Running head Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment1.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
1
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
2
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
Guatemala and Panama
By Student M.B.D.
SOC300 Sociology of Developing Countries
Professor Gwendolyn Royal-Smith
December 5, 2018
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment - Guatemala and Panama
In this paper, I will discuss issues associated with the developing countries of Guatemala and Panama. Our text defines under-developed countries as a country’s gross national income (GNP) per capita, the measurement for whether a country is low-income, middle-income or high-income. Guatemala’s gross national income (GNP) per capita is $3,340 which makes is a lower-middle income economy and Panama’s (GNP) is $10,700 which makes it an upper-middle economy (Soomo Webtext p. 1.2). Some of my family members live in Panama, and I have visited the country several times. In visiting my relatives, I experienced the challenges of living in a poorly constructed house (more like a small shack), in the countryside with limited running water, electricity and common comforts from home that I took for granted. For this assignment, I am interested in learning more about specific characteristics that these two developing countries share as well as their differences. I chose factors related to a) geography, b) governmental corruption, c) internal or external conflicts, d) ethnic, racial or tribal disparities and, e) lack or misuse of natural resources.
Geography
Panama and Guatemala are in Central America and share similar geography. Both countries are tropical with hot humid climates, and both have the lowest point of 0 meters sea level at the Pacific Ocean up to 3,475 to 4,220 meters at the highest points of their mountains (World Factbook). The two countries are mostly steep rugged mountain areas and countryside which split the countries into hot humid lowlands and cooler highlands. Over half the population in both countries reside in urban areas while the remaining population is made of up indigenous people living in the mountains and countryside. Urbanization in Guatemala is 51.1% and in Panama is 67.7% according to the World Factbook and infrastructure is lacking in the sparsely inhabited regions where the indigenous people live. The poverty rate among the indigenous people in Guatemala is 73% (Erichsen, 2018) and over 95% of the indigenous in Panama fall below the poverty line, while 86% live in extreme poverty according to the World Bank. Poverty plays a major role in the inability of the poor to provide even the most basic needs for their children including food, healthcare, education. The geographies of both countries are significant contributors to poverty because the indigenous people are more likely to live in the mountains and countryside regions which lack physical infrastructures including roads, bridges, highways. The inaccessibility of construction equipment, utilities and building ...
Problems 451in the box Determinants of Cooperation.” T.docxaryan532920
Problems 451
in the box “Determinants of Cooperation.”
Then tell them to imagine they are the proposer,
that the responder is someone from their own
economic and social group, and that the sum of
money to be divided is $1,000. Ask them what
division they would propose and why. Report
the results of your survey, and then draw con-
clusions about what explains differences among
your respondents regarding their proposed
divisions.
For additional exploration and practice using the Online Data Plotter and data sets, please visit
www.pearsoninternationaleditions.com/weil.
452
In examining the fundamental determinants of income differences among countries, we have repeatedly grappled with the issue of whether the vari-
ables we were measuring were really so fundamental. How can we be sure
that the nature of a country’s government determines its level of income,
for example, when there is also a compelling case that income affects gov-
ernment? The same holds true for income inequality and for culture.
In this chapter we look at a set of potential determinants of income—
geography, climate, and natural resources—that are clearly immune to this
problem. As we shall see, however, our difficulties are not completely behind us.
To give a preview, Figure 15.1 shows a scatter plot comparing income per capita
and a nation’s latitude—that is, its distance from the equator. There is clearly a
strong relationship in the data: The farther a country is from the equator, the
richer it is, on average. Further, there is certainly no danger of “reverse causa-
tion,” that is, no risk that the relationship in the data occurs because becom-
ing rich causes a country to move farther from the equator. But what does the
relationship between income and latitude tell us? What economic machinery
underlies this relationship?
In this chapter we examine data on how geography, climate, and natural re-
sources differ among countries. We will see that there are good theoretical reasons
why each of these characteristics should affect income. In the case of two of these
characteristics—geography and climate—we will also find good empirical evi-
dence that the effect is significant. We will also see how these characteristics have
been incorporated into theories of why the Eurasian landmass developed before
the rest of the world and into two different explanations for why Europe developed
before China.
One conclusion from this chapter is that the natural resources available in
a given country today are not a great constraint on growth because countries
can import resources from abroad. But this finding leaves open the question of
whether the availability of resources at the world level may not constrain world-
wide growth. We return to this topic in Chapter 16.
GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
15C H A P T E R
Geography is destiny.
—Napoleon Bonaparte
15.1 Geography 453
15.1 GEOGRAPHY
The population of the world passed the 7 bi ...
Virginia’s Hampton Roads is a region rich in history, situated in the southeastern corner of Virginia, where the Atlantic Ocean meets the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States. The region, comprised of 16 counties and cities, each with unique assets, is enhanced by an extensive system of waterways and a population that has been growing and changing over the last decade. This profile summarizes key demographic, economic and transportation trends. A publication of www.HRPDC.org and www.HRP.org.
Dr. Alejandro Diaz-Bautista, North American Competitiveness Conference 2010 U...Economist
“Mexico-United States Border Efficiency Through Enhanced Infrastructure”.
Alejandro Díaz-Bautista, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics and Researcher at
El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF)
adiazbau@hotmail.com
Prepared for the The North American Competitive, Innovation & Clean Energy Conference, Wednesday, April 14, 2010 , 8:00 am - 5:30 pm, Main Theater, Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice University of San Diego. San Diego, California.
Running head Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment1.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
1
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
2
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment
Guatemala and Panama
By Student M.B.D.
SOC300 Sociology of Developing Countries
Professor Gwendolyn Royal-Smith
December 5, 2018
Comparing Factors that Lead to Underdevelopment - Guatemala and Panama
In this paper, I will discuss issues associated with the developing countries of Guatemala and Panama. Our text defines under-developed countries as a country’s gross national income (GNP) per capita, the measurement for whether a country is low-income, middle-income or high-income. Guatemala’s gross national income (GNP) per capita is $3,340 which makes is a lower-middle income economy and Panama’s (GNP) is $10,700 which makes it an upper-middle economy (Soomo Webtext p. 1.2). Some of my family members live in Panama, and I have visited the country several times. In visiting my relatives, I experienced the challenges of living in a poorly constructed house (more like a small shack), in the countryside with limited running water, electricity and common comforts from home that I took for granted. For this assignment, I am interested in learning more about specific characteristics that these two developing countries share as well as their differences. I chose factors related to a) geography, b) governmental corruption, c) internal or external conflicts, d) ethnic, racial or tribal disparities and, e) lack or misuse of natural resources.
Geography
Panama and Guatemala are in Central America and share similar geography. Both countries are tropical with hot humid climates, and both have the lowest point of 0 meters sea level at the Pacific Ocean up to 3,475 to 4,220 meters at the highest points of their mountains (World Factbook). The two countries are mostly steep rugged mountain areas and countryside which split the countries into hot humid lowlands and cooler highlands. Over half the population in both countries reside in urban areas while the remaining population is made of up indigenous people living in the mountains and countryside. Urbanization in Guatemala is 51.1% and in Panama is 67.7% according to the World Factbook and infrastructure is lacking in the sparsely inhabited regions where the indigenous people live. The poverty rate among the indigenous people in Guatemala is 73% (Erichsen, 2018) and over 95% of the indigenous in Panama fall below the poverty line, while 86% live in extreme poverty according to the World Bank. Poverty plays a major role in the inability of the poor to provide even the most basic needs for their children including food, healthcare, education. The geographies of both countries are significant contributors to poverty because the indigenous people are more likely to live in the mountains and countryside regions which lack physical infrastructures including roads, bridges, highways. The inaccessibility of construction equipment, utilities and building ...
Problems 451in the box Determinants of Cooperation.” T.docxaryan532920
Problems 451
in the box “Determinants of Cooperation.”
Then tell them to imagine they are the proposer,
that the responder is someone from their own
economic and social group, and that the sum of
money to be divided is $1,000. Ask them what
division they would propose and why. Report
the results of your survey, and then draw con-
clusions about what explains differences among
your respondents regarding their proposed
divisions.
For additional exploration and practice using the Online Data Plotter and data sets, please visit
www.pearsoninternationaleditions.com/weil.
452
In examining the fundamental determinants of income differences among countries, we have repeatedly grappled with the issue of whether the vari-
ables we were measuring were really so fundamental. How can we be sure
that the nature of a country’s government determines its level of income,
for example, when there is also a compelling case that income affects gov-
ernment? The same holds true for income inequality and for culture.
In this chapter we look at a set of potential determinants of income—
geography, climate, and natural resources—that are clearly immune to this
problem. As we shall see, however, our difficulties are not completely behind us.
To give a preview, Figure 15.1 shows a scatter plot comparing income per capita
and a nation’s latitude—that is, its distance from the equator. There is clearly a
strong relationship in the data: The farther a country is from the equator, the
richer it is, on average. Further, there is certainly no danger of “reverse causa-
tion,” that is, no risk that the relationship in the data occurs because becom-
ing rich causes a country to move farther from the equator. But what does the
relationship between income and latitude tell us? What economic machinery
underlies this relationship?
In this chapter we examine data on how geography, climate, and natural re-
sources differ among countries. We will see that there are good theoretical reasons
why each of these characteristics should affect income. In the case of two of these
characteristics—geography and climate—we will also find good empirical evi-
dence that the effect is significant. We will also see how these characteristics have
been incorporated into theories of why the Eurasian landmass developed before
the rest of the world and into two different explanations for why Europe developed
before China.
One conclusion from this chapter is that the natural resources available in
a given country today are not a great constraint on growth because countries
can import resources from abroad. But this finding leaves open the question of
whether the availability of resources at the world level may not constrain world-
wide growth. We return to this topic in Chapter 16.
GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
15C H A P T E R
Geography is destiny.
—Napoleon Bonaparte
15.1 Geography 453
15.1 GEOGRAPHY
The population of the world passed the 7 bi ...
Virginia’s Hampton Roads is a region rich in history, situated in the southeastern corner of Virginia, where the Atlantic Ocean meets the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States. The region, comprised of 16 counties and cities, each with unique assets, is enhanced by an extensive system of waterways and a population that has been growing and changing over the last decade. This profile summarizes key demographic, economic and transportation trends. A publication of www.HRPDC.org and www.HRP.org.
Dr. Alejandro Diaz-Bautista, North American Competitiveness Conference 2010 U...Economist
“Mexico-United States Border Efficiency Through Enhanced Infrastructure”.
Alejandro Díaz-Bautista, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics and Researcher at
El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF)
adiazbau@hotmail.com
Prepared for the The North American Competitive, Innovation & Clean Energy Conference, Wednesday, April 14, 2010 , 8:00 am - 5:30 pm, Main Theater, Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice University of San Diego. San Diego, California.
Sourcing in argentina – story of a struggling empire.ebookNeo Group Inc
Is sourcing to Argentina still a best option? This
Supply WisdomSM Insights Whitepaper attempts to assess the country’s risks and opportunities with respect to sourcing industry and doing business.
261
Megaregion Planning
and High-Speed Rail
Petra Todorovich
c h a p t e r 2 4
?
On April 16, 2009, President Obama stood before an audience at the Eisenhower
Executive Office Building and made an announcement that signaled a new era of
passenger rail in the United States. Months before, the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA) had provided $8 billion for a new program at the
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to issue competitive grants to states to
make capital investments in high-speed and conventional passenger rail. Little did
the president know that providing the single largest boost for intercity rail plan-
ning in this country in a generation had also motivated a sudden and giant leap for-
ward in planning and governing megaregions. Luckily, regional planners had been
studying emerging megaregions for the previous five years, in affiliation with the
New York–based Regional Plan Association’s (RPA) America 2050 program. Again
and again, the planners had identified high-speed rail as the key transportation
investment to serve megaregion economies. But high-speed rail was a distant
dream. That all changed with the passage of ARRA at the nadir of the Great
Recession. Now a federal program exists to support high-speed rail planning
and implementation. Making that program a success will largely depend on the
ability of multiple actors at the local, regional, state, and binational levels to come
together as megaregions to coordinate and leverage federal rail investments.
Revisiting Megalopolis: RPA Resurrects
the Megaregion Idea
As if planning for the Tri-State New York metropolitan region was not sufficiently
complicated, in 2005 the Regional Plan Association launched a national program
called America 2050 that focused on the emergence of a new urban scale: the
megaregion. This was not actually a new concept for RPA. In 1967 a volume of the
Second Regional Plan documented the emergence of “The Atlantic Urban Region,”
an urban chain stretching 460 miles from Maine to Virginia (Regional Plan
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/8/2020 3:56 AM via SAN JOSE STATE UNIV
AN: 435124 ; Montgomery, Carleton.; Regional Planning for a Sustainable America : How Creative Programs Are Promoting Prosperity and Saving the Environment
Account: s7380033.main.cmmc
Association 1967). Earlier that decade, French geographer Jean Gottmann had
coined the term “Megalopolis” to describe the same region in his 1961 book,
Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States (Gottmann
1961). The .
261
Megaregion Planning
and High-Speed Rail
Petra Todorovich
c h a p t e r 2 4
?
On April 16, 2009, President Obama stood before an audience at the Eisenhower
Executive Office Building and made an announcement that signaled a new era of
passenger rail in the United States. Months before, the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA) had provided $8 billion for a new program at the
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to issue competitive grants to states to
make capital investments in high-speed and conventional passenger rail. Little did
the president know that providing the single largest boost for intercity rail plan-
ning in this country in a generation had also motivated a sudden and giant leap for-
ward in planning and governing megaregions. Luckily, regional planners had been
studying emerging megaregions for the previous five years, in affiliation with the
New York–based Regional Plan Association’s (RPA) America 2050 program. Again
and again, the planners had identified high-speed rail as the key transportation
investment to serve megaregion economies. But high-speed rail was a distant
dream. That all changed with the passage of ARRA at the nadir of the Great
Recession. Now a federal program exists to support high-speed rail planning
and implementation. Making that program a success will largely depend on the
ability of multiple actors at the local, regional, state, and binational levels to come
together as megaregions to coordinate and leverage federal rail investments.
Revisiting Megalopolis: RPA Resurrects
the Megaregion Idea
As if planning for the Tri-State New York metropolitan region was not sufficiently
complicated, in 2005 the Regional Plan Association launched a national program
called America 2050 that focused on the emergence of a new urban scale: the
megaregion. This was not actually a new concept for RPA. In 1967 a volume of the
Second Regional Plan documented the emergence of “The Atlantic Urban Region,”
an urban chain stretching 460 miles from Maine to Virginia (Regional Plan
C
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
2
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/8/2020 3:56 AM via SAN JOSE STATE UNIV
AN: 435124 ; Montgomery, Carleton.; Regional Planning for a Sustainable America : How Creative Programs Are Promoting Prosperity and Saving the Environment
Account: s7380033.main.cmmc
Association 1967). Earlier that decade, French geographer Jean Gottmann had
coined the term “Megalopolis” to describe the same region in his 1961 book,
Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States (Gottmann
1961). The .
Collin CenciAnalysis is one of the key components to the int.docxclarebernice
Collin Cenci
Analysis is one of the key components to the intelligence cycle, arguably the most crucial piece of the puzzle. There first has to be a need, from there analysts decide what we don't know, what we need to know, how we can we find the answers, etc... Once the information is gathered analysts have the daunting task of not only turning that information into actionable intelligence, but fitting these pieces of intelligence into the puzzle. To make their job all the more difficult, they are constantly working to overcome a slew of perceptual and cognitive biases that can negatively affect their results. Some of these biases include objectively evaluating an analyst's expectations. If the evidence even remotely suggests that the target is someone that the analyst expected to be the culprit, it's incredibly difficult to make a positive case for any evidence that suggests to the contrary. The bias of availability is merely the perceived likelihood of a result. When evidence suggests a result that the analyst perceives as unrealistic, they tend to discount all evidence supporting that end. A final example is that of consistency, when results are consistent even over a short period of time, which establishes a trend for the analyst that is conditioned to expect a similar result time and again. These are only a few of the many biases that cloud the judgment of all analysts, but there are techniques for overcoming these pitfalls.
One technique best used in the very beginning of the analytical process is to run a Key Assumptions Check. Nearly all situations are going to have some assumptions made by analysts that have any prior experience with similar situations. The trick is to not let these assumptions mold the estimates and analysis that comes out of the process. As a team, analysts lay out all of their assumptions and slowly pick them apart to ensure these assumptions are based on fact and logic. A second technique is the Analysis of Competing Hypotheses, particularly useful in scenarios where the possibilities are numerous and data is extensive. (Heuer 1999) Preferably as a team, lay out a matrix of all the evidence on one axis and possible hypotheses on the other. From there simply go down the line discussing which pieces of evidence support which hypotheses. There will probably be some arguments that rise from this discussion, but analysts may be shocked to find how the evidence they felt supported their hypothesis may similarly support another hypothesis, possibly better than their own. The final example is called Red Team Analysis, or in simpler terms, analysts putting themselves in their enemies’ “shoes.”(Tradecraft 2009) Many assumptions are made based on cultural and societal differences between the analyst and their objective. To overcome this bias, analysts are tasked with considering the situation from the perspective of the target. This can be a particularly challenging task when many of our ad ...
Jamestown Latin America | Trends + Views | Infrastructure Challenges in Latin...Ferhat Guven
Latin American economies require substantial improvement to physical infrastructure to raise potential GDP growth.
As macroeconomic stability has been achieved in the largest economies, the public sector now aims to prioritize microeconomic issues.
The region’s major economies must address inadequacies in the years to come, focusing on the quality of roads, railroads, bridges, airports, and ports.
Governments have started to prioritize the urgency of closing the infrastructure gap, by allocating more public resources for infrastructure and pursuing public-private partnerships.
Recently, there have been important strides made, with private capital increasingly attracted to investment opportunities in infrastructure projects in the region.
Sourcing in argentina – story of a struggling empire.ebookNeo Group Inc
Is sourcing to Argentina still a best option? This
Supply WisdomSM Insights Whitepaper attempts to assess the country’s risks and opportunities with respect to sourcing industry and doing business.
261
Megaregion Planning
and High-Speed Rail
Petra Todorovich
c h a p t e r 2 4
?
On April 16, 2009, President Obama stood before an audience at the Eisenhower
Executive Office Building and made an announcement that signaled a new era of
passenger rail in the United States. Months before, the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA) had provided $8 billion for a new program at the
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to issue competitive grants to states to
make capital investments in high-speed and conventional passenger rail. Little did
the president know that providing the single largest boost for intercity rail plan-
ning in this country in a generation had also motivated a sudden and giant leap for-
ward in planning and governing megaregions. Luckily, regional planners had been
studying emerging megaregions for the previous five years, in affiliation with the
New York–based Regional Plan Association’s (RPA) America 2050 program. Again
and again, the planners had identified high-speed rail as the key transportation
investment to serve megaregion economies. But high-speed rail was a distant
dream. That all changed with the passage of ARRA at the nadir of the Great
Recession. Now a federal program exists to support high-speed rail planning
and implementation. Making that program a success will largely depend on the
ability of multiple actors at the local, regional, state, and binational levels to come
together as megaregions to coordinate and leverage federal rail investments.
Revisiting Megalopolis: RPA Resurrects
the Megaregion Idea
As if planning for the Tri-State New York metropolitan region was not sufficiently
complicated, in 2005 the Regional Plan Association launched a national program
called America 2050 that focused on the emergence of a new urban scale: the
megaregion. This was not actually a new concept for RPA. In 1967 a volume of the
Second Regional Plan documented the emergence of “The Atlantic Urban Region,”
an urban chain stretching 460 miles from Maine to Virginia (Regional Plan
C
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
2
0
1
1
.
R
u
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 5/8/2020 3:56 AM via SAN JOSE STATE UNIV
AN: 435124 ; Montgomery, Carleton.; Regional Planning for a Sustainable America : How Creative Programs Are Promoting Prosperity and Saving the Environment
Account: s7380033.main.cmmc
Association 1967). Earlier that decade, French geographer Jean Gottmann had
coined the term “Megalopolis” to describe the same region in his 1961 book,
Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States (Gottmann
1961). The .
261
Megaregion Planning
and High-Speed Rail
Petra Todorovich
c h a p t e r 2 4
?
On April 16, 2009, President Obama stood before an audience at the Eisenhower
Executive Office Building and made an announcement that signaled a new era of
passenger rail in the United States. Months before, the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act (ARRA) had provided $8 billion for a new program at the
Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) to issue competitive grants to states to
make capital investments in high-speed and conventional passenger rail. Little did
the president know that providing the single largest boost for intercity rail plan-
ning in this country in a generation had also motivated a sudden and giant leap for-
ward in planning and governing megaregions. Luckily, regional planners had been
studying emerging megaregions for the previous five years, in affiliation with the
New York–based Regional Plan Association’s (RPA) America 2050 program. Again
and again, the planners had identified high-speed rail as the key transportation
investment to serve megaregion economies. But high-speed rail was a distant
dream. That all changed with the passage of ARRA at the nadir of the Great
Recession. Now a federal program exists to support high-speed rail planning
and implementation. Making that program a success will largely depend on the
ability of multiple actors at the local, regional, state, and binational levels to come
together as megaregions to coordinate and leverage federal rail investments.
Revisiting Megalopolis: RPA Resurrects
the Megaregion Idea
As if planning for the Tri-State New York metropolitan region was not sufficiently
complicated, in 2005 the Regional Plan Association launched a national program
called America 2050 that focused on the emergence of a new urban scale: the
megaregion. This was not actually a new concept for RPA. In 1967 a volume of the
Second Regional Plan documented the emergence of “The Atlantic Urban Region,”
an urban chain stretching 460 miles from Maine to Virginia (Regional Plan
C
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
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Macroeconomics-Film Location Panama
1. MACROECONOMICS- MOVIE LOCATION 1
Macroeconomics- Movie Location: Panama
Durand Torrence
Full Sail University
Author Notes
Durand J. Torrence, Entertainment Business B.S. undergraduate, Full Sail
University.
This research is for Week #3 ECO2005-O course.
Correspondence concerning this paper should be address to Durand J. Torrence,
contact: djtorrence@student.fullsail.edu
2. MACROECONOMICS- MOVIE LOCATION 2
Abstract
This paper explores the benefits of have Panama as the prime international location for the major
Los Angeles film studio. This research was conducted on online (Internet). The research that
went into finding this location includes geographic location, government structure and
micro/macro economical statics.
3. MACROECONOMICS- MOVIE LOCATION 3
Macroeconomics- Movie Location: Panama
“Estar limpio”, is an idiom commonly used in Panamanian culture, which translate to “to
have no money” which briefly can describe the peoples’ view of this country’s economy.
Panama is an isthmus located in Central America, which connects the continents of North and
South America. This country canal, Panama Canal completed in 1914, is one of the worlds most
strategic artificial waterways by connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and making ship
travel safer. (Cho, Bray, Gordon, Worthington, & Padelford, 2019)
Panama’s climate is mostly hot and humid with a lengthy rainy season the last from May
through January. This is mainly because geographical location. Panama climate does consist of a
short dry season only lasting from mid-January until early May. This tropical weather provides
thick dense rain forest but also provides beautiful coastal plains with rolling hills. Being able to
have such vast landscape provides multiple filming options for the production crew. (Central
Intelligence Agency) Travel to this region and climates does not required any addition
vaccinations, as long as production crew is up to date on vaccinations that are suggested by the
CDC for the United States.
The government of Panama has a similar structure as the United States where you have
the three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. But political parties are vastly different
in forms of representation, where in some case parties will join alliance for the betterment. The
government has multiple consulates across the Untied States, which speaks to the open health
relation, so in the event that situations arises, there will be open communication between the two
countries. Gaining their independence from Columbia, November 3, 1903, Panama is still
amending their Constitution, last in 2014. (Central Intelligence Agency)
4. MACROECONOMICS- MOVIE LOCATION 4
Balboa (PAB) is the name of the national currency of Panama. The exchange rate for the
United States dollar (USD) is one to one. Even though there is a one to one exchange rate, the
inflation rate in Panama is 4.1% compared to the U.S. rate of 1.5%, which can affect how “far”
your dollar goes. But this also can do seen as a added incentive to do your job right and
effectively and not waste time. (U.S. State Dept.)
Gross domestic product (GDP) for Panama, as of 2017 estimates, was 61.84 billion and
has a unstable trend. The growth rate since 2015 has fluctuated but has been consistently
between five and six percent. Majority of the GDP consists of services, which in turn can be
invaluable to the production crew in this foreign country. Household consumption is far lower
comparing to the consumption in the U.S. which leads me to believe everyday expenses are not
as costly. (Central Intelligence Agency) The smallest percent that contributes to GDP is
agriculture which consist of bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane, vegetables; livestock; shrimp.
GDP per capital, which measures the country’s economic output for its number of
citizens, is steadily increasing. Wealth distribution is not the far off from the U.S. percent of
15.1% with Panama’s around 23% as of 2015. (Central Intelligence Agency) The distribution of
family income has decreased over the past ten years will debt is increasing as well as
unemployment. Panama’s expenditures consistently exceed the country’s revenues, which as of
2017 estimates says Panama is -3.036 billion USD in debt. Some of the Panama’s debt can be
attributed to the notorious issues of tax evasion and money-laundering. (International, 2016)
As stated before, the Panama Canal is such a vital shipping lane to the world there are no
known enemies. This is so much the case that Panama does not have a regular military force just
special security and police forces. This is a big plus for the production crew, they are not in any
5. MACROECONOMICS- MOVIE LOCATION 5
hostile territories and can work free of distress. (Central Intelligence Agency) No international
disputes. (U.S. State Dept.)
The labor force is comprised of mostly under skilled workforce, which has created a
shortage of skilled labor. This has led to a shortage of workers in the agricultural and industrial
work force with over 60% of workers providing services. (U.S. State Dept.)
As it relates to infrastructure, over 90% of the population has electricity and in rural areas
there is over 80% electrification when filming in more remote locations. Although there are
concerns for the remote border locations as sometimes organized illegal narcotics operate within
these areas, the overall transportation infrastructure is “developed”. Panama consist of over 57
paved airports, 77 km of railway, three major seaports. (Central Intelligence Agency)
The countries main export is gold, as of 2013. With other exports including bananas,
shrimp, sugar, iron and steel waste, pineapples and watermelons this has generated about 18.87
billion (2013 est.). (U.S. State Dept.) Imports and the other hand has costed 26.61 billion (2013
est.), which are mainly fuel products, medicines, vehicles, iron and steel rods and cellular
phones.
The reason I chose this Panama was because of its importance to the world and I assumed
it would be a place for of international conflict. I also considered the fact it was not a “big”
tourist destination and the chances of classmates choosing the same country may be less. Panama
provides a nice filming location with multiple topographical features which will provide the
production crew with many options in such a small country, which saves expenses in traveling
while filming.
6. MACROECONOMICS- MOVIE LOCATION 6
Reference
Central Intelligence Agency. (n.d.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved
November 25, 2019, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/pm.html.
Cho, A., Bray, W. D., Gordon, B. L., Worthington, W. E., & Padelford, N. J.
(2019, November 21). Panama Canal. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panama-Canal.
International. (2016, February 18). The problem child. Retrieved November 25,
2019, from https://www.economist.com/international/2016/02/18/the-problem-child.
U.S. State Dept. (n.d.). Panama. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from
https://www.infoplease.com/world/countries/panama.