Makati City's liquid waste management system faces challenges regarding safety, health, and social inclusivity. Only about half of the city has sewage treatment facilities, with most areas relying on septic tanks that discharge directly into waterways. Manila Water is responsible for water supply and wastewater management in most of Makati. There are laws and regulations governing sanitation and wastewater, but challenges remain in monitoring compliance. Improving the city's drainage infrastructure and desludging programs could help address flooding and pollution issues from liquid waste.

1. MAKATI CITY’S LIQUID WASTE – SAFETY &
HEALTH AND SOCIAL INCLUSIVITY
Rodelon M. Ramos
University of the Philippines - Diliman
College of Architecture
Prof. Raymond Sih
ARCH 235: Utilities

2. The City ofMakati: AnOverview
Source: famousbirthdays.com/faces/binay-jejomar-image.jpg; http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-
7Ea98y0kyHg/VpnN6ao8wwI/AAAAAAAAYbw/_M8ASeQXtKE/s1600/young-binay.jpg

3. Facts, Figures& CityProfile
Image references: en.wikipedia.org
BASIC FACTS and FIGURES 2014
GEOGRAPHICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Makati is located at the center of the National Capital Region (NCR)
and is bounded by Pasig River on the north, the municipality of
Pateros on the east, the City of Taguig on the southeast, the City of
Pasay on the south and southwest and the City of Manila on the
northwest. Makati is one of the 17 local government units that
comprise Metro Manila.
Land Area: 27.36 sq.km. (43%) of the total
NCR’s land area of 638.55sq.km.
Legislative Districts: 33 barangays
Demography: Total Population (2010 Census) 529,039
Population Density (persons/sq.m.) 19 (per 1,000 sq. m.)
Estimated Number of Households: 126,457
Average Household Size: 4.2
Population Growth Rate (2000-2010): 1.16 Includes persons residing
in the disputed areas with Taguig (Post Proper Northside and Post
Proper Southside): 51,320
(Source: National Statistics Office)
Estimated Daytime Population: Considered the city’s night-time
population is the registered resident population of
529,039 in 2010. Makati’s daytime population ratio has
been estimated at a minimum of 3.2 Million to 4.2 Million in 2010,
which is 6 to 8 times of its nighttime population during weekdays.
(Source: Makati City Transportation Study, 2012;
makati.gov.ph/portal/

4. Satellite View

5. Base Map View

6. Zoning & Land Use Map

7. Cluster Maps

8. Safety & Health
Source: dogwoodbc.ca

9. Source: dogwoodbc.ca
The health issues of Makati are being monitored by the Health Department

10. SocialInclusivity
Source: dogwoodbc.ca

11. Source: eschooltoday.com/wastewater/what-is-wastewater.html
Wastewater: What it is?
• Wastewater refers to all effluent from household, commercial establishments and
institutions, hospitals, industries and so on. It also includes stormwater and urban runoff,
agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent.
• Effluent refers to the sewage or liquid waste that is discharged into water bodies either
from direct sources or from treatment plants. Influent refers to water, wastewater, or other
liquid flowing into a reservoir, basin or treatment plant.
• Sewage is also wastewater. It is wastewater originating from toilets and bathroom fixtures,
bathing, laundry, kitchen sinks, cleaners, and similar dirty water that is produced in
households and public places. Water used to irrigate turf and gardens, swimming pools,
roof drainage, surface runoff and stormwater are all wastewater but not classified as
sewage.
• In simple terms, wastewater is all the dirty water from municipal sources (poop, urine and
faecal sludge). This includes black water, gray water and yellow water. All dirty water from
all the schools, restaurants, commercial establishments, hospitals, farms, floodwater and all
the possible dirty water you can think of is considered wastewater.

12. Source:
Major Types of Wastewater
• Black Water: Wastewater from toilet fixtures, dishwashers and kitchen sinks.
Composed of human excreta, toilet paper and wipes; body cleaning liquids, etc. They
are known to be highly contaminated with dissolved chemicals, particulate matter
and is very pathogenic.
• Gray Water: Also known as sullage, this is wastewater coming from non-toilet and
food fixtures such as bathroom sinks, laundry machines, spas, bathtubs and so on.
Technically it is sewage that has not been contaminated by fecal matter. Graywater,
upon treatment, is mostly preferred for reuse and domestic recycling.
• Domestic Waste Water / Sewage: it is generated from a community of people and It
consists mainly of greywater and blackwater
Other Types of Wastewater
• Industrial Waste Water
• Agricultural Waste Water
• Runoff Waste Water

13. Source: 4.bp.blogspot.com/-tSEYth9QR-E/WTYyYGmSorI/AAAAAAAAVao/0Dw5A4FaqB8aT0dCXcbExh7-
YAPCsRCoQCLcB/s1600/Urban%2Bwater%2Bcycle.png

14. Source: http://philippineautocadoperator.com/our_project/1100005/images/septic_tank_detail1.jpg
SEWER SYSTEM / SEWERAGE:
Collective term for the built infrastructure that supports the collection of liquid waste
from urban entry points (houses, industries, etc.) into discharge points (STPs, recycling
plants, natural fields) by means of sewers
TYPES OF SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Combination Public Sewers: designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage, and
industrial wastewater in the same pipe.
Storm Sewers / Storm Drains: collect rainwater and groundwater runoff from impervious
surfaces, and releasing them into waterways.
Sanitary Sewers: Also called as foul sewer, they are buried sewer conduits that transport
sewage from houses and other buildings through pipes going to onsite sewage facilities,
sewage treatment facilities or controlled disposal after processing.

15. LiquidWaste in MakatiCity
Source: i.pinimg.com/736x/26/57/47/265747e581090a86551f97568c37ada2--hazardous-waste-waste-disposal.jpg

16. Sources: ro.mwss.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/mwss-seal-01.png; upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Manila_Water_Logo.png;
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Maynilad_logo_with_Tagline.png
• The City of Makati almost entirely belongs to the East Zone concession solely
controlled by the Manila Water Company Inc.
• Manila Water provides bulk water supply, distribution, wastewater management and
sanitation systems to over six-million residents / consumers.
• Manila Water is a subsidiary of the Ayala conglomerate and a partnership with British
& Japanese investors
• Manila Water’s concession agreement is inked with the Metropolitan Waterworks and
Sewerage Systems (MWSS), a national government agency.
• Makati City’s south-western portion is served by Maynilad, Water Services being its
counterpart in the western zone.
MWSS: GRANTOR OF WATER
UTILITY PRIVATIZATION
CONCESSIONAIRE: EAST ZONE
CONCESSIONAIRE: WEST ZONE

17. Source: http://www.manilawater.com/Pages/Our%20Services.aspx
Wastewater and Sanitation Services of Manila Water include:
1. Design and construction of sewer network and treatment plants
2. Sewer network maintenance and management
3. Sanitation or septage management
4. Design and development of re-use water system
5. Industrial and solid waste management
Wastewater Treatment Process of Manila Water :
1. Most extensive sanitation or septic tank desludging program in the country with 50
desludging trucks and two septage treatment plants in operation.
2. Leading sewerage operator in the country with 39 sewage treatment plants that
consistently comply with the effluent standards and regulatory requirements of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources and the Laguna Lake Development
Authority
3. A combined wastewater treatment capacity of 142 million liter per day, preventing 4.2
million kilograms of pollutants (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) from being discharged
into rivers

18. Source: manilawater.com/Pages/Sustainability%20Programs.aspx
TOKA TOKA
A joint project between Manila Water and founding partners, Asian Development Bank (ADB)
and ABS-CBN Foundation, Toka Toka's goal is to move the people into embodying these four
ownable acts:
• Encouraging solid waste management and segregation;
• Desludging of household septic tank every five years;
• Connecting all households to a proper sewer line; and
• Educating the community on proper wastewater management and the environment.
Toka Toka is the first and only environmental movement in the country that advocates proper
management of wastewater (used water) in every household as an important share (or Toka) in
reviving our rivers and waterways. Toka Toka believes that if this value shift happens in each
household or sector, and is upheld actively by individuals and institutions, rivers and waterways
will be freed from the vicious cycle of pollution.
Screening Equalization
Primary
Sediment-
ation
Aeration
Secondary
Sediment-
ation
Disinfection
Wastewater Treatment Process
As employed by Manila Water

19. Source: makati atlas 2013; makati.gov.ph
NAME OF RIVER / CREEKS LENGTH (KM)
1 Pasig River 6.40
2 PNR Open Canal 4.70
3 Estero De Tripa De Gallina Creek 3.25
4 Maricaban Creek 5.90
5 Ayala Creek 1.12
6 Amorsolo Creek 2.00
7 San Lorenzo Creek 1.10
8 Makati Diversion Channel 1.30
9 Bangkal (Lucban) Creek 0.55
10 Calatagan Creek 1.70
11 Sta. Clara Creek 0.62
12 Sanzibar Creek 0.38
13 Balisampan Creek 1.00
14 Taguig-Pateros 5.20
15 San Jose Creek 2.57
16 Pinos Creek 2.15
T O T A L 39.94
Urban Waterways in Makati City
Makati City has 15 creeks and 1 river, some serve as administrative boundary, others as transportation
system and drainage system for storm waters. Pasig River, the longest river in Metro Manila, separates Makati City
from Pasig City and Mandaluyong City. It passes through nine barangays (with about 6.4 kilometers in length.
These barangays are prone to flooding due to overflowing of this river during heavy rains. Numerous streams
branched out Pasig River namely, San Jose Creek ; and Balisampan Creek . These streams and creeks serve as
floodways. Another main creek in the City is the Maricaban Creek that has a length of 5.9 kilometers which
separates Magallanes, Dasmariñas, and Forbes Park from Post Proper Southside. Presence of drainage and
sewerage system in these barangays (such as in Forbes Park and Dasmariñas) have contributed to the low
susceptibility of these areas to flooding.

20. Drainage Infrastructure of Makati City & Environs
Source: open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11791548_01.pdf

21. Priority Projects
Source: open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11791548_01.pdf

22. Existing Encroachment along Waterways
Source: open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11791548_01.pdf

23. Drainage System of Makati & Environs (South Manila)
Source: open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11791548_01.pdf

24. Discharge Capacity (Existing Conditions)
Source: open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11791548_01.pdf

25. Discharge Capacity (After Declogging/Dredging)
Source: open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11791548_01.pdf

26. Source: makati atlas 2013; makati.gov.ph
Sewerage & STP of Makati City
Sewage treatment facilities cover less than half of the City’s sewage requirements. As of 2005, only the
Makati CBD area, Rockwell Center, several residential villages and the Makati Homes II have sewage
treatment facilities provided by private concessionaires.
Makati has only one Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) located in Magallanes Village. Sewage disposal for
the rest of the City is done mostly through septic tanks. Effluents are discharged directly into storm drains that
lead ultimately into more than 30 esteros and three waterways in Metro Manila: Parañaque River, Tenejeros-
Tullahan River, and Pasig River

27. Source: manilawater.com/NewsImages/Desludging%20Tanker.jpg; makati atlas 2013
Desludging
Sewage Treatment Plant

28. Laws andRegulationsthatDeal with
Wastewater& Sanitation
Source: spreadthehealthbu.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/spongebob-water-copy.png?w=384&h=384&crop=1

29. Source: Philippine Regulations On Sanitation and Wastewater Systems (International Edition) Compiled by Bonifacio Magtibay
Drainage of Buildings
(Civil Code of the Philippines - R.A. 386 of 1949)
Sanitary Engineers and Wastewater Disposal Systems
(Sanitary Engineering Law- R.A. 1364 of 1955)
Sewerage and Sanitation Provisions
(Plumbing Law - R.A. 1378 of 1955)
Sources of Fund for Flood Control Projects
(P.D. 18 of 1972)
Sewerage Provisions
(Provincial Water Utilities Act - P.D. 198 of 1973)
Sewage Disposal Provisions
(1974 IRR of P.D. 522)
Sewage Disposal and Drainage Provisions
(Sanitation Code - P.D. 856 of 1975)
Drainage Provisions
(Water Code - P.D. 1067 of 1976)
Wastewater and Drainage Provisions
(National Building Code - P.D. 1096 of 1977)
Liquid Waste Disposal Provisions
(Environment Code - P.D. 1152 of 1977)
Flood Control Provisions
(Environment Code - P.D. 1152 of 1977)
Effluent Water Quality Requirements
(NPCC Rules and Regulations of 1978)
Domestic Wastewater Disposal Requirements
(NPCC Rules and Regulations of 1981)

30. Effluent Regulations
(NPCC Regulations of 1982)
Updated Sources of Fund for Flood Control Projects
(E.O. No. 52 of 1986)
Revised Effluent Regulations
(DENR A.O. No. 35, s. 1990)
Sewerage and Sanitation Provisions ( Industrial Hygiene)
(DOH A.O. 111, s.1991
Sanitation and Drainage Provisions
(Local Government Code - R.A. 7160 of 1991)
Sanitation and Drainage Provisions
(Local Government Code IRR of 1992)
Wastewater Provisions
(National Plumbing Code 1993-1994 Revision)
National Policy on Urban Sewerage and Sanitation
(NEDA Board Resolution No. 5, s. 1994)
Official Definition of Sewerage and Sanitation Terms
(NEDA Board Resolutions No. 12, s. 1995)
Sewage Disposal and Drainage Requirements
(Sanitation Code IRR of 1995)
Supplemental IRR of Sewage Disposal and Drainage
(2003)
Clean Water Act
(RA -9275 of 2004)
Source: Philippine Regulations On Sanitation and Wastewater Systems (International Edition) Compiled by Bonifacio Magtibay

31. Source:
Adapted from
Environmental
Performance
Index Reports,
Yale University,
2006-2016
Source: 2040.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/jan-10pdp-logo.png
Philippine Development Plan
Part VI: Foundations for Sustainable Development
Chapter 20: Ensuring Ecological Integrity, Clean and
Healthy Environment
Challenges in environmental compliance include monitoring of water quality,
sanitation, domestic wastewater discharge, among other sundry
environmental issues