This document provides an overview of lubrication and lubrication systems. It begins with an introduction to lubrication, describing how lubricants reduce friction, wear, and heating between machine parts. It then discusses different lubrication regimes including boundary, mixed, and hydrodynamic lubrication. The document provides explanations of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lubrication theories. It also describes lubrication systems and their purposes, such as lubricating parts, sealing, cleaning, cooling, absorbing shock, and absorbing contaminants.
This document discusses lubrication theories and the effects of pressure and temperature on viscosity. It describes four main lubrication theories: hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, and boundary lubrication. Hydrostatic lubrication uses an external pressure source while hydrodynamic lubrication generates pressure from relative motion. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication occurs at high contact pressures where surface deformation impacts lubrication. Mixed and boundary lubrication involve some surface contact. Temperature and pressure both impact viscosity, with viscosity generally decreasing with temperature and increasing with pressure. A case study applies computational fluid dynamics to analyze pressures in a hydrodynamic bearing.
Chandra Mouli P (118CR0134) Tribology of MaterialsChandraMouliP4
Lubrication involves placing a substance between interacting surfaces to minimize friction. There are four main types of lubrication: solid, semi-solid, liquid, and gas/air. The lubrication regime depends on operating conditions and the degree of contact between surfaces, and includes hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, boundary, and mixed lubrication. Proper lubrication provides advantages like reducing friction and wear, protecting equipment, and improving efficiency, but can also increase costs and component wear if not applied correctly.
Fundamentals of Lubrication, Tribology of Materials.pptxChandraMouliP4
Lubrication involves placing a substance between interacting surfaces to reduce friction and wear. There are four main types of lubrication: solid, liquid, semi-solid, and gas/air. The lubrication regime depends on operating conditions and the degree of contact between surfaces, and includes hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, boundary, and mixed lubrication. Proper lubrication provides advantages like reduced friction and wear, enhanced equipment protection and lifespan, but can also increase costs and energy usage if not applied correctly.
This document discusses different types of lubrication used in mechanical systems. It describes boundary lubrication as metal-to-metal contact that occurs during startup. Hydrostatic lubrication uses an external pressure source to separate surfaces with a lubricant film. Hydrodynamic lubrication fully separates surfaces using hydraulic forces generated by fluid viscosity as surfaces move. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication involves rolling contact that elastically deforms surfaces to lubricate them. Mixed lubrication is a combination of boundary and hydrodynamic lubrication, where asperities still contact but surfaces are mostly separated. The Stribeck curve illustrates the relationship between friction and the lubrication regime from boundary to hydrodynamic.
The document discusses belt drives and their components. Belt drives transmit power from one shaft to another using pulleys. Key factors that determine the amount of power transmitted include belt velocity, tension, pulley contact arc, and operating conditions. Proper shaft alignment and pulley spacing are important for uniform belt tension. Belts come in different types for various applications, from light drives transmitting small power at low speeds to heavy drives for large power transmission at high speeds. Common belt types mentioned are flat belts and V-belts.
Types of Lubrication Used in I.C. EnginesHitesh Sharma
Lubricants are substances that reduce friction between surfaces in contact. There are different types of lubrication depending on the thickness of the lubricant film between surfaces - hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when a thick, continuous oil film separates surfaces, boundary lubrication involves a very thin film where metal-to-metal contact can happen, and hydrostatic lubrication uses external oil pressure rather than relative surface motion to separate surfaces with a complete oil film. Special additives are needed for extreme pressure lubrication under very high pressures and temperatures.
Sliding Contact Bearing Theory Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
In present ppt covers following points:
Introduction of Sliding Contact Bearings
Classification
Applications
Different lubrications systems
Hydrodynamic bearing concept and working
Comparison between sliding and rolling contact bearings
PETROFF’S EQUATION For Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
Dimensionless Parameters used in SCB
Design procedure for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
This document discusses lubrication theories and the effects of pressure and temperature on viscosity. It describes four main lubrication theories: hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, and boundary lubrication. Hydrostatic lubrication uses an external pressure source while hydrodynamic lubrication generates pressure from relative motion. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication occurs at high contact pressures where surface deformation impacts lubrication. Mixed and boundary lubrication involve some surface contact. Temperature and pressure both impact viscosity, with viscosity generally decreasing with temperature and increasing with pressure. A case study applies computational fluid dynamics to analyze pressures in a hydrodynamic bearing.
Chandra Mouli P (118CR0134) Tribology of MaterialsChandraMouliP4
Lubrication involves placing a substance between interacting surfaces to minimize friction. There are four main types of lubrication: solid, semi-solid, liquid, and gas/air. The lubrication regime depends on operating conditions and the degree of contact between surfaces, and includes hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, boundary, and mixed lubrication. Proper lubrication provides advantages like reducing friction and wear, protecting equipment, and improving efficiency, but can also increase costs and component wear if not applied correctly.
Fundamentals of Lubrication, Tribology of Materials.pptxChandraMouliP4
Lubrication involves placing a substance between interacting surfaces to reduce friction and wear. There are four main types of lubrication: solid, liquid, semi-solid, and gas/air. The lubrication regime depends on operating conditions and the degree of contact between surfaces, and includes hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, boundary, and mixed lubrication. Proper lubrication provides advantages like reduced friction and wear, enhanced equipment protection and lifespan, but can also increase costs and energy usage if not applied correctly.
This document discusses different types of lubrication used in mechanical systems. It describes boundary lubrication as metal-to-metal contact that occurs during startup. Hydrostatic lubrication uses an external pressure source to separate surfaces with a lubricant film. Hydrodynamic lubrication fully separates surfaces using hydraulic forces generated by fluid viscosity as surfaces move. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication involves rolling contact that elastically deforms surfaces to lubricate them. Mixed lubrication is a combination of boundary and hydrodynamic lubrication, where asperities still contact but surfaces are mostly separated. The Stribeck curve illustrates the relationship between friction and the lubrication regime from boundary to hydrodynamic.
The document discusses belt drives and their components. Belt drives transmit power from one shaft to another using pulleys. Key factors that determine the amount of power transmitted include belt velocity, tension, pulley contact arc, and operating conditions. Proper shaft alignment and pulley spacing are important for uniform belt tension. Belts come in different types for various applications, from light drives transmitting small power at low speeds to heavy drives for large power transmission at high speeds. Common belt types mentioned are flat belts and V-belts.
Types of Lubrication Used in I.C. EnginesHitesh Sharma
Lubricants are substances that reduce friction between surfaces in contact. There are different types of lubrication depending on the thickness of the lubricant film between surfaces - hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when a thick, continuous oil film separates surfaces, boundary lubrication involves a very thin film where metal-to-metal contact can happen, and hydrostatic lubrication uses external oil pressure rather than relative surface motion to separate surfaces with a complete oil film. Special additives are needed for extreme pressure lubrication under very high pressures and temperatures.
Sliding Contact Bearing Theory Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
In present ppt covers following points:
Introduction of Sliding Contact Bearings
Classification
Applications
Different lubrications systems
Hydrodynamic bearing concept and working
Comparison between sliding and rolling contact bearings
PETROFF’S EQUATION For Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
Dimensionless Parameters used in SCB
Design procedure for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
Hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when a thick film of lubricant is interposed between surfaces in relative motion. Pressure builds up in the fluid film due to the motion, reducing friction. It is used in journal and thrust bearings. The fluid forms an oil wedge that supports the load and separates the surfaces. As load increases, pressure rises to counteract the load and maintain film thickness. Viscosity, velocity, and load determine the characteristics. A bearing number relates these factors and indicates if hydrodynamic lubrication can be achieved.
bearing.pptx, type of bearing, selection of bearinghaymanot16
The document discusses the design of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a machine element that supports another moving element, allowing relative motion while carrying a load. It then classifies bearings based on the direction of load (radial or thrust) and the nature of contact (sliding or rolling). The main types of sliding contact bearings discussed are journal/sleeve bearings and slipper/guide bearings. The document also covers hydrodynamic lubrication theory and factors required to generate a thick oil film. Key assumptions in the hydrodynamic model are also summarized.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us/l http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
The document discusses using ultrasound to monitor plain bearings. It begins by introducing plain bearings and their advantages over rolling-contact bearings, such as withstanding shocks and damping vibration. It then discusses using ultrasound to monitor three failure modes in plain bearings: normal operation, hard contamination, and oil starvation. Ultrasound readings can detect these failures by analyzing static ultrasound data across multiple measurement points on the bearing and looking at time waveforms. Ultrasound is presented as an effective technique for condition monitoring of plain bearings.
Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication between interacting surfaces. There are several types of wear including adhesive wear, abrasive wear, surface fatigue, and fretting wear. Adhesive wear occurs due to direct contact and plastic deformation between surfaces, while abrasive wear involves hard particles forcing against and moving along a softer surface. Lubrication reduces wear by interposing a lubricant between surfaces to help carry the load. Different lubrication regimes exist including fluid film, boundary, and hydrodynamic lubrication. Wear measurement techniques include using the Archard equation and analyzing wear debris and worn surface characteristics.
Lubricants are substances that reduce friction between two sliding surfaces. There are different types of lubrication including hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, and boundary lubrication. Lubricants can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. They provide benefits such as reducing friction, cooling surfaces, and preventing corrosion. The viscosity of the lubricant film is important for minimizing friction according to equations related to shear viscosity. Stick-slip cycling can occur under lubricated conditions when the friction force has a negative slope with respect to sliding velocity.
The document discusses lubricants and lubrication mechanisms. There are three main types of lubrication mechanisms: 1) hydrodynamic or thick film lubrication, where a thick layer of lubricant separates moving parts; 2) boundary or thin film lubrication, where a thin film of lubricant is adsorbed onto metal surfaces to prevent direct contact; and 3) extreme pressure lubrication, where additives are used to form surface layers able to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Lubricants are used to reduce friction between machine parts and increase efficiency. The type of lubrication used depends on factors like speed, load, and viscosity.
Tribology is the study of friction, lubrication, and wear between interacting surfaces in relative motion. It helps improve machine reliability and reduce failures. Reynolds' equation, derived in 1886, quantifies fluid film lubrication and allows prediction of hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, and squeeze film mechanisms by modeling pressure as a function of coordinates and time. The equation assumes laminar flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with negligible inertia and pressure gradients in the film thickness direction.
This document discusses the applications of industrial tribology. It begins by defining tribology and the main causes of friction and wear between surfaces. It then discusses several industrial applications where tribology is important, including bearings, gears, cams, and automobile engines. For each application, the document discusses common failure mechanisms and how tribological principles can be applied to improve performance and reduce wear through methods like surface coatings, lubricants, and material selection. The document concludes by noting that understanding tribology can help conserve energy and that developing eco-friendly materials and lubricants can promote sustainability and reduce emissions.
Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, lubrication, and wear. Proper lubrication is essential for diesel engines, which require lubricants that can satisfy a variety of conditions from hydrodynamic fluid film lubrication to boundary lubrication. New technologies like pulse lubrication systems electronically control cylinder oil injection to optimize lubrication based on engine load. Both over-lubrication and under-lubrication can cause damage, so maintaining the proper oil dosage is important for engine performance and component life.
Lbrication System Seminar Report Maintenance EngineeringJayesh Gupta
The document discusses different types of lubrication. It defines lubrication as reducing wear between surfaces in contact by interposing a lubricant. It classifies lubricants based on physical state and describes various lubrication types including hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, elastohydrodynamic, boundary, and mixed lubrication. For each type, it provides examples of machinery applications where that particular lubrication type would be used.
The document provides information on lubrication basics and tribology. It discusses the history of lubrication dating back to ancient Egypt using olive oil to transport statues. It defines tribology as the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion, specifically studying friction, wear and lubrication. Reasons for studying tribology include the significant economic losses countries experience each year due to friction and wear of machinery. The document outlines lubrication terminology and principles including types of friction, wear, lubrication regimes, and lubricant formulations. It provides an overview of Dow Corning's Molykote specialty lubricants brand and product lines.
Wear In Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings: A ReviewIJMER
The importance of friction and wear control cannot be overemphasized for economic reasons
and long-term reliability. This paper presents the reviews of different works in the area of wear and
friction in hydrodynamic journal bearings and tries to find out latest developments and trends available in
industries and other fields in order to minimize the total equipment cost, minimize damages and maximize
the safety of machines, structures and materials. This paper helps us to find out the parameters on which a
hydrodynamic journal bearing is selected for different conditions i.e. dry as well as lubricated conditions.
This document discusses lubrication and lubricants. It begins by explaining the purposes of lubrication which are to reduce friction and wear, transfer heat, clean parts, provide protection, seal parts, and transmit power. It then discusses the principles of lubrication including hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, boundary, and hydrostatic lubrication. The document categorizes lubricants as solid, semi-solid, liquid, and gaseous. Key properties of lubricants that are described include kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, flash point, and total base number. The document provides examples of how to select lubricants based on factors like temperature, speed, load, and operating conditions. It also discusses lubrication systems
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GAS LUBRICATED CYLINDRICAL JOURNAL BEARING USING FS...Venkata Sai Teja Gunuputi
To choose the best suitable lubricant for different eccentricity ratio and L/D ratio combinations of journal bearings by considering the pressure, deformation and stress results obtained in analysis.
Tribology is the study of friction and lubrication. There are different types of friction depending on the contact between surfaces, such as solid, fluid, or mixed friction. Lubrication aims to minimize friction through techniques like fluid film lubrication, which separates surfaces with a lubricant film. The lubrication regime depends on factors like viscosity, speed, and load, and can be fluid-film, boundary, mixed, or hydrostatic. Understanding lubrication is important for reducing wear, heat, and energy losses in machines.
Tribology is the study of friction and lubrication. There are different types of friction depending on the contact between surfaces, such as solid, fluid, or mixed friction. Lubrication aims to minimize friction through techniques like fluid film lubrication, which separates surfaces with a lubricant film. The lubrication regime depends on factors like viscosity, speed, and load, and can be fluid-film, boundary, mixed, or hydrostatic. Understanding lubrication is important for reducing wear, heat, and energy losses in machines.
Design of sliding_contact_wearing_unitiiibalram yadav
A bearing is a machine element which support another moving machine element (known as journal). It permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while carrying the load.
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy and infrastructure sector. It was established over 40 years ago with its first plant in Bhopal, kickstarting India's indigenous heavy electrical equipment industry. BHEL caters to key sectors like power, transportation, and telecommunications. It has 14 manufacturing divisions, regional centers, and offices across India and abroad. Bearings are crucial components that support rotating shafts in machines. They experience friction which generates heat, so proper lubrication and cooling is required. BHEL manufactures various types of bearings used in products like turbines, compressors, and generators. Careful consideration is given to bearing design factors such as load capacity, clearances, and lubrication flow
The document discusses lubrication and its types. It defines lubrication as reducing friction between surfaces in contact by interposing a lubricant. There are several types of lubrication depending on the motion between surfaces, including hydrodynamic lubrication which uses fluid pressure to separate surfaces, boundary lubrication where the film is too thin to separate surfaces, and mixed lubrication which is a transition between the two. Extreme pressure lubrication uses additives that react when heated to form protective surface films. Proper lubrication reduces wear, heat, energy consumption, and increases machinery life.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Hydrodynamic lubrication occurs when a thick film of lubricant is interposed between surfaces in relative motion. Pressure builds up in the fluid film due to the motion, reducing friction. It is used in journal and thrust bearings. The fluid forms an oil wedge that supports the load and separates the surfaces. As load increases, pressure rises to counteract the load and maintain film thickness. Viscosity, velocity, and load determine the characteristics. A bearing number relates these factors and indicates if hydrodynamic lubrication can be achieved.
bearing.pptx, type of bearing, selection of bearinghaymanot16
The document discusses the design of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a machine element that supports another moving element, allowing relative motion while carrying a load. It then classifies bearings based on the direction of load (radial or thrust) and the nature of contact (sliding or rolling). The main types of sliding contact bearings discussed are journal/sleeve bearings and slipper/guide bearings. The document also covers hydrodynamic lubrication theory and factors required to generate a thick oil film. Key assumptions in the hydrodynamic model are also summarized.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us/l http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
The document discusses using ultrasound to monitor plain bearings. It begins by introducing plain bearings and their advantages over rolling-contact bearings, such as withstanding shocks and damping vibration. It then discusses using ultrasound to monitor three failure modes in plain bearings: normal operation, hard contamination, and oil starvation. Ultrasound readings can detect these failures by analyzing static ultrasound data across multiple measurement points on the bearing and looking at time waveforms. Ultrasound is presented as an effective technique for condition monitoring of plain bearings.
Tribology is the study of friction, wear, and lubrication between interacting surfaces. There are several types of wear including adhesive wear, abrasive wear, surface fatigue, and fretting wear. Adhesive wear occurs due to direct contact and plastic deformation between surfaces, while abrasive wear involves hard particles forcing against and moving along a softer surface. Lubrication reduces wear by interposing a lubricant between surfaces to help carry the load. Different lubrication regimes exist including fluid film, boundary, and hydrodynamic lubrication. Wear measurement techniques include using the Archard equation and analyzing wear debris and worn surface characteristics.
Lubricants are substances that reduce friction between two sliding surfaces. There are different types of lubrication including hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, and boundary lubrication. Lubricants can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. They provide benefits such as reducing friction, cooling surfaces, and preventing corrosion. The viscosity of the lubricant film is important for minimizing friction according to equations related to shear viscosity. Stick-slip cycling can occur under lubricated conditions when the friction force has a negative slope with respect to sliding velocity.
The document discusses lubricants and lubrication mechanisms. There are three main types of lubrication mechanisms: 1) hydrodynamic or thick film lubrication, where a thick layer of lubricant separates moving parts; 2) boundary or thin film lubrication, where a thin film of lubricant is adsorbed onto metal surfaces to prevent direct contact; and 3) extreme pressure lubrication, where additives are used to form surface layers able to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Lubricants are used to reduce friction between machine parts and increase efficiency. The type of lubrication used depends on factors like speed, load, and viscosity.
Tribology is the study of friction, lubrication, and wear between interacting surfaces in relative motion. It helps improve machine reliability and reduce failures. Reynolds' equation, derived in 1886, quantifies fluid film lubrication and allows prediction of hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, and squeeze film mechanisms by modeling pressure as a function of coordinates and time. The equation assumes laminar flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with negligible inertia and pressure gradients in the film thickness direction.
This document discusses the applications of industrial tribology. It begins by defining tribology and the main causes of friction and wear between surfaces. It then discusses several industrial applications where tribology is important, including bearings, gears, cams, and automobile engines. For each application, the document discusses common failure mechanisms and how tribological principles can be applied to improve performance and reduce wear through methods like surface coatings, lubricants, and material selection. The document concludes by noting that understanding tribology can help conserve energy and that developing eco-friendly materials and lubricants can promote sustainability and reduce emissions.
Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction, lubrication, and wear. Proper lubrication is essential for diesel engines, which require lubricants that can satisfy a variety of conditions from hydrodynamic fluid film lubrication to boundary lubrication. New technologies like pulse lubrication systems electronically control cylinder oil injection to optimize lubrication based on engine load. Both over-lubrication and under-lubrication can cause damage, so maintaining the proper oil dosage is important for engine performance and component life.
Lbrication System Seminar Report Maintenance EngineeringJayesh Gupta
The document discusses different types of lubrication. It defines lubrication as reducing wear between surfaces in contact by interposing a lubricant. It classifies lubricants based on physical state and describes various lubrication types including hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, elastohydrodynamic, boundary, and mixed lubrication. For each type, it provides examples of machinery applications where that particular lubrication type would be used.
The document provides information on lubrication basics and tribology. It discusses the history of lubrication dating back to ancient Egypt using olive oil to transport statues. It defines tribology as the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion, specifically studying friction, wear and lubrication. Reasons for studying tribology include the significant economic losses countries experience each year due to friction and wear of machinery. The document outlines lubrication terminology and principles including types of friction, wear, lubrication regimes, and lubricant formulations. It provides an overview of Dow Corning's Molykote specialty lubricants brand and product lines.
Wear In Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings: A ReviewIJMER
The importance of friction and wear control cannot be overemphasized for economic reasons
and long-term reliability. This paper presents the reviews of different works in the area of wear and
friction in hydrodynamic journal bearings and tries to find out latest developments and trends available in
industries and other fields in order to minimize the total equipment cost, minimize damages and maximize
the safety of machines, structures and materials. This paper helps us to find out the parameters on which a
hydrodynamic journal bearing is selected for different conditions i.e. dry as well as lubricated conditions.
This document discusses lubrication and lubricants. It begins by explaining the purposes of lubrication which are to reduce friction and wear, transfer heat, clean parts, provide protection, seal parts, and transmit power. It then discusses the principles of lubrication including hydrodynamic, elastohydrodynamic, boundary, and hydrostatic lubrication. The document categorizes lubricants as solid, semi-solid, liquid, and gaseous. Key properties of lubricants that are described include kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, flash point, and total base number. The document provides examples of how to select lubricants based on factors like temperature, speed, load, and operating conditions. It also discusses lubrication systems
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GAS LUBRICATED CYLINDRICAL JOURNAL BEARING USING FS...Venkata Sai Teja Gunuputi
To choose the best suitable lubricant for different eccentricity ratio and L/D ratio combinations of journal bearings by considering the pressure, deformation and stress results obtained in analysis.
Tribology is the study of friction and lubrication. There are different types of friction depending on the contact between surfaces, such as solid, fluid, or mixed friction. Lubrication aims to minimize friction through techniques like fluid film lubrication, which separates surfaces with a lubricant film. The lubrication regime depends on factors like viscosity, speed, and load, and can be fluid-film, boundary, mixed, or hydrostatic. Understanding lubrication is important for reducing wear, heat, and energy losses in machines.
Tribology is the study of friction and lubrication. There are different types of friction depending on the contact between surfaces, such as solid, fluid, or mixed friction. Lubrication aims to minimize friction through techniques like fluid film lubrication, which separates surfaces with a lubricant film. The lubrication regime depends on factors like viscosity, speed, and load, and can be fluid-film, boundary, mixed, or hydrostatic. Understanding lubrication is important for reducing wear, heat, and energy losses in machines.
Design of sliding_contact_wearing_unitiiibalram yadav
A bearing is a machine element which support another moving machine element (known as journal). It permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while carrying the load.
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy and infrastructure sector. It was established over 40 years ago with its first plant in Bhopal, kickstarting India's indigenous heavy electrical equipment industry. BHEL caters to key sectors like power, transportation, and telecommunications. It has 14 manufacturing divisions, regional centers, and offices across India and abroad. Bearings are crucial components that support rotating shafts in machines. They experience friction which generates heat, so proper lubrication and cooling is required. BHEL manufactures various types of bearings used in products like turbines, compressors, and generators. Careful consideration is given to bearing design factors such as load capacity, clearances, and lubrication flow
The document discusses lubrication and its types. It defines lubrication as reducing friction between surfaces in contact by interposing a lubricant. There are several types of lubrication depending on the motion between surfaces, including hydrodynamic lubrication which uses fluid pressure to separate surfaces, boundary lubrication where the film is too thin to separate surfaces, and mixed lubrication which is a transition between the two. Extreme pressure lubrication uses additives that react when heated to form protective surface films. Proper lubrication reduces wear, heat, energy consumption, and increases machinery life.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
1. Wear Analysis & Control
UNIT III: “LUbrIcaTION”
Lecture by
Dr. Mukund Dutt Sharma
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
National Institute of Technology
Srinagar – 190 006 (J.K.) India
E-Mail: mukund.sharma@nitsri.net
Website: http//nitsri.ac.in/
2. Contents
• Lubrication
• Lubrication Regimes
• Hydrodynamic and Hydrostatic Lubrication
• Theory of Lubrication
• Lubrication system
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, SRINAGAR, J & K,
INDIA
3. Lubrication
INTRODUCTION
• The object of lubrication is to reduce friction, wear, and heating of
machine parts that move relative to each other.
• A lubricant is any substance that, when inserted between the
moving surfaces accomplishes these purposes.
• In a sleeve bearing a shaft, or journal rotates oscillates within a
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• In a sleeve bearing a shaft, or journal rotates oscillates within a
sleeve, or bushing and the relative motion is sliding.
• In an antifriction bearing, the main relative motion is rolling.
• A follower may either roll or slide on the cam. Gear teeth mate with
each other by a combination of rolling or sliding. Piston slides within
their cylinders. All these application require lubrication to reduce
friction, wear and heating.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, SRINAGAR, J & K,
INDIA
4. Hydrodynamic and Hydrostatic Lubrication
Hydrodynamic and Hydrostatic Lubrication
Hydrodynamic Lubrication :- Formed the oil film by the relative movement of
the friction surface.
Hydrostatic Lubrication :- Formed the oil film on the friction surface by the
external pressure oil.
Hydrodynamic lubrication means that the load carrying surfaces of the bearing
are separated by a relatively thick film of the lubricant, so as to prevent metal to
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are separated by a relatively thick film of the lubricant, so as to prevent metal to
metal contact, and that the stability thus obtained can be explained by the laws
of fluid mechanics .
Hydrodynamic lubrication also called full film or fluid lubrication.
Hydrostatic lubrication is also obtained by introducing the lubricant, which is
sometimes air or water, into the load bearing area at a pressure high enough to
separate the surfaces with a relatively thick film of lubricant. So, unlike
Hydrodynamic lubrication, the kind of lubrication does not require motion of one
surface relative to other.
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, SRINAGAR, J & K,
INDIA
5. Lubrication Regimes
Lubrication Regimes
• Sliding friction is significantly reduced by an addition of a lubricant between
the rubbing surfaces.
• Engine bearings are lubricated by Engine oils constantly supplied in
sufficient amounts to the bearings surfaces.
• Lubricated friction is characterized by the presence of a thin film of the
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• Lubricated friction is characterized by the presence of a thin film of the
pressurized lubricant (squeeze film) between the surfaces of the bearing
and the journal.
• The ratio of the squeeze film (oil film) thickness h to the surface
roughness Ra determines the type of the lubrication regime:
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6. Boundary lubrication (h<Ra)
A constant contact between the friction surfaces at high surface points
(microasperities) occurs at boundary lubrication.
This regime is the most undesirable since it is characterized by high
coefficient of friction (energy loss), increased wear, possibility of seizure
between the bearing and journal materials , non-uniform distribution of the
bearing load (localized pressure peaks).
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Very severe engine bearing failures are caused by boundary lubrication.
Conditions for boundary lubrication are realized mainly at low speed friction
(engine start and shutdown) and high loads.
Extreme pressure (EP) additives in the lubricant prevent seizure conditions
caused by direct metal-to-metal contact between the parts in the
boundary lubrication regime.
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7. Mixed lubrication (h~Ra)
An intermittent contact between the friction surfaces at few high surface
points (microasperities) occurs at mixed lubrication.
Mixed lubrication is the intermediate regime between
boundary lubrication and hydrodynamic friction.
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8. Hydrodynamic lubrication (h»Ra)
• High rotation speed at relatively low bearing loads results in hydrodynamic
friction, which is characterized by stable squeeze film (oil film) between the
rubbing surfaces.
• No contact between the surfaces occurs in hydrodynamic lubrication.
• The squeeze film keeps the surfaces of the bearing and the shaft apart due
to the force called hydrodynamic lift generated by the lubricant squeezed
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to the force called hydrodynamic lift generated by the lubricant squeezed
through the convergent gap between the eccentric journal and bearing.
• Bearings working under the conditions of hydrodynamic lubrication are
called hydrodynamic journal bearings.
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10. The three lubrication regimes are clearly distinguished in the Striebeck curve
(see the figure above), which demonstrates the relationship between the
coefficient of friction and the bearing parameter η*N/pav (η - dynamic viscosity
of the lubricant, N - rotation speed, pav - average bearing pressure).
Stability of different lubrication regimes may be explained by means of the
Striebeck curve:
Temperature increase due to heat generated by friction causes drop of the
lubricant viscosity and the bearing parameter.
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According to the Striebeck curve decrease of the bearing parameter in mixed
regime causes increase of the coefficient of friction followed by further
temperature rise and consequent increase of the coefficient of friction.
Thus mixed lubrication is unstable.
Increase of the bearing parameter due to temperature rise (lower viscosity) in
hydrodynamic regime of lubrication causes the coefficient of friction to drop with
consequent decrease of the temperature. The system corrects itself.
Thus hydrodynamic lubrication is stable.
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11. Hydrodynamic Lubrication
A theoretical analysis of hydrodynamic lubrication was carried out by Osborne Reynolds.
The equations resulted from the analysis has served a basis for
designing hydrodynamically lubricated bearings.
The following assumptions were made by Reynolds in the analysis:
The lubricating fluid is Newtonian - the flow is laminar and the shear stress between the
flow layers is proportional to the velocity gradient in the direction perpendicular to the flow
(Newton’s law of viscosity):
Where:
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Where:
η – dynamic viscosity of oil,
v – linear velocity of the laminar layer,
y - the axis perpendicular to the flow direction.
The inertia forces resulted from from the accelerated movement of the flowing lubricant
are neglected.
The lubricating fluid is incompressible.
The pressure of the fluid p is constant in the direction perpendicular to the laminar
flow: dp/dy=0 (assumption of thin lubrication film).
The viscosity of the fluid is constant throughout the lubrication film.
Consider the equilibrium of a unit volume in the lubricant film.
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12. Hydrodynamic lubrication
• Also called fluid-film, thick-film, or flooded lubrication
• A thick film of lubricant is interposed between the surfaces
of bodies in relative motion
• There has to be pressure buildup in the film due to relative
motion of the surfaces
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motion of the surfaces
• Fluid friction is substituted for sliding friction
• Coefficient of friction is decreased
• Prevalent in journal and thrust bearings
13. Parallel surfaces
Direction of motion
of top plate
Top layer of fluid moves with
same velocity as the plate
Velocity of top plate = u
y
Shear force F
Velocity profile
(same throughout)
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Velocity of bottom plate = 0
A is area of the plate
(same throughout)
•There is no pressure buildup in the fluid due to relative motion
•It remains constant throughout influenced only by the load
•As load increases the surfaces are pushed towards each other until they
are likely to touch
Lubricant
14. Hydrodynamic lubrication
Lift force
Drag force
Force normal to surface
Top surface
Drag force
Top surface
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Direction of movement
of oil wedge
Oil wedge
Bottom surface
Oil wedge
Bottom surface
•Surfaces are inclined to each other thereby compressing the fluid as it flows.
•This leads to a pressure buildup that tends to force the surfaces apart
•Larger loads can be carried
15. Hydrodynamic theory- journal bearings
Top surface
Shaft/journal
Oil wedge
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Oil wedge
Bottom surface
Bearing
Oil wedge forms between shaft/journal and bearing due to them not being
concentric
16. Velocity, pressure distribution
Oil wedge
Top surface
h1 v2
v1
v3
Velocity profile at
inlet is parabolic
concave
Velocity profile at
outlet is parabolic
convex
Pmax
Pressure
distribution
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Bottom surface
h1
h2
h3
v2 v3
Converging
edge
Diverging
edge
Volume rate of flow is same throughout the path, therefore as height of
film decreases, the velocity has to increase (v3>v2>v1)
concave
Velocity profile at
maximum pressue is
triangular
17. Journal bearing- process at startup
e = eccentricity
Shaft/journal
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Stationary
journal
Instant of starting (tends to
climb up the bearing)
While running (slips due to loss
of traction and settles eccentric
to bearing)
Bearing
Because of the eccentricity, the wedge is maintained
(lack of concentricity)
18. Pressure distribution in a journal bearing
SHAFT
Shaft/journal
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Pressure
distribution
Bearing
Max. pressure is reached somewhere in between the inlet and outlet
(close to outlet)
19. Tilting pad thrust bearings
Number of tilting pads
forming wedges
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Axial
direction
Wedge
formation
20. Tilting pad thrust bearing
Collar
Pivot
Direction of
rotation
Bearing
plate
Propeller
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Shaft
Tilting pad
Pivot
Axial loads from machinery being driven
In this case thrust from propeller
Oil wedge
•Back thrust from water to propeller causes
axial loading on the shaft
•Axial loads are opposed by pressure
buildup in the wedge
•Gives a damping effect
21. Hydrodynamic lubrication- characteristics
• Fluid film at the point of minimum thickness
decreases in thickness as the load increases
• Pressure within the fluid mass increases as the film
thickness decreases due to load
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• Pressure within the fluid mass is greatest at some
point approaching minimum clearance and lowest
at the point of maximum clearance (due to
divergence)
• Viscosity increases as pressure increases (more
resistance to shear)
22. • Film thickness at the point of minimum clearance
increases with the use of more viscous fluids
• With same load, the pressure increases as the
viscosity of fluid increases
Hydrodynamic lubrication- characteristics
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• With a given load and fluid, the thickness of the
film will increase as speed is increased
• Fluid friction increases as the viscosity of the
lubricant becomes greater
23. Hydrodynamic condition- Fluid velocity
• Fluid velocity depends on velocity of the
journal or rider
• Increase in relative velocity tends towards a
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• Increase in relative velocity tends towards a
decrease in eccentricity of journal bearing
centers
• This is accompanied by greater minimum film
thickness
24. Hydrodynamic condition- Load
• Increase in load decreases minimum film thickness
• Also increases pressure within the film mass to
provide a counteracting force
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• Pressure acts in all directions, hence it tends to
squeeze the oil out of the ends of the bearing
• Increase in pressure increases fluid viscosity
26. Functions of lubricating oil
Functions of lubricating oil
• Reduces friction between the moving parts
• Reduces wear of the moving parts as far as possible
• Acts like a cooling medium
Reduces noise between striking surfaces
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• Reduces noise between striking surfaces
• To provide sealing action
• To provide cushioning effect
• To provide cleaning action
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27. Requirements of lubricants
Requirements of lubricants
•Viscosity – high viscosity index (VI)
•Petroleum lube oils – VI - 100-100
•Can be increased to 120-130 by means of additives
•Physical stability
•Chemical stability
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•Resistance against corrosion
•Flash point – should be high
•Cleanliness
•Resistance against extreme pressure
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29. Viscosity rating
Viscosity rating
•According to The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
•0W,5W,10W,20W,25W – for winter use
•10,15,20,30,40,50,60,80,100,150,200,300 – for summer use
•Multigrade oils – 10W/30
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30. Oil additives
Oil additives
The chemical substances which are added to the lubricating oil
either to reinforce some of its natural properties or to provide
it with certain new properties which it does not possess
originally
Oxidation inhibitors – amines, sulphides or phenols with
metals like tin, zinc or barium
Corrosion inhibitors - oxidation inhibitors with metal salts
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Detergents – high temperature deposits – gums and varnishes
and dispersants – low temp deposits – cold sludge
Anti scuff additives - to polish moving parts like piston,
cylinder walls, cams etc.,
Viscosity index improvers
Anti foaming additives – polyorganosiloxanes
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31. Parts which require lubrication
Parts which require lubrication
•Main crankshaft bearing
•Big end bearings
•Gudgeon pin bearings
•Piston rings and cylinder walls
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•Piston rings and cylinder walls
•Timing gear
•Camshaft and camshaft bearings
•Valve mechanism
•Electrical equipment
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33. Purpose of Lubrication System
Purpose of Lubrication System
•Lubricate
Reduces Friction by creating a thin film(Clearance)
between moving parts (Bearings and journals)
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34. Purpose of Lubrication System
Purpose of Lubrication System
•Seals
The oil helps form a gastight
seal between piston rings
and cylinder walls
(Reduces Blow-By)
Internal oil leak (blow-by) will
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Internal oil leak (blow-by) will
result in BLUE SMOKE at the
tale pipe.
35. Purpose of Lubrication System
Purpose of Lubrication System
•Cleans
As it circulates through the engine, the oil picks up metal
particles and carbon, and brings them back down to the pan.
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36. Purpose of Lubrication System
Purpose of Lubrication System
•Cools
Picks up heat when moving through the engine and then
drops into the cooler oil pan, giving up some of this heat.
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37. Purpose of Lubrication System
Purpose of Lubrication System
•Absorbs shock
shock
When heavy loads are imposed on the bearings, the oil
helps to cushion the load.
•Absorbs Contaminants
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•Absorbs Contaminants
The additives in oil helps in absorbing the contaminants
that enter the lubrication system.