The document provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy of the foot, detailing its structure including bones, joints, muscles, and vascularization. It describes the foot's divisions into tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges, and highlights the layout of its bones and vascular supply. Additionally, it explains the function of various structures such as arches and retinacula which contribute to foot stability and movement.

1. Anatomy of The Foot
• The foot is the region of
the lower limb distal to
the ankle joint.
• It is subdivided into the
tarsus, the
metatarsus, and the
digits.
• The foot has a superior
surface (dorsum of foot)
and an inferior surface
(sole)

2. Anatomy of The Foot
Bones
There are three groups of
bones in the foot :
• The seven tarsal bones.
• Metatarsals (1 to 5).
• The phalanges, which are
the bones of the toes-
each toe has three
phalanges, except for the
great toe, which has two.

3. Anatomy of The Foot
Tarsal bones:
The tarsal bones are
arranged in a proximal
group and a distal group
with an intermediate
bone between the two
groups on the medial
side .

4. Anatomy of The Foot
• The proximal group
consists of two large
bones, the talus and the
calcaneus.
• The intermediate tarsal
bone on the medial side
of the foot is the
navicular.
• The distal group of tarsal
bones consists of cuboid
and three cuneiforms
bons.

5. Anatomy of The Foot
Metatarsals:
There are 5 metatarsals
in the foot, numbered I
to V from medial to
lateral.
1st Metatarsal bone
associated with the
great toe, is shortest
and thickest.
The 2nd is the longest.

6. Anatomy of The Foot
Phalanges
The phalanges are the
bones of the toes.
Each toe has three
phalanges (proximal,
middle, and distal),
except for the great toe,
which has only two
(proximal and distal).

7. Read about
Foot’s Joints

8. Tarsal tunnel
The 'tarsal tunnel' is formed on
the posteromedial side of
the ankle by:
• A depression formed by the
medial malleolus of the
tibia, the medial and
posterior surfaces of the
talus, the medial surface of
the calcaneus, and the
inferior surface of the
sustentaculum tali of the
calcaneus.
• An overlying flexor
retinaculum .

9. Tarsal tunnel
• The flexor retinaculum
is a strap-like layer of
connective tissue.
• It attaches above to the
medial malleolus and
below and behind to
the inferomedial margin
of the calcaneus.

10. Contents of Tarsal tunnel
• Tibialis posterior muscle
• Flexor digitorum longus
muscle
• Posterior tibial artery
• Posterior tibial vein
• Tibial nerve
• Flexor hallucis longus
muscle
(mnemonic used is "Tiny
Dogs Are Not Hunters“)

11. Extensor retinacula
Two extensor retinacula
strap the tendons of the
extensor muscles to the
ankle region and
prevent tendon bowing
during extension of the
foot and toes:
• Superior extensor
retinaculum
• Inferior retinaculum

12. Plantar Aponeurosis
• It is a thickening of deep
fascia in the sole of the foot.
• It is firmly anchored to the
medial process of the
calcaneal tuberosity and
extends forward as a thick
band of longitudinally
arranged connective tissue
fibers.
• The plantar aponeurosis
supports the longitudinal
arch of the foot and
protects deeper structures
in the sole.

13. Arches of the foot
• The bones of the foot
form longitudinal and
transverse arches
relative to the ground
which absorb and
distribute downward
forces from the body
during standing and
moving on different
surfaces.

14. Arches of the foot
Longitudinal arch
It is formed between the
posterior end of the
calcaneus and the heads
of the metatarsals.
It is highest on the medial
side where it forms the
medial part of the
longitudinal arch and
lowest on the lateral side
where it forms the lateral
part.

15. Arches of the foot

16. Arches of the foot
Longitudinal arch
• Medial longitudinal arch
• Lateral longitudinal arch

17. Arches of the foot
Transverse arch
It runs from medial to
lateral direction on the
plantar surface of the
foot. This arch also
provides support and
flexibility to the foot.

18. Arches of the foot

19. Muscles of the foot
Muscles of the foot are
classed as:
• Intrinsic muscles
• Extrinsic muscles

20. Muscles of the foot
Intrinsic muscles originate
and insert in the foot and
control the movement of
the toes.
Extrinsic muscles originate
from anywhere in the
lower leg, their long
tendons cross the ankle
joint and insert onto one
of the bones of the foot.

21. Arteries of the foot
Blood supply to the foot is
by branches of the
posterior tibial and
dorsalis pedis (dorsal
artery of the foot)
arteries

22. Arteries of the foot
Posterior tibial artery and
plantar arch:
• The posterior tibial artery
enters the foot through
the tarsal tunnel on the
medial side of the ankle
and posterior to the
medial malleolus.
• It bifurcates into a small
medial plantar artery and
a much larger lateral
plantar artery.

23. Arteries of the foot
Dorsalis pedis artery :
• It is the continuation of the
anterior tibial artery and
begins as the anterior tibial
artery crosses the ankle joint .
• It passes anteriorly over the
dorsal aspect of the talus,
navicular, and intermediate
cuneiform bones, and then
passes inferiorly, as the deep
plantar artery, between the
two heads of the first dorsal
interosseous muscle to join
the deep plantar arch in the
sole of the foot.

24. Arteries of the foot
Dorsalis pedis artery :
• Pulse of the dorsalis pedis
artery on the dorsal
surface of the foot can be
felt by gently palpating
the vessel against the
underlying tarsal bones
between the tendons of
extensor hallucis longus
and the tendon of
extensor digitorum
longus to the second toe.

25. Veins of the foot
Veins of the foot :
• Deep veins
• Superficial veins
The deep veins follow the
arteries.

26. Veins of the foot
Superficial veins drain into a
dorsal venous arch on the
dorsal surface of the foot over
the metatarsals:
• The great saphenous vein
originates from the medial
side of the arch and passes
anterior to the medial
malleolus and onto the medial
side of the leg
• The small saphenous vein
originates from the lateral side
of the arch and passes
posterior to the lateral
malleolus and onto the back of
the leg.

27. Nerves of the foot
The foot is supplied by the
tibial, deep peroneal,
superficial peroneal,
sural, and saphenous
nerves.