This report summarizes the analysis of the Rademacher 35-25 well located in Weld County, Colorado. The well was drilled to a depth of 7,384 feet. Petrophysical analysis using density-neutron cross plots, Pickett plots, and quantile plots identified the target zones as the Niobrara and Codell formations, which contain oil and gas. However, the formation is dominated by shale. While oil and gas are present when modeled separately, the combination model is dominated by shale. The pay zone is around 7,000 feet deep and contains small amounts of oil and gas, though hydraulic fracturing has allowed production in the area.
FTIR analysis provides more accurate gas detection and analysis compared to traditional mudlogging techniques. FTIR can analyze gas composition, including C1-C5 gases, in under a second without the use of columns. This new data from FTIR, such as specific gravity calculations and molecular ratios, provides insights into formation evaluation and reservoir characterization to better identify sweet spots and optimize well placement. Quantitative fluorescence testing also allows for on-site analysis of oil shows and quantity. When combined with geochemistry analyses like isotopes, this real-time data at the wellsite enables improved geosteering to keep the wellbore in the target zone.
The document discusses advances in gas data acquisition systems and gas ratio analysis that enable more accurate interpretation of hydrocarbon zones from drilling mud gas returns. Key points:
- New constant volume degassers extract gas samples more representative of formation fluids, improving consistency. Improved detection also provides high-resolution analysis.
- Gas ratio analysis, comparing quantities of heavier and lighter hydrocarbon fractions, effectively identifies fluid types when validated data is carefully applied. Ratios like LH, LM, and HM have exceptional results determining reservoirs in Southeast Asia.
- Presenting basic gas data alongside ratios and variables affecting the data brings out features to characterize fluids and reach final judgments through cut-offs and comparisons. These advances enable more reliable real-
A New Free Surface Capturing Finite Elements MethodsAleix Valls
This document presents a new finite element method for analyzing ship hydrodynamics using an overlapping domain decomposition technique. It uses a level set method to capture the free surface between two fluids by solving a transport equation. The method applies stabilized finite increment calculus to the Navier-Stokes equations in an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian framework. It then decomposes the domain into overlapping subdomains and solves the governing equations in each to define consistent pressures at the fluid interface. Several 2D and 3D examples are provided to demonstrate the method.
This document presents research evaluating the applicability of the General Finite Line Source Model (GFLSM) for predicting vehicular pollution in Ireland. It compares monitored pollution data from sites on the M50 motorway and in Monasterevin to predictions made by GFLSM. For the M50, GFLSM predictions matched monitored data better than another model. However, for Monasterevin, GFLSM overpredicted reductions in pollution following a bypass opening. The research aims to recommend suitable models for vehicular pollution prediction in Ireland.
This document outlines the steps in a Petrel course, including loading seismic data, well data like trajectories and logs, creating synthetic seismograms, picking horizons in the time domain, applying seismic attributes, converting horizons to depth using well data, and exporting maps of depth surfaces. The horizon picking was noted to be for practice only.
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
The presentation includes the objective, operation, characteristics , simulation, results and waveforms of Doubly Fed Induction Generator connected to variable speed Wind Turbine. which is published and presented in IEEE international conference in Technological advancements of Power and Energy which was held in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam, Amritapuri, Kerala.
FTIR analysis provides more accurate gas detection and analysis compared to traditional mudlogging techniques. FTIR can analyze gas composition, including C1-C5 gases, in under a second without the use of columns. This new data from FTIR, such as specific gravity calculations and molecular ratios, provides insights into formation evaluation and reservoir characterization to better identify sweet spots and optimize well placement. Quantitative fluorescence testing also allows for on-site analysis of oil shows and quantity. When combined with geochemistry analyses like isotopes, this real-time data at the wellsite enables improved geosteering to keep the wellbore in the target zone.
The document discusses advances in gas data acquisition systems and gas ratio analysis that enable more accurate interpretation of hydrocarbon zones from drilling mud gas returns. Key points:
- New constant volume degassers extract gas samples more representative of formation fluids, improving consistency. Improved detection also provides high-resolution analysis.
- Gas ratio analysis, comparing quantities of heavier and lighter hydrocarbon fractions, effectively identifies fluid types when validated data is carefully applied. Ratios like LH, LM, and HM have exceptional results determining reservoirs in Southeast Asia.
- Presenting basic gas data alongside ratios and variables affecting the data brings out features to characterize fluids and reach final judgments through cut-offs and comparisons. These advances enable more reliable real-
A New Free Surface Capturing Finite Elements MethodsAleix Valls
This document presents a new finite element method for analyzing ship hydrodynamics using an overlapping domain decomposition technique. It uses a level set method to capture the free surface between two fluids by solving a transport equation. The method applies stabilized finite increment calculus to the Navier-Stokes equations in an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian framework. It then decomposes the domain into overlapping subdomains and solves the governing equations in each to define consistent pressures at the fluid interface. Several 2D and 3D examples are provided to demonstrate the method.
This document presents research evaluating the applicability of the General Finite Line Source Model (GFLSM) for predicting vehicular pollution in Ireland. It compares monitored pollution data from sites on the M50 motorway and in Monasterevin to predictions made by GFLSM. For the M50, GFLSM predictions matched monitored data better than another model. However, for Monasterevin, GFLSM overpredicted reductions in pollution following a bypass opening. The research aims to recommend suitable models for vehicular pollution prediction in Ireland.
This document outlines the steps in a Petrel course, including loading seismic data, well data like trajectories and logs, creating synthetic seismograms, picking horizons in the time domain, applying seismic attributes, converting horizons to depth using well data, and exporting maps of depth surfaces. The horizon picking was noted to be for practice only.
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
The presentation includes the objective, operation, characteristics , simulation, results and waveforms of Doubly Fed Induction Generator connected to variable speed Wind Turbine. which is published and presented in IEEE international conference in Technological advancements of Power and Energy which was held in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam, Amritapuri, Kerala.
Cbm block reserve estimation using eclipseSafdar Ali
This document provides information about simulating coal bed methane reservoirs using the Eclipse reservoir simulator. It begins with objectives of learning the basics of Eclipse and modeling CBM blocks. It then provides background on coal bed methane, describing it as natural gas stored in coal seams. The document outlines the importance of CBM extraction. It discusses dual porosity models and how Eclipse simulates diffusion processes using sorption time. It then presents a case study where Eclipse was used to model a CBM reservoir and analyze impacts of sorption time and initial water saturation. The results showed Eclipse can accurately model production profiles when accounting for diffusion and sorption processes.
Knowledge Management: Estimate Oil API Using logs before Testing or SamplingBalaji Chennakrishnan
This document presents a novel approach to directly estimate API oil gravity from standard wireline logs using a density log vs. N cross plot. Traditionally, density, neutron, and sonic logs are used to determine porosity and lithology. Ratios M, N, and P can also be computed from these logs. The presented method observes clustering of points on a cross plot of density log vs. N that correlate to different API gravities of produced oil. The study calibrated this method using production and sample data from wells across various basins. Results show this cross plot method can reliably estimate API gravity of between 15-40 directly from logs before formation testing.
SPE 160891 Tar Characterization for Optimum Reservoir .docxrafbolet0
SPE 160891
Tar Characterization for Optimum Reservoir Management Strategy
Muhammad Al-Harthi, Mohammed Al-Ali, Ronny Gunarto/ Saudi Aramco
Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition held in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, 8–11 April 2012.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper
have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position
of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at the SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committee of Society of
Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited.
Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of
where and whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.
Abstract
Tar mats are extra-heavy bitumen that occur between
aquifers and overlaying oil columns. They seal either
partially or completely an oil reservoir from its
aquifer and reduces aquifer support. Tar
characterization includes evaluation of the tar
distribution and its sealing degree. It is an important
prerequisite to optimize the water injection well’s
requirement and placement to maximize sweep and
recovery.
This paper discusses a case study and demonstrates
an integrated methodology by using static and
dynamic data to determine the tar distribution and its
sealing degree. The study includes both early life data
before the subject field was put in production, as put
on production, and post-production data to refine the
characterization. Additionally, the use of formation
pressure while drilling and Pyrolytic Oil-Productivity
Index (POPI) analysis to optimize the injector’s
placement will also be highlighted. Moreover,
saturation and production logging tool analysis were
incorporated to determine if there is aquifer influx
across the tar mat. The degree of the aquifer influx is
also evaluated using material balance and reservoir
simulation.
Introduction
Field X is one of Saudi Aramco fields that was
developed with four producing reservoirs namely, 1,
2, 3 and 4 reservoirs. The producing reservoirs have
relatively good reservoir quality with average
permeability of 310 md. The value is only one-third
of average permeability from pressure build up which
indicates an existence of fractures. The reservoir
properties are relatively uniform.
Claridge., prats. a proposed model and mechanism for anomalous foamy heavy oi...sergio flores
This document summarizes a proposed model to explain the anomalous behavior of foamy heavy oils during primary production. The key points are:
1) Foamy heavy oils exhibit much higher productivity than expected given their viscosity and rock permeability alone. They also produce near their initial gas-oil ratio, leading to slow pressure decline and high recovery.
2) The proposed model is that as tiny gas bubbles form, asphaltene molecules coagulate around the bubbles, removing them from the bulk oil and reducing its viscosity. This could explain the higher observed productivity.
3) The model will be implemented in a reservoir simulator to test if it can match the principal observed characteristics of foamy oil production.
Trouble shooting vibration in a pulverised coal fired boilerparthi2006
This article is about a case study in a 350 MW PF boiler. Flow induced vibration is reported at many plants. Some plant engineers ignore the fact that there are other causes that actually amplify the vibration levels. This article is about the cause that triggered flow induced vibration.
This document discusses improving combustion in stoker-fired boilers. It identifies three key areas for improvement: fuel characteristics, automatic equipment control, and operator training. Regarding fuel characteristics, it explains that proper combustion requires good air distribution through the coal bed. Coal particle size distribution and properties like caking and ash fusion temperature affect air flow and combustion efficiency. Testing showed coals with more uniform particle sizes and lower pressure drops across the bed burned more completely. The document analyzes the characteristics of coal commonly used in Krakow, Poland stoker plants and how cleaning does little to improve combustion given the coal's particle size distribution.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes experimental research on the CO2 huff-and-puff process in fractured media. A series of experiments were conducted by injecting CO2 into the fracture system surrounding core samples at various pressures. The results showed that the CO2 huff-and-puff process significantly improves oil recovery from fractured reservoirs, and recovery is higher when experiments are conducted at pressures above the minimum miscibility pressure where CO2 and oil are miscible.
The document discusses reservoir simulation of coal bed methane (CBM). It begins with an introduction to CBM, explaining how gas is stored in coal seams and produced through desorption, diffusion through micropores, and flow through fractures. The document then discusses reservoir simulation software Comet3, which uses dual-porosity modeling to simulate gas and water production from CBM reservoirs. The author conducted a simulation of a single well producing from 5 coal seams, presenting input parameters, results graphs of gas and water production rates over time, and conclusions on well spacing effects.
This document summarizes a study on establishing logging interpretation models for reservoir parameters like porosity, permeability, oil saturation, and gas saturation in the Gaotaizi Reservoir of the L Oilfield. Models were developed using core data from 4 wells and include:
1) A porosity model relating acoustic travel time to porosity with an error of 0.92%
2) A permeability model relating permeability to porosity with an error of 0.31%
3) An oil saturation model using resistivity data with empirically determined parameters
4) A method to determine original gas saturation from mercury injection data.
Application of the models improved interpretation precision and allowed recalculation of oil and gas reserves for the
This document discusses the economics of recycling, a process for separating condensate from gas-distillate gas at high pressure and returning the residual gas to reservoirs. Key points:
1) Estimating reserves, costs, and recovery factors are challenging but important for projecting recycling operations. Recovery factors are typically 60-70% rather than earlier estimates of 85-90%.
2) Plant size is determined by reserves, gas/condensate markets, and costs. Larger plants (~75 million cubic feet/day) have lower per unit costs but smaller plants (25-50 million cubic feet/day) reduce risks.
3) Operating costs per unit are affected by factors like reservoir pressure, gas richness
Fracking involves drilling horizontal wells and using explosions to fracture shale rock formations to release natural gas. It requires drilling deep boreholes, which removes large volumes of earth. For example, a 10,000 foot deep borehole 4 feet wide would remove over 1.1 million cubic feet of material. This process requires significant energy to move the excavated earth. While fracking can access large deposits of natural gas, like the Marcellus Shale region, there are also environmental concerns about potential water and air pollution issues that require careful management.
Group Project- An extract from original reportMukesh Mathew
1. PVT analysis was carried out on samples from three wells to determine reservoir properties like bubble point pressure, solution gas-oil ratio, oil composition and volume factors. The analysis found the oil to have a stock tank gravity of 33.9-34.1 API and be mainly composed of methane and heptanes+.
2. Core data from three wells was analyzed statistically to find average porosity and permeability ranges of 15-21% and 210-350mD respectively. Capillary pressure and relative permeability curves were also generated from core and SCAL data.
3. Normalization of capillary pressure data using the modified Leverett J-function allowed the creation of a single curve for use in reservoir modeling
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details from the document:
The document describes an analytic model for pressurization and cryogenic propellant conditions in liquid rocket tanks. The model divides tanks into 5 nodes and solves conservation equations of mass and energy across the nodes. It can model various mass transfer mechanisms and has been validated against test data. The model provides tank conditions like pressure and temperatures over mission durations for design and analysis of cryogenic rocket stages.
This document presents a case study of formation evaluation of two wells from the Mehsana Field in India. Logs from one well are analyzed to identify different zones and compare the classical Archie and Indonesian equations for calculating water saturation in shaly sands. The Indonesian equation, which accounts for clay volume, is found to provide more accurate estimates of water saturation compared to the Archie equation. Crossplots of various well log properties are also effective in evaluating shaly reservoirs and determining parameters like water resistivity and cementation exponent. The study demonstrates the challenges of evaluating shaly sands and importance of using appropriate models and crossplots.
This document describes an experiment to determine the efficiency of a continuous plate distillation column. It provides background on distillation column design and efficiency calculations using concepts like theoretical plates, reflux ratio, and Fenske's method. The experiment involves running a methanol-water mixture through a distillation column at total reflux to establish equilibrium. Samples are taken from the overhead and their compositions are measured using a refractometer and calibration curve. The number of theoretical plates is then calculated using the compositions and Fenske's method. This is compared to the actual number of plates in the column to determine the efficiency. Key steps include establishing a calibration curve, collecting samples at various reflux rates, measuring compositions, and performing efficiency calculations.
The document is a final report from a student group (Group B4) evaluating a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) reactor. It includes a study of how temperature, pressure, wafer spacing, inlet mole fraction affect silicon deposition uniformity in the reactor. The group found that temperature and pressure had an inverse relationship with uniformity, while wafer spacing and inlet mole fraction had a direct relationship with uniformity. Temperature was found to have the greatest effect on deposition rate.
This paper presents new correlations to calculate Modified Black-Oil (MBO) PVT properties for gas condensate and volatile oil fluids using readily available parameters without needing fluid samples or elaborate calculations. The correlations were developed using data from PVT experiments on 13 fluid samples and validated against material balance calculations and reservoir simulations. Correlations are presented for oil-gas ratio, solution gas-oil ratio, oil formation volume factor, and gas formation volume factor. The correlations showed good matches to experimental data with average errors ranging from 1-15% depending on the property.
Co2 flooding is an important EOR method that involves injecting supercritical CO2 into depleted oil reservoirs to displace oil. There are three main displacement mechanisms - miscible, partially miscible, and immiscible. Compositional simulation is needed to accurately model CO2 flooding since fluid properties depend on both pressure and composition. The SACROC unit in the Permian Basin was one of the first large-scale CO2 floods, and involved injecting CO2 from nearby gas plants to boost oil production from over 300 million barrels of original oil in place.
1. Oil forms deep underground from organic materials and moves upward through rock formations until it is trapped by tightly compressed rock.
2. Companies use techniques like measuring magnetic variations and seismic surveying to detect potential oil fields before drilling.
3. Drilling techniques have advanced, allowing extraction of oil both on land and at sea, though much oil remains trapped and requires additional processes like water injection to boost extraction.
Cbm block reserve estimation using eclipseSafdar Ali
This document provides information about simulating coal bed methane reservoirs using the Eclipse reservoir simulator. It begins with objectives of learning the basics of Eclipse and modeling CBM blocks. It then provides background on coal bed methane, describing it as natural gas stored in coal seams. The document outlines the importance of CBM extraction. It discusses dual porosity models and how Eclipse simulates diffusion processes using sorption time. It then presents a case study where Eclipse was used to model a CBM reservoir and analyze impacts of sorption time and initial water saturation. The results showed Eclipse can accurately model production profiles when accounting for diffusion and sorption processes.
Knowledge Management: Estimate Oil API Using logs before Testing or SamplingBalaji Chennakrishnan
This document presents a novel approach to directly estimate API oil gravity from standard wireline logs using a density log vs. N cross plot. Traditionally, density, neutron, and sonic logs are used to determine porosity and lithology. Ratios M, N, and P can also be computed from these logs. The presented method observes clustering of points on a cross plot of density log vs. N that correlate to different API gravities of produced oil. The study calibrated this method using production and sample data from wells across various basins. Results show this cross plot method can reliably estimate API gravity of between 15-40 directly from logs before formation testing.
SPE 160891 Tar Characterization for Optimum Reservoir .docxrafbolet0
SPE 160891
Tar Characterization for Optimum Reservoir Management Strategy
Muhammad Al-Harthi, Mohammed Al-Ali, Ronny Gunarto/ Saudi Aramco
Copyright 2012, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition held in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, 8–11 April 2012.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper
have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any position
of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at the SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committee of Society of
Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited.
Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of
where and whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.
Abstract
Tar mats are extra-heavy bitumen that occur between
aquifers and overlaying oil columns. They seal either
partially or completely an oil reservoir from its
aquifer and reduces aquifer support. Tar
characterization includes evaluation of the tar
distribution and its sealing degree. It is an important
prerequisite to optimize the water injection well’s
requirement and placement to maximize sweep and
recovery.
This paper discusses a case study and demonstrates
an integrated methodology by using static and
dynamic data to determine the tar distribution and its
sealing degree. The study includes both early life data
before the subject field was put in production, as put
on production, and post-production data to refine the
characterization. Additionally, the use of formation
pressure while drilling and Pyrolytic Oil-Productivity
Index (POPI) analysis to optimize the injector’s
placement will also be highlighted. Moreover,
saturation and production logging tool analysis were
incorporated to determine if there is aquifer influx
across the tar mat. The degree of the aquifer influx is
also evaluated using material balance and reservoir
simulation.
Introduction
Field X is one of Saudi Aramco fields that was
developed with four producing reservoirs namely, 1,
2, 3 and 4 reservoirs. The producing reservoirs have
relatively good reservoir quality with average
permeability of 310 md. The value is only one-third
of average permeability from pressure build up which
indicates an existence of fractures. The reservoir
properties are relatively uniform.
Claridge., prats. a proposed model and mechanism for anomalous foamy heavy oi...sergio flores
This document summarizes a proposed model to explain the anomalous behavior of foamy heavy oils during primary production. The key points are:
1) Foamy heavy oils exhibit much higher productivity than expected given their viscosity and rock permeability alone. They also produce near their initial gas-oil ratio, leading to slow pressure decline and high recovery.
2) The proposed model is that as tiny gas bubbles form, asphaltene molecules coagulate around the bubbles, removing them from the bulk oil and reducing its viscosity. This could explain the higher observed productivity.
3) The model will be implemented in a reservoir simulator to test if it can match the principal observed characteristics of foamy oil production.
Trouble shooting vibration in a pulverised coal fired boilerparthi2006
This article is about a case study in a 350 MW PF boiler. Flow induced vibration is reported at many plants. Some plant engineers ignore the fact that there are other causes that actually amplify the vibration levels. This article is about the cause that triggered flow induced vibration.
This document discusses improving combustion in stoker-fired boilers. It identifies three key areas for improvement: fuel characteristics, automatic equipment control, and operator training. Regarding fuel characteristics, it explains that proper combustion requires good air distribution through the coal bed. Coal particle size distribution and properties like caking and ash fusion temperature affect air flow and combustion efficiency. Testing showed coals with more uniform particle sizes and lower pressure drops across the bed burned more completely. The document analyzes the characteristics of coal commonly used in Krakow, Poland stoker plants and how cleaning does little to improve combustion given the coal's particle size distribution.
This summary provides the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document describes experimental research on the CO2 huff-and-puff process in fractured media. A series of experiments were conducted by injecting CO2 into the fracture system surrounding core samples at various pressures. The results showed that the CO2 huff-and-puff process significantly improves oil recovery from fractured reservoirs, and recovery is higher when experiments are conducted at pressures above the minimum miscibility pressure where CO2 and oil are miscible.
The document discusses reservoir simulation of coal bed methane (CBM). It begins with an introduction to CBM, explaining how gas is stored in coal seams and produced through desorption, diffusion through micropores, and flow through fractures. The document then discusses reservoir simulation software Comet3, which uses dual-porosity modeling to simulate gas and water production from CBM reservoirs. The author conducted a simulation of a single well producing from 5 coal seams, presenting input parameters, results graphs of gas and water production rates over time, and conclusions on well spacing effects.
This document summarizes a study on establishing logging interpretation models for reservoir parameters like porosity, permeability, oil saturation, and gas saturation in the Gaotaizi Reservoir of the L Oilfield. Models were developed using core data from 4 wells and include:
1) A porosity model relating acoustic travel time to porosity with an error of 0.92%
2) A permeability model relating permeability to porosity with an error of 0.31%
3) An oil saturation model using resistivity data with empirically determined parameters
4) A method to determine original gas saturation from mercury injection data.
Application of the models improved interpretation precision and allowed recalculation of oil and gas reserves for the
This document discusses the economics of recycling, a process for separating condensate from gas-distillate gas at high pressure and returning the residual gas to reservoirs. Key points:
1) Estimating reserves, costs, and recovery factors are challenging but important for projecting recycling operations. Recovery factors are typically 60-70% rather than earlier estimates of 85-90%.
2) Plant size is determined by reserves, gas/condensate markets, and costs. Larger plants (~75 million cubic feet/day) have lower per unit costs but smaller plants (25-50 million cubic feet/day) reduce risks.
3) Operating costs per unit are affected by factors like reservoir pressure, gas richness
Fracking involves drilling horizontal wells and using explosions to fracture shale rock formations to release natural gas. It requires drilling deep boreholes, which removes large volumes of earth. For example, a 10,000 foot deep borehole 4 feet wide would remove over 1.1 million cubic feet of material. This process requires significant energy to move the excavated earth. While fracking can access large deposits of natural gas, like the Marcellus Shale region, there are also environmental concerns about potential water and air pollution issues that require careful management.
Group Project- An extract from original reportMukesh Mathew
1. PVT analysis was carried out on samples from three wells to determine reservoir properties like bubble point pressure, solution gas-oil ratio, oil composition and volume factors. The analysis found the oil to have a stock tank gravity of 33.9-34.1 API and be mainly composed of methane and heptanes+.
2. Core data from three wells was analyzed statistically to find average porosity and permeability ranges of 15-21% and 210-350mD respectively. Capillary pressure and relative permeability curves were also generated from core and SCAL data.
3. Normalization of capillary pressure data using the modified Leverett J-function allowed the creation of a single curve for use in reservoir modeling
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details from the document:
The document describes an analytic model for pressurization and cryogenic propellant conditions in liquid rocket tanks. The model divides tanks into 5 nodes and solves conservation equations of mass and energy across the nodes. It can model various mass transfer mechanisms and has been validated against test data. The model provides tank conditions like pressure and temperatures over mission durations for design and analysis of cryogenic rocket stages.
This document presents a case study of formation evaluation of two wells from the Mehsana Field in India. Logs from one well are analyzed to identify different zones and compare the classical Archie and Indonesian equations for calculating water saturation in shaly sands. The Indonesian equation, which accounts for clay volume, is found to provide more accurate estimates of water saturation compared to the Archie equation. Crossplots of various well log properties are also effective in evaluating shaly reservoirs and determining parameters like water resistivity and cementation exponent. The study demonstrates the challenges of evaluating shaly sands and importance of using appropriate models and crossplots.
This document describes an experiment to determine the efficiency of a continuous plate distillation column. It provides background on distillation column design and efficiency calculations using concepts like theoretical plates, reflux ratio, and Fenske's method. The experiment involves running a methanol-water mixture through a distillation column at total reflux to establish equilibrium. Samples are taken from the overhead and their compositions are measured using a refractometer and calibration curve. The number of theoretical plates is then calculated using the compositions and Fenske's method. This is compared to the actual number of plates in the column to determine the efficiency. Key steps include establishing a calibration curve, collecting samples at various reflux rates, measuring compositions, and performing efficiency calculations.
The document is a final report from a student group (Group B4) evaluating a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) reactor. It includes a study of how temperature, pressure, wafer spacing, inlet mole fraction affect silicon deposition uniformity in the reactor. The group found that temperature and pressure had an inverse relationship with uniformity, while wafer spacing and inlet mole fraction had a direct relationship with uniformity. Temperature was found to have the greatest effect on deposition rate.
This paper presents new correlations to calculate Modified Black-Oil (MBO) PVT properties for gas condensate and volatile oil fluids using readily available parameters without needing fluid samples or elaborate calculations. The correlations were developed using data from PVT experiments on 13 fluid samples and validated against material balance calculations and reservoir simulations. Correlations are presented for oil-gas ratio, solution gas-oil ratio, oil formation volume factor, and gas formation volume factor. The correlations showed good matches to experimental data with average errors ranging from 1-15% depending on the property.
Co2 flooding is an important EOR method that involves injecting supercritical CO2 into depleted oil reservoirs to displace oil. There are three main displacement mechanisms - miscible, partially miscible, and immiscible. Compositional simulation is needed to accurately model CO2 flooding since fluid properties depend on both pressure and composition. The SACROC unit in the Permian Basin was one of the first large-scale CO2 floods, and involved injecting CO2 from nearby gas plants to boost oil production from over 300 million barrels of original oil in place.
1. Oil forms deep underground from organic materials and moves upward through rock formations until it is trapped by tightly compressed rock.
2. Companies use techniques like measuring magnetic variations and seismic surveying to detect potential oil fields before drilling.
3. Drilling techniques have advanced, allowing extraction of oil both on land and at sea, though much oil remains trapped and requires additional processes like water injection to boost extraction.
1. Field Study
Members
12 October 2014
1.0 Overview
This report is on the Rademacher 35-25 well located in Weld County on the Wattenburg Field. The well’s
API Number is 123-29964-00. The well was drilled as an S well and completed on February 18, 2007 by
Kerr Mcgee Oil and Gas and is now operated Anadarko Petroleum Corporation. The well was drilled
down to a depth of 7384 feet.
2.0 Single Well Petrophysics
This well is mainly composed of shale, limestone, water, oil and gas. Due to the heavy appearance of
shale, the crossovers within the triple combo plot are extremely small, almost inexistent. This shale may
have also caused interference among other tools being used downhole. Most tools are calibrated for
sandstone or limestone not expecting to run into this large amount of shale in a well. This well has a clear
presence of oil and gas when looking strictly at the oil and gas models instead of the combiner model
however. This shows that the shale does in fact over power the hydrocarbons when combined together on
the same plot.
3.0 Quality Assessment
In terms of quality with this well, there are some areas that fall short of quality but other areas are
performing very well. When looking at depths of the well, the pay zone is at around 7000 feet running
about 250 feet deep. This pay zone does contain fairly small amounts of oil and gas but a possible
explanation for this is that there is a very large drainage zone around this well and wells around this area.
However, when analyzing the borehole, the caliper had much larger readings throughout the well until the
pay zone was hit. This is caused by the formation crumbling in as the drill continues down hole. The
formation density is very tight and doesn’t seem to be a very likely to produce hydrocarbons. However,
the wells in this area are being hydraulically fracturing and producing oil very well. The gas production is
2. low because the hydraulic fracturing released the pressure allowing the gas cap to escape. The density of
the field remains consistent throughout all the down hole measurements therefore the density neutron
cross plot is accurate. The resistivity has also remained consistent throughout the hole making it’s reading
also accurate.
4.0 Analysis
Petrophysical analysis was done through multiple plots and charts to gain the values needed to
successfully analyze this well. Density neutron cross plots were made to find the density of the formation.
This density remained consistent throughout the hole and gave us a very accurate reading for our
formation density. A Pickett plot, along with a histogram, was used to find the Rw of the formation.
Multiple quanti elan plots were created for this formation. These plots were used to identify layers of
shale, oil, and gas. The plots made it clear that the target layer for this well was the Niobrara and Codell
because of the large gas and oil reserves that were shown. The gamma ray plot from the triple combo
layout was also used to interpret the fluids contained in the formation. All in all, this formation does
contain oil and gas and will produce hydrocarbons for whoever would like to pursue these plays.
4.1 Fluids
3. The initialization module was first run to calculate the resistivities of the flushed and the mud filtrate.
This module was also used to calculate values that would be used in future quanti elan modules.
Using the histogram, the lowest values were highlighted to show in the Pickett as the ones to use for the
Rw of the system.
I would estimate Rw to be about .045 based on the data editor and histogram above.
The Following Pickett Plot will prove this estimation at 0.04873ohm.m.
4.2 Lithology
Lithology was determined using a uma rhga cross plot and a Tnph_Lime Rhob cross plot. When these
were built, the lithologies were determined to be mainly composed of dolomite and calcite, which
comprise the limestone aspect of the formation.
4. 4.3 Porosity
Porosity was determined using a neutron density cross plot of the formation’s Rhob and Tnph_Lime.
Using these values shown in the cross plot, the porosities can be averaged over a certain period of depth.
4.4 Saturation
The saturation of the formation was found using archie’s equation.
Rw was found using the following histograms and cross plots and came out as 0.045 ohm.m.
5. Rt in the equation was found using the deep resistivity, AT90, and was averaged to be 24.5552 ohm.m.
We used AT90 as our formation resistivity because when looking at a log, the deepest resistivity gives the
most accurate reading for the formation resistivity.
Effective porosity was found using (Dphi_Lime+Tnph_Lime)/2 and was averaged to be 0.1204 g/cc.
Sw=((1/Phit^2)*(Rw/Rt))àSw=((1/0.1204^2)*(0.045/24.5552))àSw=35.55 %
Using the histogram, the lowest values were highlighted to show in the pickett as the ones to use for the
Rw of the system.
6. I would estimate Rw to be about .045 based on the data editor and histogram above.
The Following Pickett Plot will prove this estimation at 0.04873ohm.m.
5.0 Petrophysical Model
Four petrophysical models were created for shale, oil, gas and a combiner plot of the three. These plots
develop a representation of the components that comprise the model. The gas and oil models both showed
decent portions of the fluid until the combiner plot was made. When developing the combiner plot, it was
clear that the shale component was going to greatly outweigh the oil or gas component. When looking at
the triple combo plot, the shale layer showed much more prevalent than either fluid, thus proving the
assumption that shale will show more than the fluids in the combiner plot.
5.1 Assumptions
Our assumptions for the Dual Water Elan within our models were a=1, m=2 and n=2. The C value was 1
as well.
5.2 Model 1
7. Describe your model.
The model shown above is the shale model. As shown, the illite aspect of the plot shows up about half of
the time. The screenshot directly above shows the component specification for the plot. Calcite and
dolomite were included in all three quanti elan plots to account for the heavy amounts within the
formation. The gamma ray reading for the montmorillonite was increased to take some of the gamma ray
reading off of the shale to get a more accurate showing of the composition.
5.3 Model 2
8. The second model created was the quanti elan model for oil. This model showed a heavy presence of oil
in the pay zone at 7000 feet. The model still shows heavy amounts of illite, or shale, but does show the
presence of oil. The screenshot directly above shows the component specification for the model. Again,
calcite and dolomite were added to account for the heavy amounts within the formation from the lithology
cross plots above.
5.4 Model 3
9. The third quanti elan plot created was for the gas in the formation. As seen above, gas shows a heavy
presence throughout the formation but mainly in the pay zone, as it should. Again, illite plays a large role
in this plot but the gas is easily depicted. The screenshot above shows the component specifications for
the model where dolomite and calcite were added to account for the formation composition.
5.5 Combination Model
10.
11. The fourth quanti elan plot was the combiner plot. The combiner plot takes the previous three plots and
combines them into one plot. The combiner plot showed exactly how the shale dominated this formation.
When looking at the previous three plots, you can see oil and gas clearly in the two that are designed for
that. However, when looking at the combiner plot, there are very few spots where oil can be noticed.
There are also no spots where gas can be seen. This proves that this well is shale dominant and a very
different well to interpret.
Describe your combination logic
6.0 Cased hole Analysis
6.1 Cement volume
Compute the cement volume required for your casing run
6.2 Bond Log
Evaluate the bond log
7.0 References
Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, cogcc.state.co.us
Tom Bratton’s Petrophysics Handbook