There is a worldwide movement to standardize procedures. The main issue has been the need for system components (computers) to be "open" since, in the absence of such, different types of machines and operating systems would not be able to interact with one another. https://sites.google.com/view/london-atil/about

1. Welcome to Our
Presentation
London Atil

2. Data Communication &
Computer Network

3. Analysis, design, implementation, and usage of local, wide-area,
and mobile networks that connect computers are all included in
the discipline of networking and communication. The Internet is
a network that enables communication between almost all
computers around the globe.

4. Through a mix of infrared light signals, radio wave broadcasts, telephone
lines, television cables, and satellite links, a computer network connects
computers. The difficulty for computer scientists has been to create
protocols (standardized guidelines for the structure and exchange of
messages), which enable processes running on host computers to
interpret the signals they receive and to have meaningful "conversations"
to carry out tasks on behalf of users.

5. There is a worldwide movement to standardize procedures. The
main issue has been the need for system components (computers)
to be "open" since, in the absence of such, different types of
machines and operating systems would not be able to interact with
one another.

6. The physical layer, which contains the rules for the transmission of bits
through a physical link, is at the bottom of the protocol. The data-link layer
manages "packets" of data that are a defined size and improves
dependability through flow control and error detection bits. Messages are
divided into standard-size packets by the network and transport layers,
which then route them to their final locations.

7. Distributed systems, in which computers connected by a network share
data and processing responsibilities, were also produced by the
development of networks and communication protocols. For instance, a
distributed database system has a database that is dispersed over (or
duplicated across) many network nodes. At "mirror sites," data are
replicated, which can increase availability and dependability. A
distributed DBMS controls a database whose elements are dispersed
over several networked computers.

8. A client-server network is a distributed system in which users
connect to a single computer (the server) through the network from
their computers to access the database (the clients). Each client
independently and without knowledge of the presence of other
clients accessing the same database uses the server to supply data
and reply to requests from each client.

9. Peer-to-peer networks are another well-liked variety of distributed
systems. In contrast to client-server networks, peer-to-peer
networks operate under the premise that any connected computer
(or user) is capable of serving both clients and clients, making every
member of the network a peer.

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