The document provides a historical overview of Madrid from its origins as an Arab fortress in the 9th century to the present day. Key points include:
- Madrid grew under Hapsburg rule in the 16th-17th centuries and became the capital of Spain under Philip II, experiencing significant growth.
- The Golden Age of Spanish arts and culture occurred during the reign of Philip IV in the 17th century.
- Enlightenment-era reforms under Charles III in the 18th century transformed Madrid into a modern European capital.
- The 19th century saw periods of political instability and economic modernization as Madrid's infrastructure and neighborhoods expanded.
- The 20th century brought the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship