рдд рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддреЗрд╣реИрдВ рд┐рдЬрд╕реЗ
тАШрд╕рдореВрд╣рди рдмрдЪрддтАЩ (agglomeration economy)
рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдРрд╕реЗрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рдзреАрд░реЗ-рдзреАрд░реЗрдмреЬрд╛ рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ
рд╕рдореВрд╣рди рд╕реНрдерд╛рд┐рдкрдд рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Industrial Location рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдЕрд╡рд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
8. Ideal location
of
an Industry
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдЖрджрд╢рд░реН
рдЕрд╡рд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд
Cost of obtaining raw materials at site
рдЙрд╕ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдкрд░ рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рдорд╛рд▓ рдкрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗрдХреА
рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд
Cost of distribution of production
рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рддрд░рдг рдХреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд
Decision to locate factory at site
рдЙрд╕ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдкрд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдХрд╛
рд┐рдирдгрд░реНрдп
Cost of production at site
рдЙрд╕ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдкрд░ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд
Figure 6.2
9. Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Classification of Industries
I. On the basis of source of raw
materials used:
I. Agro based: cotton,woollen,jute,silk textile,
rubber and sugar,tea, coffee,edible oil.
II. Mineral based: iron and steel,cement,
aluminium,machine tools,petrochemicals.
II. According to their main role:
I. Basic or key industries are those which
supply their products as raw materials to
manufacture other goods e.g. iron and steel
and copper smelting,aluminium smelting.
II. Consumer industries that produce goods for
direct use by consumers тАУ sugar,toothpaste,
paper,sewing machines,fans etc.
I. рдкреНрд░рдпреБрдХреНрдд рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗ рдорд╛рд▓ рдХ
реЗ рд╕реНрд░реЛрдд рдХ
реЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░-
i. рдХреГрд┐рд╖ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд- рд╕реВрддреА рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░, рдКрдиреА рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░,рдкрдЯрд╕рди,
рд░реЗрд╢рдо рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░,рд░рдмрд░, рдЪреАрдиреА,рдЪрд╛рдп,рдХреЙрдл
рд╝ реА рддрдерд╛
рд╡рдирд╕реНрдкрд┐рдд рддреЗрд▓ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
ii. рдЦрд┐рдирдЬ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд- рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд,рд╕реАрдореЗрдВрдЯ,
рдПрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо,рдорд╢реАрди,рдФрдЬрд╛рд░ рддрдерд╛ рдкреЗрдЯрд░реЛ-рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
II. рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рднреВрд┐рдордХрд╛ рдХ
реЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░-
I. рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рднреВрдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рд┐рдЬрдирдХреЗ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдпрд╛ рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗ
рдорд╛рд▓ рдкрд░ рдж реВрд╕рд░реЗрдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд┐рдирднрд░реНрд░ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ-рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛
рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд,рддрд╛рдБрдмрд╛ рдкрд░рдЧрд▓рди рд╡ рдПрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо рдкрд░рдЧрд▓рди
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
II. рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рдЬреЛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рдУ рдВрдХреЗ
рд╕реАрдзреЗрдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реЗрддреБрдХрд░рддреЗрд╣реИрдВрдЬреИрд╕реЗ- рдЪреАрдиреА,
рджрдВрддрдордВрдЬрди,рдХрд╛рдЧрдЬ,рдкрдВрдЦреЗ,рд┐рд╕рд▓рд╛рдИ рдорд╢реАрди рдЖрд┐рдж
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рдЧреАрд░реНрдХрд░рдг
10. 3. рдкреВрдБрдЬреА рд┐рдирд╡реЗрд╢ рдХ
реЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░-
I. рд▓рдШреБрдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рд┐рдЬрдирдореЗрдВрд┐рдирд╡реЗрд╢ рдПрдХ рдХрд░реЛрдбрд╝ рд░реБрдкрдП
рд╕реЗрдХрдо рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ
II. рд╡реГрд╣рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рд┐рдЬрдирдореЗрдВрд┐рдирд╡реЗрд╢ рдПрдХ рдХрд░реЛрдбрд╝ рд░реБрдкрдП
рд╕реЗрдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ
рдпрд╣ рд┐рдирд╡реЗрд╢ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдордп рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдмрджрд▓рд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
3. On the basis of capital
investment:
I. A small scale industry- investment is less
than one crore rupees
II. Large scale industry- investment is more
than one crore rupees
This limit has changed over a period of time.
Classification of Industries рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рдЧреАрд░реНрдХрд░рдг
11. 4. On the basis of ownership:
Public sector - owned and operated by
government agencies тАУ BHEL,SAIL etc.
Private sector industries - owned and operated
by individuals or a group of individuals тАУTISCO,
Bajaj Auto Ltd.,Dabur Industries.
Joint sector industries - jointly run by the state
and individuals or a group of individuals.Oil India
Ltd.(OIL) is jointly owned by public and private
sector.
Cooperative sector industries - owned and
operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
materials,workers or both. They pool in the
resources and share the profits or losses
proportionately.Such examples are the sugar
industry in Maharashtra,the coir industry in
Kerala.
4. рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд┐рдорддреНрд╡ рдХ
реЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░-
рд╕рд╛рд╡$рдЬ&рдирдХ )реЗ+ - рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдПрдЬреЗрдВрд┐рд╕рдпреЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкрд░рдмрдВрд┐рдзрдд рддрдерд╛
рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рдВрдЪрд╛рд┐рд▓рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рдЬреИрд╕реЗрднрд╛рд░рдд рд╣реИрд╡реА
рдЗрд▓реИрд┐рдХреНрдЯрд░рдХрд▓ рд┐рд▓рд┐рдордЯреЗрдб (BHEL) рддрдерд╛ рд╕реНрдЯреАрд▓ рдЕрдерд╛реЕрд┐рд░рдЯреА рдСрдл
рд╝
рдЗрдВрд┐рдбрдпрд╛ рд┐рд▓рд┐рдордЯреЗрдб (SAIL) рдЖрд┐рдж
&рдирдЬреА )реЗ+ - рд┐рдЬрдирдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╡реНрдпрд┐рдХреНрдд рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд┐рдорддреНрд╡ рдореЗрдВрдФрд░
рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рдВрдЪрд╛рд┐рд▓рдд рдЕрдерд╡рд╛ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд┐рдорддреНрд╡ рдореЗрдВрдпрд╛
рдЙрдирд╡реЗрдл рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рдВрдЪрд╛рд┐рд▓рдд рд╣реИред рд┐рдЯрд╕реНрдХреЛ(TISCO),рдмрдЬрд╛рдЬ рдСрдЯреЛ
рд┐рд▓рд┐рдордЯреЗрдб,рдбрд╛рдмрд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдЖрд┐рдж
рд╕рдВрдпреБ0 рдЙ2реЛрдЧ - рд╡реИрд╕реЗрдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдЬреЛ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рд┐рдирдЬреА
рдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░ рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рдкрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рд╕реЗрдЪрд▓рд╛рдпреЗрдЬрд╛рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред рдЬреИрд╕реЗ- рдСрдпрд▓
рдЗрдВрд┐рдбрдпрд╛ рд┐рд▓рд┐рдордЯреЗрдб (OIL)
рд╕рд╣рдХрд╛рд░реА рдЙ2реЛрдЧ - рд┐рдЬрдирдХрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд┐рдорддреНрд╡ рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХреА рдкреВрд┐рд░реНрдд
рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХреЛрдВ,рд╢рд░рд┐рдордХреЛрдВ рдпрд╛ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╣рд╛рдереЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрд╣реЛрддрд╛
рд╣реИред рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рдзрдиреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдХреЛрд╖ рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рддрдерд╛ рд▓рд╛рдн-рд╣рд╛рд┐рди рдХрд╛
рд┐рд╡рднрд╛рдЬрди рднреА рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╛рд┐рддрдХ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ- рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯрд░ рдХреЗ рдЪреАрдиреА
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ,рдХреЗрд░рд▓ рдХреЗ рдирд╛рд┐рд░рдпрд▓ рдкрд░ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Classification of Industries рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рдЧреАрд░реНрдХрд░рдг
12. Based on the bulk and weight of raw
material and finished goods:
Heavy industries- iron and steel
Light industries- that use light raw
materials and produce light goods such as
electrical goods industries.
рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрддрдерд╛ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдорд╛рд▓ рдХреА рдорд╛рддрд░рд╛ рд╡ рднрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ
рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░-
рднрд╛рд░реА рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЖрд┐рджред
рд╣рд▓реНрдХреЗ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рдЬреЛ рдХрдо рднрд╛рд░ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛
рдкрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░ рд╣рд▓реНрдХреЗ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдорд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХрд░рддреЗ
рд╣реИрдВрдЬреИрд╕реЗ- рд┐рд╡рджреНрдпреБрддреАрдп рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Classification of Industries рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рдЧреАрд░реНрдХрд░рдг
Heavy industry Light industry
13. Agro-based Industries
Cotton,jute,silk,woollen textiles,sugar and edible
oil, etc.industries are based on agricultural raw
materials.
Textile Industry- Cotton Textiles:
The first successful textile mill was established in
Mumbai in 1854.
In the early years, the cotton textile industry was
concentrated in the cotton growing belt of
Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Availability of raw cotton,market,transport
including accessible port facilities,labour,moist
climate,etc. contributed towards its localisation.
This industry provides a living to farmers,cotton boll
pluckers and workers engaged in ginning,spinning,
weaving,dyeing,designing,packaging,tailoring and
sewing.
рд╕реВрддреА рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░,рдкрдЯрд╕рди,рд░реЗрд╢рдо, рдКрдиреА рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░, рдЪреАрдиреА рддрдерд╛
рд╡рдирд╕реНрдкрд┐рдд рддреЗрд▓ рдЖрд┐рдж рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреГрд┐рд╖ рд╕реЗрдкрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдкрд░
рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рд╣реИрдВред
рд╡рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рд╕реВрддреА рд╡рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛ рд╕рдлрд▓ рд╕реВрддреА рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ 1854 рдореЗрдВрдореБрдВрдмрдИ рдореЗрдВ
рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред
рдЖрд░рдВрд┐рднрдХ рд╡рд╖реЛрд░реНрдВ рдореЗрдВрд╕реВрддреА рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯрд░ рддрдерд╛
рдЧреБрдЬрд░рд╛рдд рдХреЗ рдХрдкрд╛рд╕ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░реЛрдВ рддрдХ рд╣реА рд╕реАрд┐рдордд рдереЗред
рдХрдкрд╛рд╕ рдХреА рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрддрд╛,рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░,рдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд╣рди,рдкрддреНрддрдиреЛрдВ рдХреА
рд╕рдореАрдкрддрд╛,рд╢рд░рдо, рдирдореАрдпреБрдХреНрдд рдЬрд▓рд╡рд╛рдпреБрдЖрд┐рдж рдХрд╛рд░рдХреЛрдВ рдиреЗ
рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреАрдпрдХрд░рдг рдХреЛ рдмреЭрд╛рд╡рд╛ рд┐рджрдпрд╛ред
рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╕реЗрд┐рдХрд╕рд╛рдиреЛрдВ,рдХрдкрд╛рд╕ рдЪреБрдирдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ,рдЧрд╛рдБрда
рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ, рдХрддрд╛рдИ рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ,рд░рдВрдЧрд╛рдИ рдХрд░рдиреЗ
рд╡рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ,рд┐рдбрдЬрд╛рдЗрди рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ,рдк реИрдХреЗрдЯ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рдФрд░
рд┐рд╕рд▓рд╛рдИ рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдЬ
рд╝ рдЧрд╛рд░ рд┐рдорд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдХ
реГ рд┐рд╖ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
14. Fibre production
рд░реЗрд╢рд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди
Dyeing &
Finishing
рд░рдВрдЧрд╛рдИ рд╡ рдкрд┐рд░рд╖реНрдХрд░рдг
Spinning
рдзреБрдирд╛рдИ рдХрддрд╛рдИ
Garment
manufacture
рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░
Weaving
Knitting
рдмрдирд╛рдИ
Garments
рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░
Fabric
рдХрдкрдбрд╝рд╛
Yarn
рд╕реВрдд
Raw fibre
рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рд░реЗрд╢рд╛
Fig. 6.3: Value addition
in the textile industry
рд╡рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд┐рддрд┐рд░рдХреНрдд
рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж
15. India has world class production in spinning,but weaving
supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot use much of
the high quality yarn produced in the country.
India has a large share [one by fourth] in the world
trade of cotton yarn.
India exports yarn to Japan.Other importers of cotton
goods from India are U.S.A.,U.K., Russia,France,East
European countries,Nepal,Singapore,Sri Lanka,and
African countries.
Major challenges to cotton textile industries:-
I. Many spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/
garment manufactures have to import fabric.
II. Irregular power supply
III. Old machinery
IV. Low output of labour and
V. Competition with the synthetic fibre industry.
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВрдХрддрд╛рдИ (рдзрд╛рдЧрд╛) рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рд┐рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рд╕реНрддрд░ рдХрд╛ рд╣реИ рд▓реЗрд┐рдХрди рдмреБрдирд╛
рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░ рдХрдо рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╣реИ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрд┐рдХ рдпрд╣ рджреЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рд┐рджрдд рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ
рд╕реНрддрд░реАрдп рдзрд╛рдЧреЗрдХрд╛ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рдкрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░ рдкрд╛рддрд╛ред
рд╕реВрддреА рд░реЗрд╢реЗрдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрд░рд╛рд░реНрд╖реНрдЯрд░реАрдп рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВрднрд╛рд░рдд рджреЗрд╢ рдХреА рднрд╛рдЧреАрджрд╛рд░реА рдХрд╛
рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ рдПрдХ рдЪреМрдерд╛рдИ рднрд╛рдЧ рд╣реИред
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдЬрд╛рдкрд╛рди рдХреЛ рд╕реВрдд рдХрд╛ рд┐рдирдпрд╛рд░реНрдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВрдмрдиреЗрд╕реВрддреА
рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЖрдпрд╛рддрдХ рджреЗрд╢ рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдЕрдореЗрд┐рд░рдХрд╛,рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд▓реИрдВрдб,
рд░реВрд╕,рдлрд░
рд╝ рд╛рдВрд╕,рдкреВрд╡реАрд░реН рдпреВрд░реЛрдкреАрдп рджреЗрд╢, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓,рд┐рдВрд╕рдЧрд╛рдкреБрд░,рд╢рд░реАрд▓рдВрдХрд╛ рддрдерд╛
рдЕрдлрд░
рд╝ реАрдХрд╛ рдХреЗ рджреЗрд╢ рд╣реИрдВред
рд╕реВрддреА рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдзреА рдЪреБрдиреМрд┐рддрдпрд╛рдБ-
I. рдХрддрд╛рдИ рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрд╕реВрддреА рдзрд╛рдЧреЗрдХрд╛ рд┐рдирдпрд╛рд░реНрдд рдХрд░рддреЗрд╣реИрдВ рдЬрдмрд┐рдХ
рдкрд┐рд░рдзрд╛рди рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрддрд╛рдУ рдВрдХреЛ рдХрдкреЬрд╛ рдЖрдпрд╛рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдкреЬрддрд╛ рд╣реИ
II. рдм реБрдирд╛рдИ рд╡ рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╕рдВрдмрдВрд┐рдзрдд рдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдЕрд┐рдирдпрд┐рдордд рд┐рд╡рджреНрдпреБрдд
рдЖрдкреВрд┐рд░реНрдд
III. рдкреБрд░рд╛рдиреА рдорд╢реАрдирд░реА
IV. рдХрдо рд╢рд░рд┐рдордХ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХрддрд╛ рддрдерд╛
V. рдХреГрд┐рддрд░рдо рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╕реЗрдкрд░рд┐рддрд╕реНрдкрдзрд╛рд░реН
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Agro-based Industries рдХ
реГ рд┐рд╖ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
16. Map 6.1-
India: distribution of cotton,
woollen and silk industries
рднрд╛рд░рдд: рд╕реВрддреА, рдКрдиреА рдПрд╡рдВ рд░реЗрд╢рдореА рд╡рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдХрд╛
рд┐рд╡рддрд░рдг
17. India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods
and stands at second place as an exporter after
Bangladesh.
Most of the mills are located in West Bengal,mainly
along the banks of the Hugli river,in a narrow belt.
The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at
Rishra.
Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin
are:
proximity of the jute producing areas,
inexpensive water transport,supported by a good
network of railways,roadways and waterways
abundant water for processing raw jute,
cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states
of Bihar,Odisha and Uttar Pradesh
Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking,
insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдкрдЯрд╕рди рд╡ рдкрдЯрд╕рди рд┐рдирд┐рд░реНрдордд рд╕рдорд╛рди рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗрдмреЬрд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХ
рд╣реИрддрдерд╛ рдмрд╛рдВрдЧреНрд▓рд╛рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рдж реБрд╕рд░рд╛ рдмреЬрд╛ рд┐рдирдпрд╛рд░реНрддрдХ рднреА рд╣реИред
рд╡рд╖рд░реН2010-11 рдореЗрдВрднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВрд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 80 рдкрдЯрд╕рди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдереЗред
рдЗрдирдореЗрдВрдЕрд┐рдзрдХрд╛рдВрд╢ рдкрд┐рд╢реНрдЪрдо рдмрдВрдЧрд╛рд▓ рдореЗрдВрд╣ реБрдЧрд▓реА рдирджреА рддрдЯ рдкрд░ рд┐рд╕реНрдердд
рд╣реИред
рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛ рдкрдЯрд╕рди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд┐рдирдХрдЯ рд┐рд░рд╢рд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ1855 рдореЗрдВ
рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред
рд╣ реБрдЧрд▓реА рдирджреА рддрдЯ рдкрд░ рд┐рд╕реНрдердд рд╣реЛрдиреЗрдХреЗ рд┐рдирдореНрди рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣реИрдВ-
рдкрдЯрд╕рди рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рд┐рдирдХрдЯрддрд╛,
рд╕рд╕реНрддрд╛ рдЬрд▓ рдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд╣рди,рд╕реЬрдХ,рд░реЗрд▓ рд╡ рдЬрд▓ рдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд╣рди рдХрд╛
рдЬрд╛рд▓,
рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдкрдЯрд╕рди рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рд┐рдзрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗрдореЗрдВ рдкрд░рдЪ реБрд░ рдЬрд▓,
рдкрд┐рд╢реНрдЪрдо рдмрдВрдЧрд╛рд▓ рддрдерд╛ рд╕рдореАрдкрд╡рддреАрд░реН рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдЙреЬреАрд╕рд╛,рд┐рдмрд╣рд╛рд░ рд╡
рдЙрддреНрддрд░ рдкрд░рджреЗрд╢ рд╕реЗрд╕рд╕реНрддрд╛ рд╢рд░рд┐рдордХ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рд╣реЛрдирд╛,
рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдмреЬреЗрдирдЧрд░реАрдп рдХреЗрдВрджрд░ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдмреИрдВрд┐рдВрдХрдЧ,
рдмреАрдорд╛ рдФрд░ рдЬреВрдЯ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рди рдХреЗ рд┐рдирдпрд╛рд░реНрдд рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдкрддреНрддрди рдХреА
рд╕реБрд┐рд╡рдзрд╛рдПрдБ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
рдХ
реГ рд┐рд╖ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рдкрдЯрд╕рди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Agro-based Industries- Jute
Textiles
18. Challenges faced by jute industry:-
Stiff competition in the international market from
synthetic substitutes
Other competitors like Bangladesh,Brazil,
Philippines,Egypt and Thailand.
The main markets are U.S.A .,Canada,Ghana,
Saudi Arabia,U.K. and Australia.
рдкрдЯрд╕рди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдЪреБрдиреМрд┐рддрдпрд╛рдВ:-
рдЕрдВрддрд░рд╛рд░реНрд╖реНрдЯрд░реАрдп рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВрдХреГрд┐рддрд░рдо рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░реЛрдВ рд╕реЗрдкрд░рд┐рддрд╕реНрдкрдзрд╛рд░реН
рдмрд╛рдВрдЧреНрд▓рд╛рджреЗрд╢,рдмрд░рд╛рдЬреАрд▓,рд┐рдлрд▓реАрдкреАрдиреНрд╕,рд┐рдорд╢рд░ рддрдерд╛ рдерд╛рдЗрд▓реИрдВрдб
рдЬреИрд╕реЗрдЕрдиреНрдп рджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рд╕реЗрдХреЬреА рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╕реНрдкрдзрд╛рд░реНрд╢рд╛рд┐рдорд▓ рд╣реИред
рдкрдЯрд╕рди рдХреЗ рдкрд░рдореБрдЦ рдЦрд░реАрджрджрд╛рд░-рдЕрдореЗрд┐рд░рдХрд╛,рдХрдирд╛рдбрд╛,
рдШрд╛рдирд╛,рд╕рдКрджреА рдЕрд░рдм,рдпреВрдирд╛рдЗрдЯреЗрдб рд┐рдВрдХрдЧрдбрдо рдФрд░
рдЖрд╕реНрдЯрд░реЗрд┐рд▓рдпрд╛ рд╣реИрдВред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
рдХ
реГ рд┐рд╖ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рдкрдЯрд╕рди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Agro-based Industries- Jute
Textiles
19. India stands second as a world producer of sugar
but occupies the first place in the production of
gur and khandsari.
The raw material used in this industry is bulky,
and in haulage its sucrose content reduces.
The mills are located in Uttar Pradesh,Bihar,
Maharashtra,Karnataka,Tamil Nadu,Andhra
Pradesh,Gujarat,Punjab,Haryana and Madhya
Pradesh.Sixty percent mills are in Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar.This industry is seasonal in nature so,it
is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.Can you
explain why this is so?
In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills
to shift and concentrate in the southern and
western states,especially in Maharashtra,This is
because the cane produced here has a higher
sucrose content.
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХрд╛ рдЪреАрдиреА рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдореЗрдВ рд┐рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рдореЗрдВрдж реВрд╕рд░рд╛ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди
рд╣реИрд▓реЗрд┐рдХрди рдЧреБреЬ рд╡ рдЦрд╛рдВрдбрд╕рд╛рд░реА рдХреЗ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдореЗрдВ
рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛ рдкрд░рдердо рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рд╣реИред
рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдореЗрдВрдкрд░рдпреБрдХреНрдд рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рдорд╛рд▓ рднрд╛рд░реА рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ
рддрдерд╛ рдвреБрд▓рд╛рдИ рдореЗрдВрдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд╕реВрдХрд░реЛрд╕ рдХреА рдорд╛рддрд░рд╛ рдШрдЯрддреА
рд╣реИред
рдЪреАрдиреА рд┐рдорд▓реЗрдВрдЙрддреНрддрд░ рдкрд░рджреЗрд╢,рд┐рдмрд╣рд╛рд░,рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯрд░,
рдХрдирд╛рд░реНрдЯрдХ,рддрд┐рдорд▓рдирд╛рдбреБ,рдЖрдВрдзрд░ рдкрд░рджреЗрд╢,рдЧреБрдЬрд░рд╛рдд,
рдкрдВрдЬрд╛рдм,рд╣рд┐рд░рдпрд╛рдгрд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдордзреНрдп рдкрд░рджреЗрд╢ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ
рдлреИрд▓реА рд╣реИрдВред
рд┐рдкрдЫрд▓реЗрдХреБрдЫ рд╡рд╖реЛрд░реНрдВ рд╕реЗрдЗрди рд┐рдорд▓реЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рдВрдЦреНрдпрд╛ рджрд┐рдХреНрд╖рдгреА
рдФрд░ рдкрд┐рд╢реНрдЪрдореА рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрд┐рд╡рд╢реЗрд╖рдХрд░ рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯрд░ рдореЗрдВ
рдмреЭреА рд╣реИ, рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдпрд╣рд╛рдБрдХреЗ рдЧрдиреНрдиреЗрдореЗрдВ
рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рд╕реВрдХрд░реЛрд╕ рдХреА рдорд╛рддрд░рд╛ рд╣реИред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
рдХ
реГ рд┐рд╖ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рдЪреАрдиреА рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Agro-based Industries-
Sugar Industry
20. Major challenges of sugar industries:-
Seasonal nature of the industry,
Old and inefficient methods of production,
Transport delay in reaching cane to
factories and
The need to maximise the use of
baggase.
рдЪреАрдиреА рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдкрд░рдореБрдЦ рдЪреБрдиреМрд┐рддрдпрд╛рдБ:-
рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд╛ рдЕрд▓реНрдкрдХрд╛рд┐рд▓рдХ рд╣реЛрдирд╛
рдкреБрд░рд╛рдиреА рд╡ рдЕрд╕рдХреНрд╖рдо рддрдХрдиреАрдХ рдХрд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрддреЗрдорд╛рд▓,
рдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд╣рди рдЕрд╕рдХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛ рд╕реЗрдЧрдиреНрдиреЗрдХрд╛ рд╕рдордп рдкрд░
рдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрди рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрдирд╛ рддрдерд╛
рдЦреЛрдИ (baggase) рдХрд╛ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХрддрдо рдЗрд╕реНрддреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рди
рдХрд░ рдкрд╛рдирд╛ред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
рдХ
реГ рд┐рд╖ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ- рдЪреАрдиреА рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Agro-based Industries-
Sugar Industry
21. Mineral-based Industries рдЦрд┐рдирдЬ рдЖрдзрд╛рд┐рд░рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Iron and Steel Industry рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Industries that use minerals and metals as raw
materials are called mineral-based industries.
Iron and Steel Industry
The iron and steel industry is the basic
industry since all the other industriesтАФheavy,
medium and light,depend on it for their
machinery.
Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of
engineering goods,construction material,
defence,medical,telephonic,scientific
equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
Production and consumption of steel is often
regarded as the index of a countryтАЩs
development.
рд╡реЗрдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдЬреЛ рдЦрд┐рдирдЬ рд╡ рдзрд╛рддреБрдУ рдВрдХреЛ рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдорд╛рд▓
рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВрдкрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рддреЗрд╣реИрдВ,
рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдПрдХ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рднреВрдд
(Basic) рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реИ, рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╕рднреА рднрд╛рд░реА,рд╣рд▓реНрдХреЗ рдФрд░
рдордзреНрдпрдо рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдЗрдирд╕реЗрдмрдиреА рдорд╢реАрдирд░реА рдкрд░ рд┐рдирднрд░реНрд░ рд╣реИрдВред
рд┐рд╡рд┐рд╡рдз рдкрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдЗрдВрдЬреАрд┐рдирдпрд┐рдВрд░рдЧ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рди,рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг
рд╕рд╛рдордЧрд░реА,рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛,рд┐рдЪрд┐рдХрддреНрд╕рд╛,рдЯреЗрд▓реАрдкрдлреЛрди рд╡реИрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рд┐рдирдХ
рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг рдФрд░ рд┐рд╡рд┐рднрдиреНрди рдкрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛
рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдУ рдВрдХреЗ рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдХреА
рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИред
рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдХреЗ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рддрдерд╛ рдЦрдкрдд рдХреЛ рдкрд░рд╛рдпрдГ рдПрдХ
рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рдХрд╛ рдкреИрдорд╛рдирд╛ рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
22. Iron and Steel Industry
Iron ore,coking coal and lime stone are
required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1.
In 2016 with 95.6 million tonnes of crude
steel production,India ranked 3rd among
the world crude steel producers.
It is the largest producer of sponge iron.
In 2016 per capita consumption of steel in
the country was only around 63 kg per
annum against the world average of 208 kg.
Most of the public sector undertakings
market their steel through Steel Authority
of India Ltd. (SAIL).
рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рд▓реМрд╣-рдЕрдпрд╕реНрдХ,рдХреЛрд┐рдВрдХрдЧ рдХреЛрд▓
рддрдерд╛ рдЪреВрдирд╛рдкрддреНрдерд░ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╛рдд рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 4:2:1 рдХрд╛ рд╣реИред
рд╡рд╖рд░реН2016 рдореЗрдВрднрд╛рд░рдд 956 рд▓рд╛рдЦ рдЯрди рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдХрд╛
рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХрд░ рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВрдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ
рддреАрд╕рд░реЗрд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдкрд░ рдерд╛ред
рднрд╛рд░рдд рд╕реНрдкрдВрдЬ (sponge) рд▓реМрд╣ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗрдмреЬрд╛
рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХ рд╣реИред
рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдХреЗ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд╡рдЬреВрдж рднреА 2016 рдореЗрдВ
рдпрд╣рд╛рдБрдкрд░рд┐рдд рд╡рд╖рд░реНрдкрд░рд┐рдд рд╡реНрдпрд┐рдХреНрдд рдЦрдкрдд рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ 63
рд┐рдХрд▓реЛрдЧрд░рд╛рдо рдереА рдЬрдмрд┐рдХ рдЗрд╕реА рд╕рдордп рд┐рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рдореЗрдВрдкрд░рд┐рдд
рд╡реНрдпрд┐рдХреНрдд рдФрд╕рдд рдЦрдкрдд 208 рд┐рдХрд▓реЛрдЧрд░рд╛рдо рдереАред
рд╕рд╛рд╡рд░реНрдЬрд┐рдирдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░ рдХреЗ рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ рд╕рднреА рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдо рдЕрдкрдиреЗ
рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдЯреАрд▓ рдЕрдерд╛реЕрд┐рд░рдЯреА рдСрдл
рд╝ рдЗрдВрд┐рдбрдпрд╛ (SAIL)
рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗрдмреЗрдЪрддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
23. Transport of raw material to plant
рдХ"реЗ рдорд╛рд▓ рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реЩрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рддрдХ рдк.рд░рд╡рд╣рди
Iron ore is melted. Lime stone is fluxing
material which is added. Slag is removed.
Coke is burnt to heat the ore.
рд▓реМрд╣-рдЕрдп5 рдХрд╛ рдЧрд▓рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ред рдЪреВрдирд╛ рдк;рд░ рдПрдХ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрдХ
рдЦрд┐рдирдЬ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдЗрд╕рдоB Cрдорд▓рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдзрд╛рддреБ рдХрд╛ рдореИрд▓ рд╣рдЯрд╛рдпрд╛
рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЕрдп5 рдХреЛ рдЧрдоG рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХ
реЗ Cрд▓рдП рдХреЛрдХ рдХрд╛ Hрдзрди рдХ
реЗ
Iрдк рдоB рдЗJреЗрдорд╛рд▓
Pig iron is further purified by melting
and oxidising the impurities. Manganese,
nickel, chromium are added.
рдврд▓рд╡рд╛рдБ рд▓реЛрд╣реЗ рдХреЛ рдкреБрдирдГ рдЧрд▓рд╛рдХрд░ рдСQреАрдХрд░рдг Tрд╛рд░рд╛
рдЕрд╢реБVрддрд╛ рд╣рдЯрд╛рдХрд░ рддрдерд╛ рдоXрдЧрдиреАреЫ, рд┐рдирдХрд▓, ZреЛCрдордпрдо
Cрдорд▓рдХрд░ рд╢реБV рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
Molten materials poured into
moulds called pigs
рддрд░рд▓ рдкрджрд╛рдеG рдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рдБрдЪреЛрдВ рдоB рджрд▓ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ CрдЬрд╕рд╕реЗ
рдврд▓рд╡рд╛рдБ рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ,
Rolling, pressing, casting
and forging
рд░реЛCрд▓рдВрдЧ, реЗCрд╕рдВрдЧ, рдврд▓рд╛рдИ рдФрд░ рдЧреЭрд╛рдИ
Blast Furnace рдЭреЛрдВрдХрджрд╛рд░ рднрдЯреНрдЯреА
Pig Iron рдврд▓рд╡рд╛рдБ рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛
Steel Making рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдмрдирд╛рдирд╛
Shaping metal рдзрд╛рддреБ рдХреЛ рдЖрдХрд╛рд░ рджреЗрдирд╛
Fig. 6.4- Processes of
Manufacture of Steel
рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдкреНрд░рд┐рдХреНрд░рдпрд╛
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
24. Fig. 6.5- Processes of Manufacture of Steel
рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдкреНрд░рд┐рдХреНрд░рдпрд╛
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
25. Chhotanagpur plateau region has the
maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries.
These include,low cost of iron ore, high
grade raw materials in proximity,cheap
labour and vast growth potential in the
home market.
Challenges of Iron and Steel Industry:
High costs and limited availability of coking
coal
Lower productivity of labour
Irregular supply of energy and
Poor infrastructure.
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВрдЫреЛрдЯрд╛рдирд╛рдЧрдкреБрд░ рдХреЗ рдкрдард╛рд░реА рдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░ рдореЗрдВ
рдЕрд┐рдзрдХрд╛рдВрд╢ рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдВрд┐рджрд░рдд
рд╣реИрдВред
рдЗрд╕ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддрд░ рдореЗрдВрд▓реМрд╣ рдЕрдпрд╕реНрдХ рдХреА рдХрдо рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд,рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ
рдХреЛрд┐рдЯ рдХреЗ рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХреА рд┐рдирдХрдЯрддрд╛,рд╕рд╕реНрддреЗрд╢рд░рд┐рдордХ
рдФрд░ рд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреАрдп рдмрд╛рдЬ
рд╝ рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВрдЗрдирдХреЗ рдорд╛рдБрдЧ рдХреА рд┐рд╡рд╢рд╛рд▓
рд╕рдВрднрд╛рд╡реНрдпрддрд╛ рд╕рд┐рдореНрдорд┐рд▓рдд рд╣реИред
рд▓реМрд╣ рдПрд╡рдВрдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдзреА рдЪреБрдиреМрд┐рддрдпрд╛рдБ:-
рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд рддрдерд╛ рдХреЛрд┐рдВрдХрдЧ рдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗрдХреА рд╕реАрд┐рдордд
рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрддрд╛
рдХрдо рд╢рд░рд┐рдордХ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХрддрд╛
рдКрдЬрд╛рд░реНрдХреА рдЕрд┐рдирдпрд┐рдордд рдкреВрд┐рд░реНрдд рддрдерд╛
рдЕрд┐рд╡рдХрд┐рд╕рдд рдЕрд╡рд╕рдВрд░рдЪрдирд╛ рдЖрд┐рдж
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Iron and Steel Industry рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
26. Map 6.2-
IRON AND STEEL PLANTS
рд▓реМрд╣ рдПрд╡рдВ рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рд╕рдВрдпрдВрддреНрд░
27. Aluminium Smelting
Aluminium smelting is the second most important
metallurgical industry in India.
It is light,resistant to corrosion,a good conductor
of heat,malleable and becomes strong when it is
mixed with other metals.
It is used to manufacture aircraft,utensils and
wires.
Aluminium smelting plants in the country are
located in Odisha,West Bengal,Kerala,Uttar
Pradesh,Chhattisgarh,Maharashtra and Tamil
Nadu.
Bauxite,the raw material used in the smelters is a
very bulky,dark reddish coloured rock.
Regular supply of electricity and an assured
source of raw material at minimum cost are the
two prime factors for location of the industry.
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВрдПрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо рдкрд░рдЧрд▓рди рдж реВ
рд╕рд░рд╛ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░реНрд┐рдзрдХ
рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рдкреВрдгрд░реНрдзрд╛рддреБрд╢реЛрдзрди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реИред
рдпрд╣ рд╣рд▓реНрдХрд╛,рдЬрдВрдЧ рдЕрд╡рд░реЛрдзреА,рдКрд╖реНрдорд╛ рдХрд╛ рд╕реБрдЪрд╛рд▓рдХ,
рд▓рдЪреАрд▓рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдзрд╛рддреБрдУ рдВрдХреЗ рд┐рдорд╢рд░рдг рд╕реЗрдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рдХрдареЛрд░
рдмрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рд╣рд╡рд╛рдИ рдЬрд╣рд╛рдЬ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗрдореЗрдВ,рдмрддрд░реНрди рддрдерд╛ рддрд╛рд░ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗрдореЗрдВрдЗрд╕рдХрд╛
рдкрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рдПрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо рдкрд░рдЧрд▓рди рд╕рдВрдпрдВрддрд░ рдУрд┐рдбрд╢рд╛, рдкрд┐рд╢реНрдЪрдо
рдмрдВрдЧрд╛рд▓,рдХреЗрд░рд▓,рдЙрддреНрддрд░ рдкрд░рджреЗрд╢,рдЫрддреНрддреАрд╕рдЧреЭ,рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯрд░ рд╡
рддрд┐рдорд▓рдирд╛рдбреБ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрд┐рд╕реНрдердд рд╣реИрдВред
рдкрд░рдЧрд╛рд▓рдХреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдмрд╛реЕрдХреНрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХрд╛ рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗрдкрджрд╛рдерд░реНрдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ(рдЬреЛ
рднрд╛рд░реА,рдЧрд╣рд░реЗрд▓рд╛рд▓ рд░рдВрдЧ рдХреА рдЪрдЯреНрдЯрд╛рди рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ) рдкрд░рдпреЛрдЧ
рд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдХреА рджреЛ рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рдкреВрдгрд░реНрдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛рдПрдБ
рд╣реИрдВ- рд┐рдирдпрд┐рдордд рдКрдЬрд╛рд░реНрдХреА рдкреВрд┐рд░реНрдд рддрдерд╛ рдХрдо рдХреАрдордд рдкрд░ рдХрдЪреНрдЪреЗ
рдорд╛рд▓ рдХреА рд╕реБрд┐рдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрдд рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрддрд╛ред
рдПрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо рдкреНрд░рдЧрд▓рди
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
28. The raw material
рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рдорд╛рд▓
Bauxite Quarry
рдмреЙрдХреНрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ рдЦрдирди
Bauxite crushed and
alumina dissolved out.
рдмреЙрдХреНрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ рджрд▓рди рдФрд░
рдПрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдордирд╛ рдШреБрд▓рди
Aluminium Refinery
рдРрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо рд╢реЛрдзрд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛
Aluminium smelter
рдРрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо рдкреНрд░рдЧрд╛рд▓рдХ
Aluminium Smelter
рдРрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо рдкреНрд░рдЧрд╛рд▓рдХ
Transport Train or Ship
рдкрд┐рд░рд╡рд╣рди рд░реЗрд▓ рдпрд╛ рд╕рдореБрджреНрд░реА рдЬрд╣рд╛реЫ
1. Bulk ore shipped to site
of smelter рдкреНрд░рдЧрд╛рд▓рдХ рд╕реНрдерд▓
рддрдХ рднрд╛рд░реА рдЕрдпрд╕реНрдХ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪрдирд╛
2. Calculated petroleum
coke from a refinery
рд╢реЛрдзрд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╕реЗ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд┐рд▓рдпрдо рдХреЛрдХ
3. Pitch from a colliery
рдХреЛрдпрд▓рд╛ рдЦрд╛рди рд╕реЗ рд┐рдкрдЪ
Cryolite рдХреНрд░рд╛рдпреЛрд▓рд╛рдЗрдЯ
A molten metal acts as an
electrolyte рдПрдХ рд┐рдкрдШрд▓реА рдзрд╛рддреБ рдЬреЛ
рдЗрд▓реЗрдХреНрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рдо рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ
Electricity рд┐рд╡рджреНрдпреБрдд
(18,600 kWh per tonne of
ore рд┐рдХ. рд╡рд╛рдЯ рдкреНрд░рд┐рдд рдЯрди рдЕрдпрд╕реНрдХ)
Bauxite рдмреЙрдХреНрд╕рд╛рдИрдЯ
Alumina рдПрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдордирд╛
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Fig. 6.6
Process of Manufacturing in
Aluminium Industry
рдРрд▓реНрдпреВрд┐рдорд┐рдирдпрдо рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдореЗрдВ рд┐рд╡рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХреА рдкреНрд░рд┐рдХреНрд░рдпрд╛
29. Chemical Industries
The Chemical industry in India is fast
growing and diversifying.
Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid
(used to manufacture fertilizers,synthetic
fibres, plastics,adhesives,paints,dyes
stuffs),nitric acid,alkalies,soda ash (used
to make glass,soaps and detergents,
paper) and caustic soda.
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals,
which are used for manufacturing of
synthetic fibers,synthetic rubber,plastics,
dye-stuffs,drugs and pharmaceuticals.
Chemical industry is basic industry as well
as consumer Industry.
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВрд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рддреЗрдЬреА рд╕реЗрд┐рд╡рдХрд┐рд╕рдд рд╣реЛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рддрдерд╛
рдлреИрд▓ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЗрд╕рдХреА рднрд╛рдЧреАрджрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдХрд▓ рдШрд░реЗрд▓реВрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВрд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 3
рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╢рдд рд╣реИред
рдпрд╣ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдПрд┐рд╢рдпрд╛ рдХрд╛ рддреАрд╕рд░рд╛ рдмреЬрд╛ рддрдерд╛ рд┐рд╡рд╢реНрд╡ рдореЗрдВрдЖрдХрд╛рд░
рдХреА рдж реГрд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рд╕реЗ12рд╡реЗрдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдкрд░ рд╣реИред
рдЕрдХрд╛рдмрд░реНрд┐рдирдХ рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрдиреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрд╕рд▓реНрдлреНрдпреВрд┐рд░рдХ рдЕрдореНрд▓ (рдЙрд╡рд░реНрд░рдХ,рдХреГрд┐рддрд░рдо
рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░,рдкреНрд▓рд╛рд┐рд╕реНрдЯрдХ,рдЧреЛрдВрдж, рд░рдВрдЧ-рд░реЛрдЧрди,рдбрд╛рдИ рдЖрд┐рдж рд╡реЗрдлрд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг
рдореЗрдВрдкрд░рдпреБрдХреНрдд), рдирд╛рдЗрд┐рдЯрд░рдХ рдЕрдореНрд▓,рдХреНрд╖рд╛рд░, рд╕реЛрдбрд╛ рдРрд╢ (soda ash),
(рдХрд╛рдБрдЪ,рд╕рд╛рдмреБрди,рд╢реЛрдзрдХ рдпрд╛ рдЕрдкрдорд╛рдЬрд░реНрдХ,рдХрд╛рдЧрд╝ рдЬ
рд╝ рдореЗрдВрдкрд░рдпреБрдХреНрдд
рд╣реЛрдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди) рддрдерд╛ рдХрд╛рд┐рд╕реНрдЯрдХ рд╕реЛрдбрд╛ рдЖрд┐рдж рд╢рд╛рд┐рдорд▓ рд╣реИрдВред
рдХрд╛рдмрд░реНрд┐рдирдХ рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрдиреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдкреЗрдЯрд░реЛрд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди рд╢рд╛рд┐рдорд▓ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреЛ рдХреГрд┐рддрд░рдо
рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░,рдХреГрд┐рддрд░рдо рд░рдмрд░,рдкреНрд▓рд╛рд┐рд╕реНрдЯрдХ,рд░рдВрдЬрдХ рдкрджрд╛рдерд░реН,рджрд╡рд╛рдИрдпрд╛рдБ,
рдФрд╖рдз рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗрдореЗрдВ рдкрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рд┐рдХрдпреЗрдЬрд╛рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реИ рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рд╕рд╛рде рдПрдХ
рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рднреВрдд рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рднреА рд╣реИред
рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
30. Fertilizer Industry
Important fertilizer-
Nitrogenous fertilizers (mainly urea),
phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium
phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilizers
which have a combination of nitrogen
(N),phosphate (P), and potash (K)
Gujarat,Tamil Nadu,Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab and Kerala contribute towards half
of the fertilizer production.
Other significant producers are Andhra
Pradesh,Odisha,Rajasthan,Bihar,
Maharashtra,Assam,West Bengal,Goa,
Delhi,Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.
рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рдЙрд╡рд░реНрд░рдХ-
рдирд╛рдЗрдЯрд░реЛрдЬрдиреА рдЙрд╡рд░реНрд░рдХ (рдпреВрд┐рд░рдпрд╛),рдлрд╛рд╕реНрдкреЗрдлрд┐рдЯрдХ
рдЙрд╡рд░реНрд░рдХ (D.A.P.) рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдореЛрд┐рдирдпрдо рдлрд╛рд╕реНрдкреЗрдлрдЯ
рдФрд░ рд┐рдорд┐рд╢рд░рдд рдЙрд╡рд░реНрд░рдХ (рдирд╛рдЗрдЯрд░реЛрдЬрди,рдлрд╛рд╕реНрдкреЗрдлрдЯ
рд╡ рдкреЛрдЯрд╛рд╢)
рдЧреБрдЬрд░рд╛рдд,рддрд┐рдорд▓рдирд╛рдбреБ,рдЙрддреНрддрд░рдкрд░рджреЗрд╢,рдкрдВрдЬрд╛рдм рдФрд░
рдХреЗрд░рд▓ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдХреБрд▓ рдЙрд╡рд░реНрд░рдХ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХрд╛
рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 50 рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╢рдд рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХрд░рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рдЕрдиреНрдп рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рдкреВрдгрд░реНрдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рдЖрдВрдзрд░ рдкрд░рджреЗрд╢,
рдУрд┐рдбрд╢рд╛,рд░рд╛рдЬрд╕реНрдерд╛рди,рд┐рдмрд╣рд╛рд░,рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯрд░,
рдЕрд╕рдо,рдкрд┐рд╢реНрдЪрдо рдмрдВрдЧрд╛рд▓,рдЧреЛрдЖ, рд┐рджрд▓реНрд▓реА,
рдордзреНрдпрдкрд░рджреЗрд╢ рддрдерд╛ рдХрдирд╛рд░реНрдЯрдХ рд╣реИрдВред
рдЙрд╡рд░реНрд░рдХ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
31. Cement Industry
Cement is essential for construction
activity such as building houses,
factories,bridges,roads,airports,dams
and for other commercial establishments.
Raw materials- limestone,silica and
gypsum and also Coal and electric power
The first cement plant was set up in
Chennai in 1904.
Market in East Asia,Middle East,Africa
and South Asia apart from a large
demand within the country.
This industry is doing well in terms of
production as well as export.
рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХрд╛рдпреЛрд░реНрдВ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ- рдШрд░, рдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЗ,рдкреБрд▓,рд╕рдбрд╝рдХреЗрдВ ,
рд╣рд╡рд╛рдИ рдЕрдбреНрдбрд╛,рдмрд╛рдБрдз рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд┐рд░рдХ рдкрд░рд┐рддрд╖реНрдард╛рдиреЛрдВ рд╡реЗрдл
рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдореЗрдВрд╕реАрдореЗрдВрдЯ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рд╣реИред
рдХрдЪреНрдЪрд╛ рдорд╛рд▓- рдЪреВрдирд╛ рдкрддреНрдерд░,рд┐рд╕рд┐рд▓рдХрд╛ рдФрд░ рд┐рдЬрдкреНрд╕рдо рддрдерд╛
рдХреЛрдпрд▓рд╛ рдПрд╡рдВрд┐рд╡рджреНрдпреБрдд рдКрдЬрд╛рд░реН
рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛ рд╕реАрдореЗрдВрдЯ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╕рдиреН1904 рдореЗрдВрдЪреЗрдиреНрдирдИ рдореЗрдВрд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛
рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдмреЬреА рдШрд░реЗрд▓реВрдорд╛рдБрдЧ рдХреЗ рдЕрд┐рддрд┐рд░рдХреНрдд,рдкреВрд╡реАрд░реН.
рдПрд┐рд╢рдпрд╛,рдордзреНрдпрдкреВрд╡рд░реН,рдЕрдлрд░
рд╝ реАрдХрд╛ рддрдерд╛ рджрд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдПрд┐рд╢рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ
рдмрд╛рдЬ
рд╝ рд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдорд╛рдБрдЧ рдмреЭреА рд╣реИред
рдпрд╣ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рддрдерд╛ рд┐рдирдпрд╛рд░реНрдд рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рд╣реА рд░реВрдкреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ
рдкрд░рдЧрд┐рдд рдкрд░ рд╣реИред
рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдЗрдХрд╛рдЗрдпрд╛рдБрдЧреБрдЬрд░рд╛рдд рдореЗрдВрд▓рдЧрд╛рдИ рдЧрдИ
рд╣реИрдВ,рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрд┐рдХ рдпрд╣рд╛рдБрд╕реЗрдЗрд╕реЗрдЦрд╛реЬреА рд╡реЗрдл рджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рд╡реЗрдл рдмрд╛рд╢рд╛рд░
рдХреАрдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рд╕реАрдореЗрдВрдЯ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
32. Automobile Industry
Trucks,buses, cars,motor cycles,scooters,three-
wheelers and multi-utility vehicles are manufactured in
India at various centres.
The industry is located around Delhi,Gurugram,Mumbai,
Pune,Chennai,Kolkata,Lucknow,Indore,Hyderabad,
Jamshedpur and Bengaluru.
Information Technology and Electronics Industry
The electronics industry covers a wide range of products
from transistor sets to television,telephones,cellular
telecom,telephone exchange,radars,computers and
many other equipments required by the
telecommunication industry.
Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
The major industry concentration is at Bengaluru,Noida,
Mumbai,Chennai,Hyderabad and Pune.
The continuing growth in the hardware and software is
the key to the success of IT industry in India.
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ рдЯрд░рдХ,рдмрд╕реЗрдВ,рдХрд╛рд░реЗрдВ, рдореЛрдЯрд░ рд╕рд╛рдЗрд┐рдХрд▓,рд╕реНрдХреВрдЯрд░,
рд┐рддрдкрд┐рд╣рдпрд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдмрд╣реБрдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА рд╡рд╛рд╣рди рд┐рдирд┐рд░реНрдордд рд┐рдХрдпреЗрдЬрд╛рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рдпрд╣ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд┐рджрд▓реНрд▓реА,рдЧреБрд░реБрдЧрд░рд╛рдо,рдореБрдВрдмрдИ,рдкреБрдгреЗ, рдЪреЗрдиреНрдирдИ,
рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛,рд▓рдЦрдирдК,рдЗрдВрджреМрд░,рд╣реИрджрд░рд╛рдмрд╛рдж,рдЬрдорд╢реЗрджрдкреБрд░
рддрдерд╛ рдмреЗрдВрдЧрд▓реВрд░реБ рдореЗрдВрд┐рд╕реНрдердд рд╣реИрдВред
рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛ рдкреНрд░реМрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХреА рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд▓реИрдХреНрдЯреНрд░реЛрд┐рдирдХ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрддрдЧрд░реНрдд рдЯрд░рд╛рдВрд┐рдЬрд╕реНрдЯрд░,рдЯреЗрд▓реАрд┐рд╡рдЬрди,рдЯреЗрд▓реАрдл
рд╝ реЛрди,
рд╕реЗрд▓реНрдпреВрд▓рд░ рдЯреЗрд▓реАрдХрд╛реЕрдо,рдЯреЗрд▓реАрдл
рд╝ реЛрди рдПрдХреНрд╕рдЪреЗрдВрдЬ,рд░рд╛рдбрд╛рд░,
рдХрдореНрдкреНрдпреВрдЯрд░ рддрдерд╛ рдж реВрд░рд╕рдВрдЪрд╛рд░ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧреА
рдЕрдиреЗрдХ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг рд┐рдирд┐рд░реНрдордд рд┐рдХрдпреЗрдЬрд╛рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреА рдЗрд▓реИрдХреНрдЯрд░рд╛реЕрд┐рдирдХ рд░рд╛рдЬрдзрд╛рдиреА- рдмреЗрдВрдЧрд▓реБрд░реБ
рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░реНрд┐рдзрдХ рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдВрджрд░рдг рдмреЗрдВрдЧрд▓реБрд░реБ,рдиреЛрдПрдбрд╛,
рдореБрдореНрдмрдИ,рдЪреЗрдиреНрдирдИ,рд╣реИрджрд░рд╛рдмрд╛рдж рдФрд░ рдкреБрдгреЗрдореЗрдВрд╣реИред
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛ рдкрд░реМрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХреА рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рд╕рдлрд▓ рд╣реЛрдиреЗрдХрд╛
рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣рд╛рдбрд░реНрд╡реЗрдпрд░ рд╡ рд╕реЙрдлреНрд╝рдЯрд╡реЗрдпрд░ рд┐рдирд░рдВрддрд░ рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд╕ рд╣реИред
рдореЛрдЯрд░рдЧрд╛реЬреА рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
34. Industrial Pollution and
Environmental Degradation
Industries are responsible for four types of
pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.
Air pollution
Air pollution is caused by the presence of high
proportion of undesirable gases,such as SO2 and
CO.
Air- borne particulate materials contain both solid
and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and
smoke.
Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories,
brick kilns,refineries and smelting plants,and
burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories.
Air pollution adversely affects human health,
animals,plants,buildings and the atmosphere as
a whole.
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдкрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдкрд░рдж реВрд╖рдг рд╡реЗрдл рд┐рд▓рдП рдЙрддреНрддрд░рджрд╛рдпреА
рд╣реИрдВ- a) рд╡рд╛рдпреБ, b) рдЬрд▓, c)рднреВрд┐рдо d) рдзреНрд╡рд┐рди
рд╡рд╛рдпреБ рдкреНрд░рджреВрд╖рдг
рд╡рд╛рдпреБрдкрд░рдж реВрд╖рдг- рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╛рдд рдореЗрдВрдЕрдирдЪрд╛рд╣реА рдЧреИрд╕реЛрдВ
рдХреА рдЙрдкрд┐рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рдЬреИрд╕реЗрд╕рд▓реНрдкрдлрд░ рдбрд╛рдЗ рдСрдХреНрд╕рд╛рдЗрдб рддрдерд╛
рдХрд╛рдмрд░реНрди рдореЛрдиреЛ рдСрдХреНрд╕рд╛рдЗрдб рд╡рд╛рдпреБрдкрд░рдж реВрд╖рдг рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣реИред
рд╡рд╛рдпреБрдореЗрдВрд┐рдирд▓рдВрд┐рдмрдд рдХрдгрдиреБрдорд╛ рдкрджрд╛рдереЛрд░реНрдВ рдореЗрдВрдареЛрд╕ рд╡ рджрд░рд╡реАрдп
рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рд╣реА рдкрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрдг рд╣реЛрддреЗрд╣реИрдВрдЬреИрд╕реЗ- рдзреВрд┐рд▓,рд╕реНрдкрд░ реЗ,
рдХреБрд╣рд╛рд╕рд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдзреБрдЖрдБред
рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди рд╡ рдХрд╛рдЧрдЬ
рд╝ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ, рдИ рдВрдЯ рднрдЯреНрдареЗ, рддреЗрд▓ рд╢реЛрдзрди
рд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛рдПрдБ, рдкрд░рдЧрд▓рди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ, рдЬреАрд╡рд╛рд╢реНрдо рдИ рдВрдзрди рджрд╣рди
рддрдерд╛ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ-рдмреЬреЗрдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рдпреБрдкрд░рдж реВ
рд╖рдг рдлреИрд▓рд╛рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рд╡рд╛рдпреБрдкрд░рдж реВрд╖рдг,рдорд╛рдирд╡ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп, рдкрд╢реБрдУ рдВ,рдкреМрдзреЛрдВ,
рдЗрдорд╛рд░рддреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рдкреВрд░реЗрдкрдпрд╛рд░реНрд╡рд░рдг рдкрд░ рдж реБ
рд╖реНрдкрд░рднрд╛рд╡ рдбрд╛рд▓рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдкреНрд░рджреВрд╖рдг рддрдерд╛ рдкрдпрд╛рд░реНрд╡рд░рдг рд┐рдирдореНрдиреАрдХрд░рдг
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
36. Water pollution
Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic
industrial wastes and affluents discharged into rivers.
The main culprits in this regard are paper,pulp,
chemical,textile and dyeing,petroleum refineries,
tanneries and electroplating industries that let out
dyes,detergents,acids,salts and heavy metals like lead
and mercury pesticides,fertilisers,synthetic chemicals
with carbon,plastics and rubber,etc. into the water
bodies.
Fly ash,phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are
the major solid wastes in India.
Thermal pollution of water- when hot water from
factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers
and ponds before cooling.
Wastes from nuclear power plants,nuclear and weapon
production facilities cause cancers,birth defects and
miscarriages.
рдЬрд▓ рдкреНрд░рджреВрд╖рдг
рдЬрд▓ рдкрд░рдж реВ
рд╖рдг- рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд╛рдмрд░реНрд┐рдирдХ рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдХрд╛рдмрд░реНрд┐рдирдХ
рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢рд╖реНрдЯ рдкрджрд╛рдереЛрд░реНрдВ рдХреЗ рдирджреА рдореЗрдВрдЫреЛреЬрдиреЗрд╕реЗрдЬрд▓ рдкрд░рдж реВрд╖рдг рдлреИрд▓рддрд╛
рд╣реИред
рдЬрд▓ рдкрд░рдж реВ
рд╖рдг рдХреЗ рдкрд░рдореБрдЦ рдХрд╛рд░рдХ - рдХрд╛рдЧрдЬ,рд▓реБрдЧреНрджреА,рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди,
рд╡рд╕реНрддрд░ рддрдерд╛ рд░рдВрдЧрд╛рдИ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ, рддреЗрд▓ рд╢реЛрдзрди рд╢рд╛рд▓рд╛рдПрдБ,рдЪрдореЬрд╛
рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд▓реИрдХреНрдЯрд░реЛрдкреНрд▓реЗрд┐рдВрдЯрдЧ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреЛ рд░рдВрдЧ,
рдЕрдкрдорд╛рдЬрд░реНрдХ,рдЕрдореНрд▓,рд▓рд╡рдг рддрдерд╛ рднрд╛рд░реА рдзрд╛рддреБрдПрдБ рдЬреИрд╕реЗрд╕реАрд╕рд╛,
рдкрд╛рд░рд╛,рдХреАрдЯрдирд╛рд╢рдХ,рдЙрд╡рд░реНрд░рдХ,рдХрд╛рдмрд░реНрди,рдкреНрд▓рд╛рд┐рд╕реНрдЯрдХ рдФрд░ рд░рдмрд░
рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢рд╖реНрдЯ рдкрджрд╛рдереЛрд░реНрдВ рдореЗрдВрдлреНрд╝рд▓рд╛рдИ рдПрд╢, рдлреЛрд╕реНрдлреЛ-
рд┐рдЬрдкреНрд╕рдо рддрдерд╛ рд▓реЛрд╣рд╛-рдЗрд╕реНрдкрд╛рдд рдХреА рдЕрд╢реБрд┐рджреНрдзрдпрд╛рдБ(slag) рд╣реИрдВред
рддрд╛рдкреАрдп рдкрд░рдж реВрд╖рдг- рдЬрдм рдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рддрд╛рдкрдШрд░реЛрдВ рд╕реЗрдЧрдорд░реН
рдЬрд▓ рдХреЛ рд┐рдмрдирд╛ рдардВрдбрд╛ рд┐рдХрдП рд╣реА рдирд┐рджрдпреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рддрд╛рд▓рд╛рдмреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ
рдЫреЛреЬ рд┐рджрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ,рддреЛ рдЬрд▓ рдореЗрдВрддрд╛рдкреАрдп рдкрд░рдж реВрд╖рдг рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдкрд░рдорд╛рдгреБрдКрдЬрд╛рд░реНрд╕рдВрдпрдВрддрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢рд╖реНрдЯ рд╡ рдкрд░рдорд╛рдгреБрд╢рд╕реНрддрд░ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдХ
рдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рд╕реЗрдХреИрдВрд╕рд░,рдЬрдиреНрдордЬрд╛рдд рд┐рд╡рдХрд╛рд░ рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдХрд╛рд▓ рдкрд░рд╕рд╡
рдЬреИрд╕реА рдмреАрдорд╛рд┐рд░рдпрд╛рдБрд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Industrial Pollution and
Environmental Degradation
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдкреНрд░рджреВрд╖рдг рддрдерд╛ рдкрдпрд╛рд░реНрд╡рд░рдг рд┐рдирдореНрдиреАрдХрд░рдг
37. Soil pollution
Soil pollution and water pollution are closely related.
Dumping of wastes specially glass,harmful chemicals,
industrial effluents,packaging,salts and garbage
renders the soil useless.
Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants
to the ground and the ground water also gets
contaminated.
Noise pollution
Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger,it
can also cause hearing impairment,increased heart rate
and blood pressure among other physiological effects.
Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
Industrial and construction activities,machinery,
factory equipment,generators,saws and pneumatic and
electric drills also make a lot of noise.
рдореГрджрд╛ рдкреНрд░рджреВрд╖рдг
рдореГрджрд╛ рд╡ рдЬрд▓ рдкрд░рдж реВ
рд╖рдг рдЖрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрд┐рдзрдд рд╣реИрдВред
рдорд▓рдмреЗрдХрд╛ рдвреЗрд░ рд┐рд╡рд╢реЗрд╖рдХрд░ рдХрд╛рдБрдЪ,рд╣рд╛рд┐рдирдХрд╛рд░рдХ рд░рд╕рд╛рдпрди,
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдмрд╣рд╛рд╡,рдк реИрд┐рдВрдХрдЧ,рд▓рд╡рдг рддрдерд╛рд╡ рдХреВреЬрд╛-рдХрдЪрд░рд╛ рдореГрджрд╛
рдХреЛ рдЕрдиреБрдкрдЬрд╛рдК рдмрдирд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рд╡рд╖рд╛рд░реНрдЬрд▓ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдпреЗрдкрд░рдж реВ
рд╖рдХ рдЬрдореАрди рд╕реЗрд┐рд░рд╕рддреЗрд╣реБрдП рднреВрд┐рдордЧрдд
рдЬрд▓ рддрдХ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪ рдХрд░ рдЙрд╕реЗрднреА рдкрд░рдж реВрд┐рд╖рдд рдХрд░ рджреЗрддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
рдзреНрд╡рд┐рди рдкреНрд░рджреВрд╖рдг
рдзреНрд╡рд┐рди рдкрд░рдж реВ
рд╖рдг рд╕реЗрд┐рдЦрдиреНрдирддрд╛ рддрдерд╛ рдЙрддреНрддреЗрдЬрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛ рд╢рд░рд╡рдг
рдЕрд╕рдХреНрд╖рдорддрд╛,рд╣реГрджрдп рдЧрд┐рдд,рд░рдХреНрдд рдЪрд╛рдк рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдХрд╛рд┐рдпрдХ
рд╡реНрдпрдерд╛рдПрдБ рднреА рдмреЭрддреА рд╣реИрдВред
рдЕрдирдЪрд╛рд╣реА рдзреНрд╡рд┐рди,рдЙрддреНрддреЗрдЬрдирд╛ рд╡ рдорд╛рдирд┐рд╕рдХ рд┐рдВрдЪрддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд░реЛрдд рд╣реИред
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рддрдерд╛ рд┐рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдг рдХрд╛рдпрд░реН,рдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг,
рдЬреЗрдирд░реЗрдЯрд░,рд▓рдХреЬреА рдЪреАрд░рдиреЗрдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЗ,рдЧреИрд╕ рдпрд╛рдВрд┐рддрд░рдХреА рддрдерд╛
рд┐рд╡рджреНрдпреБрдд рд┐рдбрд░рд▓ (drill) рднреА рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рдзреНрд╡рд┐рди рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рдХрд░рддреЗрд╣реИрдВред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Industrial Pollution and
Environmental Degradation
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдкреНрд░рджреВрд╖рдг рддрдерд╛ рдкрдпрд╛рд░реНрд╡рд░рдг рд┐рдирдореНрдиреАрдХрд░рдг
38. Control of Environmental
Degradation
minimising use water for processing by reusing
and recycling it in two or more successive stages
harvesting of rainwater to meet water
requirements
treating hot water and effluents before releasing
them in rivers and ponds.
Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in
three phases-
I. Primary treatment by mechanical means
(this involves screening,grinding,
flocculation and sedimentation)
II. Secondary treatment by biological process
III. Tertiary treatment by biological,chemical
and physical processes.This involves
recycling of wastewater.
рд┐рд╡рд┐рднрдиреНрди рдкрд░рд┐рдХрд░рдпрд╛рдУ рдВрдореЗрдВрдЬрд▓ рдХрд╛ рдиреНрдпреВрдирддрдо рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рддрдерд╛
рдЬрд▓ рдХрд╛ рджреЛ рдпрд╛ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рдЙрддреНрддрд░реЛрддреНрддрд░ рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛рдУ рдВрдореЗрдВ
рдкреБрдирдЪрд░реНрдХрд░рдг рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкреБрдирдГ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ
рдЬрд▓ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рдкреВрд┐рд░реНрдд рд╣реЗрддреБрд╡рд╖рд╛рд░реНрдЬрд▓ рд╕рдВрдЧрд░рд╣рдг
рдирд┐рджрдпреЛрдВ рд╡ рддрд╛рд▓рд╛рдмреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдЧрдорд░реНрдЬрд▓ рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢рд╖реНрдЯ рдкрджрд╛рдереЛрд░реНрдВ рдХреЛ
рдкрд░рд╡рд╛рд┐рд╣рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╕реЗрдкрд╣рд▓реЗрдЙрдирдХрд╛ рд╢реЛрдзрди рдХрд░рдирд╛ред
рдФрджреНрдпреЛрд┐рдЧрдХ рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢рд╖реНрдЯ рдХрд╛ рд╢реЛрдзрди рддреАрди рдЪрд░рдгреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛
рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ-
I. рдпрд╛рдВрд┐рддрд░рдХ рд╕рд╛рдзрдиреЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкрд░рд╛рдерд┐рдордХ рд╢реЛрдзрди (рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢рд╖реНрдЯ
рдкрджрд╛рдереЛрд░реНрдВ рдХреА рдЫрдБрдЯрд╛рдИ,рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЫреЛрдЯреЗ-рдЫреЛрдЯреЗрдЯреБрдХреЬреЗ
рдХрд░рдирд╛,рдврдХрдирд╛ рддрдерд╛ рддрд▓рдЫрдЯ рдЬрдорд╛рд╡ рдЖрд┐рдж)
II. рдЬреИрд┐рд╡рдХ рдкрд░рд┐рдХрд░рдпрд╛рдУ рдВрджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд┐рджреНрд╡рддрдпреАрдХ рд╢реЛрдзрди
III. рдЬреИрд┐рд╡рдХ,рд░рд╛рд╕рд╛рдпрд┐рдирдХ рддрдерд╛ рднреМрд┐рддрдХ рдкрд░рд┐рдХрд░рдпрд╛рдУ рдВ
рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рддреГрддреАрдпрдХ рд╢реЛрдзрди (рдЕрдкрд┐рд╢рд╖реНрдЯ рдЬрд▓ рдХреЛ
рдкреБрдирдЪрд░реНрдХрд░рдг рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкреБрдирдГ рдкрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдпреЛрдЧреНрдп рдмрдирд╛рдирд╛)
рдкрдпрд╛рд░реНрд╡рд░рдгреАрдп рд┐рдирдореНрдиреАрдХрд░рдг рдХреА рд░реЛрдХрдерд╛рдо
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
39. Overdrawing of ground water reserves by
industry where there is a threat to ground
water resources also needs to be regulated
legally.
Particulate matter in the air can be reduced
by fitting smoke stacks to factories with
electrostatic precipitators,fabric filters,
scrubbers and inertial separators.
Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas
instead of coal in factories.
Machinery and equipment can be used and
generators should be fitted with silencers.
Noise absorbing material may be used apart
from personal use of earplugs and
earphones.
рдХрдо рднреВрд┐рдордЧрдд рдЬрд▓ рд╕реНрддрд░ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдкрд░, рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧреЛрдВ
рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрд┐рдзрдХ рд┐рдирд╖реНрдХрд╛рд╕рди рдкрд░ рдХрд╛рдиреВрдиреА рдкрд░рд┐рддрдмрдВрдз рд╣реЛрдирд╛
рдЪрд╛рд┐рд╣рдпреЗред
рд╡рд╛рдпреБрдореЗрдВрд┐рдирд▓рдВрд┐рдмрдд рдкрд░рдж реВ
рд╖рдг рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░рдиреЗрдХреЗ рд┐рд▓рдП
рдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдКрдБрдЪреА рд┐рдЪрдорд┐рдирдпрд╛рдБ,рд┐рдЪрдорд┐рдирдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ
рдПрд▓реЗрдХреНрдЯрд░реЛрд╕реНрдЯреИрд┐рдЯрдХ рдЕрд╡рдХреНрд╖реЗрдкрдг (electrostatic
precipitators),рд╕реНрдХрд░рдмрд░ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд┐рд╣рдпреЗред
рдХрд╛рд░рдЦрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрдХреЛрдпрд▓реЗрдХреА рдЕрдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рддреЗрд▓ рд╡ рдЧреИрд╕ рдХреЗ
рдкрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рд╕реЗрдзреБрдПрдБ рдХреЗ рд┐рдирд╖реНрдХрд╛рд╕рди рдореЗрдВрдХрдореА рд▓рд╛рдпреА рдЬрд╛
рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИред
рдорд╢реАрдиреЛрдВ рд╡ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдгреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рдЬреЗрдирд░реЗрдЯрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВрд╕рд╛рдЗрд▓реЗрдВрд╕рд░
(silencers) рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдзреНрд╡рд┐рди
рдЕрд╡рд╢реЛрд┐рд╖рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрдЙрдкрдХрд░рдгреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЗрд╕реНрддреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХреЗ
рд╕рд╛рде рдХрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╢реЛрд░ рд┐рдирдпрдВрддрд░рдг рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг рднреА рдкрд╣рдирдиреЗ
рдЪрд╛рд┐рд╣рдпреЗред
Toran Kumar Singh TGT SSt. K V Budaun 04/09/2020
Control of Environmental
Degradation
рдкрдпрд╛рд░реНрд╡рд░рдгреАрдп рд┐рдирдореНрдиреАрдХрд░рдг рдХреА рд░реЛрдХрдерд╛рдо