This document discusses conceptual stress, which is a type of stress caused by intellectual chaos arising from physical, emotional, or other causes. In modern life, the rapid pace of change can shatter our conceptual frameworks as new issues emerge that we cannot understand, leaving us helpless and miserable - this constitutes conceptual stress. Morality, ethics, and traditions from the past are often proving inadequate or irrelevant. Conceptual stress involves defective perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and physical needs associated with abnormal brain activity. It is minimized in those with a self-centered lifestyle but maximized in those with global perspectives and concerns who seek solutions but find their views ineffective. Remembering one's true self through namasmaran is suggested as a way to gain
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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2. Conceptual stress is not a separate entity. It is
a part of over all process of stress. We can also
call it intellectual chaos or stress, born out of
various other causes, which may be physical,
instinctual, emotional etc.
In modern life where the pace of change of life
has become very fast, we are unable to
understand the rapidly emerging new issues in
life. Our conceptual framework gets shattered
and we become helpless and miserable. This
state of helplessness and misery and consequent
deleterious effects on individual and social life,
constitute conceptual stress and it has acquired
menacing dimensions!
Morality, ethics, customs, traditions,
conventions etc. i.e. guidelines of past in every
sphere of life are being proved to a large extent;
inadequate and also irrelevant.
3. To give a simple example, cancer phobia
[excessive and unfounded fear of cancer] is
nothing but a case of conceptual stress. Cancer
phobia many times results from inappropriate
views, feelings and actions [conceptual
deficiency] about the phenomenon of cancer, its
nature, its symptoms such as pain and its
outcome.
What are the symptoms of cancer phobia?
A patient of cancer phobia may suspect that
he/she has cancer, whenever he/she gets pain. If
he/she gets repeated pain, in a particular organ
then he/she starts suspecting cancer of that
particular part! This leads to morbid fear,
anxiety, worry, and sense of helplessness.
Conceptual stress involves defective or
deficient perception, deficient ideas,
inaccurate thoughts, disproportionate
4. emotions, unreasonable instincts and
unnatural physical needs, which are
associated with abnormal electrophysiological
interactions between various neurons in the
brain. The secretion of different
neurotransmitters, secretion of hormones
and metabolic activities are abnormal and
involve deleterious effects on personal and
social health.
Conceptual stress is minimal or absent if you
are totally ignorant and adjusted to a self
centered, petty, indifferent, reflexive, passive,
and stereotyped life style like a lower animal.
Conceptual stress is maximum; when your
perspective assumes global dimension, your
feelings reach out to the miseries of the millions
and your thinking reaches out to the mysteries
of millennia! Your conceptual stress magnifies
when your heart starts bleeding for suffering in
5. even the remotest part of the world and even to
the suffering of animals!
Your conceptual stress worsens when you
actually start searching for solutions as you
come across conflicting opinions.
This stress gets further multiplied when you
start coming close to the solutions and begin to
encounter difficulty in expressing them.
This becomes more disturbing when you see
every one turning away from you and your
solutions being proved ineffective, though not
inaccurate! Since you are not proved wrong,
you do not find valid reason also; to abandon
your views and mission! You land in an
agonizing question, “Why you are ineffective if
you are accurate?”
6. At this point the very foundation of your
existence begins to shake and your existence
almost gets uprooted!
Then gradually if and when you begin to see
increasing matching, agreement, or harmony
between your life and the universe [which in
most cases would constitute changes in the
direction of global welfare] your conceptual
stress begins to get relieved simultaneously
as that of the others!
It is true that we manage to ignore some
questions, and rightly so e.g. mathematical
problems need not as a routine, bother a
biologist. Similarly, problems in one’s
educational career are best dealt with in the
text-books and guides of those subjects and
or solved by the expert teachers in that
particular field!
7. But there are issues which are a]
unavoidable, b] are faced by most of us, c]
affect our personal and family lives
immensely and d] affect the well being of the
society immensely.
These issues produce CONCEPTUAL OR
INTELLECTUAL STRESS in almost every
one!
One of the most practical and super-solutions
provided by the seers and sages; is
NAMASMARAN i.e. remembering your true
self. One can give it a trial if one wishes and get
the empowerment to get intellectual clarity and
clues to act appropriately and satisfactorily and
overcome conceptual stress.
SHRINIWAS KASHALIKAR