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Listed property securities markets tend to lead direct property markets by about six months, as REIT liquidity allows for quicker pricing of new information. While listed returns provide a directional signal, they may overstate eventual direct market moves. Understanding the relationship between listed and direct markets can help investors with asset allocation. Introducing a six-month lag to listed returns increases their correlation with direct returns across most markets. Listed returns often accurately predict accelerations and decelerations in direct returns several months in advance.

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Listed Property as a Predictor of the Direct Property Market 2009 EDUC ATIONAL SERIES FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY Cohen & Steers observed that listed property securities market performance tends to lead that of direct property markets by about six months, as REIT liquidity allows for greater pricing transparency and quicker information transfer than less-liquid direct markets.(1) While listed returns provide directional leadership, they may overshoot the measured eventual direct market moves (whether this is because direct return series understate the true moves in value remains up for debate). The time of the “lag” and the magnitude of the over-/understatement of returns vary by market, and depend on the quality of the direct market valuations as well as the composition, balance sheets and activity of the listed real estate companies. Understanding the relationship between the two markets may help investors improve their asset allocation decisions. (1) Listed property securities include real estate investment trusts (REITs), listed property trusts (LPTs) and other real estate securities. Direct property includes direct real estate investments, unlisted closed-end funds and unlisted open-end funds.
CONTENTS LISTED PROPERTY AS A PREDICTOR OF THE DIRECT PROPERTY MARKET
1FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES Correlations Between Listed Property and Direct Real Estate Across Holding Periods,1991–2008 Source: Bloomberg, Investment Property Databank (IPD), MIT, FTSE NAREIT, JLL and Japan Commercial Land. As there is no index for the Hong Kong office, Hong Residential andTokyo office public real estate securities markets, we created indexes using the weighted average returns of the following securities for each market: Hong Kong Office—Hysan Development Monthly, Great Eagle Holdings and Hongkong Land Holdings; Hong Kong Residential—NewWorld Development, Sun Hung Kai Properties, Cheung Kong Holdings and Henderson Land Development; andTokyo Office—Mitsui Fudosan, Mitsubishi Estate, Sumitomo Realty Holdings and NTT Urban.TheTokyo Direct Office market is represented with data from Japan Commercial Land Prices from 1991 through 2000, by JLL for 2000 through 2007 and Japan Commercial Land Prices after 2007.The analysis on the U.S. listed property is provided by the MIT Center for Real Estate (“MIT/CRE”). MIT/CRE has several real estate research functions including the Commercial Real Estate Data Laboratory (“CREDL”).The index measures market movements and returns based on transaction prices of properties sold from the NCREIF Index database.The IPD U.K. Monthly Index measures returns to direct investment in commercial property. It is compiled from valuation and management records for individual buildings in complete portfolios, collected directly from investors by IPD. The property return data for the U.S., Australian, Hong Kong andTokyo markets is based on quarterly returns, so the monthly holding period is not applicable for these markets. LISTED PROPERTY PERFORMANCE LEADS DIRECT REAL ESTATE PERFORMANCE Correlations between listed and direct real estate returns vary significantly, depending on the holding period. Over shorter periods, real estate securities more closely track equities. Over longer periods, however, real estate securities’ performance falls more in line with that of direct real estate, as shown below.(1) (1) Also see EPRA news issue 29, March 2009, page 8. Research by Morgan Stanley indicates that property shares correlate more closely with direct property than with broader equities for periods over 1.5 years for the U.K. market. REITs may display lower short-run correlations and greater long-run correlations with direct property because information is priced into REITs with a high degree of efficiency. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Monthly 6 Month 3 Month 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 0.49 0.89 0.67 0.86 0.73 0.59 0.65 0.39 0.55 0.21 0.09 0.35 0.29 0.28 0.34 0.44 0.23 0.40 0.34 0.11 0.12 0.26 0.46 0.34 0.50 0.52 0.40 0.66 0.41 0.78 0.59 United States United Kingdom Hong Kong Residential Hong Kong Office Australia Tokyo
2 EDUC ATIONA L SE RIE S The higher correlations over longer holding periods are likely linked to the main difference between REITs and direct real estate: the packaging, or vehicle, used to own the underlying property. Since the underlying asset of a REIT is real estate, its performance should track that of the underlying property’s returns, unless the listed markets are extremely inefficient or the measurement of direct property is wrong. There are other, more tangible reasons why the performance of listed and direct real estate markets diverges. These include the use of leverage, non-rental income streams, the composition of assets and value creation by REITs’ active management teams. One of the most important reasons why REITs may display lower short-run and greater long-run correlations with direct property series (and the main subject of this article) is that new information is priced into REIT valuations with a higher degree of efficiency than is the case with direct real estate valuations. This higher efficiency is due to the liquidity of REITs, which improves both pricing transparency and information transfer. If listed real estate markets lead direct property, then introducing a “lag” into the listed time series should increase their correlation with direct property. Indeed, when we introduced a six-month lag on the listed returns, the correlation between the two increased across all markets, as shown below. However, correlations simply report a single variable as a measurement of the relationship between the two series. If we compare the lagged listed and direct series visually, we can more intuitively see the strong correlation. The chart above shows the one-year rolling returns of direct real estate and of listed real estate with a six-month lag in several markets for the U.K. and U.S. markets. There is a strong correlation between listed and direct real estate. Correlations Over Rolling Three-Year Holding Periods,1991–2008 Source: Bloomberg, Investment Property Databank (IPD), MIT, FTSE NAREIT, JLL and Japan Commercial Land. As there is no index for the Hong Kong office, Hong Residential andTokyo office public real estate securities markets, we created indexes using the weighted average returns of the following securities for each market: Hong Kong Office—Hysan Development Monthly, Great Eagle Holdings and Hongkong Land Holdings; Hong Kong Residential—NewWorld Development, Sun Hung Kai Properties, Cheung Kong Holdings and Henderson Land Development; andTokyo Office—Mitsui Fudosan, Mitsubishi Estate, Sumitomo Realty Holdings and NTT Urban.TheTokyo Direct Office market is represented with data from Japan Commercial Land Prices from 1991 through 2000, by JLL for 2000 through 2007 and Japan Commercial Land Prices after 2007.The analysis on the U.S. listed property is provided by the MIT Center for Real Estate (“MIT/CRE”). MIT/CRE has several real estate research functions including the Commercial Real Estate Data Laboratory (“CREDL”).The index measures market movements and returns based on transaction prices of properties sold from the NCREIF Index database.The IPD U.K. Monthly Index measures returns to direct investment in commercial property. It is compiled from valuation and management records for individual buildings in complete portfolios, collected directly from investors by IPD. The property return data for the U.S., Australian, Hong Kong andTokyo markets is based on quarterly returns, so the monthly holding period is not applicable for these markets. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 United Kingdom United States Hong Kong Office Hong Kong Residential Tokyo Australia 0.710.67 0.67 0.49 0.58 0.11 0.94 0.86 0.79 0.73 0.900.89 Correlation with a Six-Month Lag on Listed Property Standard Correlation
3FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES Correlations increase when a six-month lag is introduced into the listed time series. U.S.Direct and Listed Property Market Performance with Six-Month Lag Source: FTSE NAREIT and MIT/NCREIF Pastperformanceisnoguaranteeoffutureresults.Aninvestorcannotinvestdirectlyinanindex. 2Q89 2Q91 2Q93 2Q95 2Q97 2Q99 2Q01 2Q03 2Q052Q87 2Q07 MIT/NCREIF U.S. Private Market—Capital Return (left-hand side) FTSE NAREIT Equity REIT—Price-Only Index (six-month lag, right-hand side) -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% U.K.Direct and Listed Property Market Performance with Six-Month Lag Source: IPD and FTSE EPRA/NAREIT Pastperformanceisnoguaranteeoffutureresults.Aninvestorcannotinvestdirectlyinanindex. -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 20051989 2007 2008 IPD U.K. Private Market—Capital Return (left-hand side) FTSE Real Estate 350—Price-Only Return (six-month lag, right-hand side) Correlation = 0.72 Correlation = 0.58
4 EDUC ATIONA L SE RIE S LISTED PROPERTY RETURNS ARE DIRECTIONALLY ACCURATE While the six-month lag is not a perfect rule that fits all markets, it can be used as an average indicator. The lead lengths may vary, but listed returns often predict the acceleration or deceleration of direct returns well in advance. A list of dates of the most significant peaks and troughs for the one-year rolling period for the U.K. and U.S. listed and direct markets is shown in the following table. Listed returns often predict the acceleration or deceleration of direct returns well in advance. Time Between Listed and Direct Peaks and Troughs 1992/1993 Trough 1993/1994 Peak 1995 Trough 1998 Peak 2002 Trough 2006 Peak Listed Market Direct Market Lag Time (months) 0 4 Source: IPD Monthly. See Appendix for more information. Time Between Listed and Direct Peaks and Troughs 1990/ 1991 Trough 1983 Peak 1984 Trough 1997/ 1998 Peak 2003 Trough 1999/ 2000 Trough 2000/ 2001 Peak 2003 Trough 2004 Peak Listed Market 4Q00 Direct Market 4Q03 4Q03 3Q04 Lag Time (months) 0 Source: MIT/CRE. See Appendix for more information. Summarizing the information above, on average, the U.K. listed market reaches its peak or trough six months before the direct market, while the U.S. listed market reaches its peak or trough seven months ahead of the direct market. LISTED PROPERTY RETURNS OVERSTATE PEAKS AND TROUGHS While the returns seem to be comparable, the data show that listed markets generally overstate the returns that are eventually reported by direct market indexes. In other words, the listed markets typically experience higher peaks and lower troughs than the direct markets. The over- and understatement of the listed market is mostly attributable to the fact that the returns of the listed property series incorporate leverage, while the direct property series does not (although direct investors also use leverage). Other reasons include the potentially higher cyclicality of non-rental income streams included in REIT earnings. However, it is also likely that the appraisal-based approach to direct real estate valuation leads to an understatement of true volatility.
5FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES The difference between the most significant peaks and troughs for the one-year rolling returns of the direct markets versus those of the listed market is shown below. Using listed property returns as a leading indicator of direct real estate performance can meaningfully improve asset allocation decisions. WHY LISTED PROPERTY MARKETS LEAD DIRECT REAL ESTATE MARKETS Why would listed markets lead direct property markets? We believe one of the main reasons is the transfer of information—how transparently and how quickly prices are transferred across the market. Liquidity—Information Transfer One of the key differentiators between listed and direct property is liquidity. Listed property securities are traded on public exchanges and can be bought and sold daily. The minimum investment requirements and fees are low. These characteristics make real estate securities extremely liquid. Turnover in the U.K. REIT market for 2007 was approximately 180%. In comparison, direct real estate is much less liquid, at only 8% turnover for the IPD sample. This lower liquidity may be related to the large investment requirements—in both capital and time—involved in a direct real estate transaction. Valuing Real Estate: Pricing Transparency Since listed property securities have a real-time pricing mechanism, there is essentially no lag between the share price and the market value of the security. Listed property prices immediately incorporate changes in variables, which affect asset value from the macro (interest rates and oil prices) to the micro (expectations for rents and capitalization rates). Valuing direct property, however, is much less transparent because it is valued infrequently. Further, valuations through appraisals are based on a small number of actual transactions. True value is not determined until the property is sold. Pastperformanceisnoguaranteeoffutureresults.Aninvestorcannotinvestdirectlyinanindex. 1992/1993 Trough -45.2% -8.5% 1993/1994 Peak 104.6% 16.0% 1995 Trough -27.3% -4.7% 1998 Peak 35.3% 8.0% 2002 Trough -9.5% -0.6% 2006 Peak 45.8% 15.4% Peak and Trough Magnitude Analysis for U.K.Market Source: IPD and FTSE EPRA/NAREIT -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 IPD Capital Return (left-hand side) FTSE Real Estate 350—Price-Only Return (six-month lag, right-hand side)
6 EDUC ATIONA L SE RIE S Furthermore, the direct data series generally includes only a small portion of the direct market. For example, the U.K. direct market data (probably the most robust sample of all global direct markets) produced by IPD include only approximately 50% of direct property valuations held by institutional investors. In addition, the National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries (NCREIF) data only include some 10% of the direct property valuations held by pension funds. MEASURED VOLATILITY IS GREATER FOR LISTED REAL ESTATE THAN FOR DIRECT REAL ESTATE The methods that are currently used to value direct real estate distort the measured volatility. The standard deviations of real estate securities in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are shown in the following chart. Volatility of Listed Real Estate Markets vs.Direct Markets Ten-Year Standard Deviations at December 31,2008 Sources: Indexes reflected are FTSE NAREIT Equity REIT Index for the U.S. listed real estate market, MIT for the U.S. direct real estate market and U.S. Lehman Aggregate Bond Index for the U.S. bond market; FTSE EPRA/NAREIT U.K. Real Estate Index for the U.K. listed real estate market, IPD for the U.K. direct real estate market and FTSE U.K. Gilts Index for the U.K. bond market; and FTSE EPRA/NAREIT Australia Real Estate Index for the Australian listed real estate market, IPD for the Australian direct real estate market and Citigroup Australian Government Bond Index for the Australian bond market. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% U.S.Market U.K.Market Australian Market 9.1% 19.6% 3.7% 19.8% 4.5% 2.4% 13.0% 4.8% 2.2% Direct Market Government Bond Market Listed Market We believe that the actual risk of direct real estate is much higher than the reported risk. While real estate securities demonstrate higher stated levels of risk compared with direct real estate, as shown above, it is likely that the real risk of direct real estate is much higher than the reported risk, due to the influence of appraisal smoothing. Further, most direct investments are leveraged, which would increase their volatility to the end investor. One indication of this is that, as shown in the chart above, the standard deviations of the direct markets are only slightly higher than those of government bonds in the U.S. market, and lower than that of bonds in the U.K. and Australian markets. This means either that the volatility in direct property approximates that of bonds (in which case expected returns should approximate bond returns) or, more likely, that the measured volatility of the direct markets understates the risk.
7FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES This is, perhaps, attributable to the methodology used by the data providers in generating the returns for the direct markets. Direct real estate values tend to exhibit multi-colinearity (returns are highly correlated to past valuations). This violates the assumptions of accepted measurements of risk such as standard deviation, which assumes returns are independent. CONCLUSION After comparing listed and direct property historical returns, we found that: Listed property companies tend to lead the returns of direct real estate by approximately six months. While the listed performance is directionally accurate, the returns tend to overstate the eventual reported direct market moves. The propensity of listed markets to lead the direct markets may be related to the inefficient transfer of information in direct markets. The stronger the factors that delay information transfer in direct markets, the longer the gap between the markets’ return series. We believe that understanding the relationship between the two markets has useful implications for investors. By using listed property returns as a leading indicator of direct real estate performance, investors can meaningfully improve their asset allocation decisions.
8 EDUC ATIONA L SE RIE S APPENDIX—EXPLANATION OF RETURN DATA U.S.Direct Real Estate Return Series The analysis on the U.S. listed property is provided by the MIT Center for Real Estate (“MIT/CRE”). MIT/CRE has several real estate research functions, including the Commercial Real Estate Data Laboratory (“CREDL”). The purpose of the CREDL project is to gather data and measure the performance of commercial real estate, and to develop practical methodologies and tools to evaluate that performance. The index measures market movements and returns based on transaction prices of properties sold from the NCREIF Index database. We believe the MIT/CRE CREDL return series is the most accurate index of the U.S. direct market. Further information on the index can be found at http://web.mit.edu/cre/research/credl/tbi.html. While many people use NCREIF, there are issues with the data. The NCREIF Index is an appraisal-based index, which means the returns are based on appraisal estimates rather than the actual prices of transactions. The appraisals are provided by private real estate fund managers that report unverified returns on a quarterly basis. The returns are based on each manager’s determination of the change in appraised value plus net cash flow, and not on the returns of a direct real estate fund. Managers conduct their own appraisals and gains and often smooth out losses in value over time. U.K.Direct Real Estate Return Series The IPD U.K. Monthly Index measures returns to direct investment in commercial property. It is compiled from valuation and management records for individual buildings in complete portfolios collected directly from investors by IPD. All valuations used in the Monthly Index are conducted by qualified valuers who are independent of the property owners or managers. Further information on the index can be found at www.ipd.com.
9FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES WHY COHEN & STEERS Cohen & Steers is a manager of income-oriented equity portfolios specializing in U.S. and international real estate securities, large cap value stocks, listed infrastructure and utilities, and preferred securities. The company also manages alternative investment strategies such as hedged real estate securities portfolios and private real estate multimanager strategies for qualified investors. Headquartered in New York City, with offices in London, Brussels, Hong Kong and Seattle, Cohen & Steers serves individual and institutional investors through a broad range of investment vehicles. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. An investor cannot invest directly in an index. The views and opinions in the preceding commentary are as of March 31, 2009 and are subject to change.This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific point in time, does not constitute investment advice and is not intended to predict or depict performance of any investment. Risks of Investing in Real Estate Securities— Risk considerations are similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate. Real estate valuations may be subject to factors such as changing general and local economic, financial, competitive and environmental conditions. Copyright © 2009 Cohen & Steers, Inc. All rights reserved.
Seattle Headquarters: New York London Brussels Hong Kong Countries with existing REIT-like structures Countries considering REIT-like structures For information, call us at: 800.330.7348 Come visit us online at: cohenandsteers.com ED2008 0809

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ListedLeads

  • 1.
    Listed Property asa Predictor of the Direct Property Market 2009 EDUC ATIONAL SERIES FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONAL USE ONLY Cohen & Steers observed that listed property securities market performance tends to lead that of direct property markets by about six months, as REIT liquidity allows for greater pricing transparency and quicker information transfer than less-liquid direct markets.(1) While listed returns provide directional leadership, they may overshoot the measured eventual direct market moves (whether this is because direct return series understate the true moves in value remains up for debate). The time of the “lag” and the magnitude of the over-/understatement of returns vary by market, and depend on the quality of the direct market valuations as well as the composition, balance sheets and activity of the listed real estate companies. Understanding the relationship between the two markets may help investors improve their asset allocation decisions. (1) Listed property securities include real estate investment trusts (REITs), listed property trusts (LPTs) and other real estate securities. Direct property includes direct real estate investments, unlisted closed-end funds and unlisted open-end funds.
  • 2.
    CONTENTS LISTED PROPERTY ASA PREDICTOR OF THE DIRECT PROPERTY MARKET
  • 3.
    1FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONALUSE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES Correlations Between Listed Property and Direct Real Estate Across Holding Periods,1991–2008 Source: Bloomberg, Investment Property Databank (IPD), MIT, FTSE NAREIT, JLL and Japan Commercial Land. As there is no index for the Hong Kong office, Hong Residential andTokyo office public real estate securities markets, we created indexes using the weighted average returns of the following securities for each market: Hong Kong Office—Hysan Development Monthly, Great Eagle Holdings and Hongkong Land Holdings; Hong Kong Residential—NewWorld Development, Sun Hung Kai Properties, Cheung Kong Holdings and Henderson Land Development; andTokyo Office—Mitsui Fudosan, Mitsubishi Estate, Sumitomo Realty Holdings and NTT Urban.TheTokyo Direct Office market is represented with data from Japan Commercial Land Prices from 1991 through 2000, by JLL for 2000 through 2007 and Japan Commercial Land Prices after 2007.The analysis on the U.S. listed property is provided by the MIT Center for Real Estate (“MIT/CRE”). MIT/CRE has several real estate research functions including the Commercial Real Estate Data Laboratory (“CREDL”).The index measures market movements and returns based on transaction prices of properties sold from the NCREIF Index database.The IPD U.K. Monthly Index measures returns to direct investment in commercial property. It is compiled from valuation and management records for individual buildings in complete portfolios, collected directly from investors by IPD. The property return data for the U.S., Australian, Hong Kong andTokyo markets is based on quarterly returns, so the monthly holding period is not applicable for these markets. LISTED PROPERTY PERFORMANCE LEADS DIRECT REAL ESTATE PERFORMANCE Correlations between listed and direct real estate returns vary significantly, depending on the holding period. Over shorter periods, real estate securities more closely track equities. Over longer periods, however, real estate securities’ performance falls more in line with that of direct real estate, as shown below.(1) (1) Also see EPRA news issue 29, March 2009, page 8. Research by Morgan Stanley indicates that property shares correlate more closely with direct property than with broader equities for periods over 1.5 years for the U.K. market. REITs may display lower short-run correlations and greater long-run correlations with direct property because information is priced into REITs with a high degree of efficiency. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Monthly 6 Month 3 Month 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 0.49 0.89 0.67 0.86 0.73 0.59 0.65 0.39 0.55 0.21 0.09 0.35 0.29 0.28 0.34 0.44 0.23 0.40 0.34 0.11 0.12 0.26 0.46 0.34 0.50 0.52 0.40 0.66 0.41 0.78 0.59 United States United Kingdom Hong Kong Residential Hong Kong Office Australia Tokyo
  • 4.
    2 EDUC ATIONA LSE RIE S The higher correlations over longer holding periods are likely linked to the main difference between REITs and direct real estate: the packaging, or vehicle, used to own the underlying property. Since the underlying asset of a REIT is real estate, its performance should track that of the underlying property’s returns, unless the listed markets are extremely inefficient or the measurement of direct property is wrong. There are other, more tangible reasons why the performance of listed and direct real estate markets diverges. These include the use of leverage, non-rental income streams, the composition of assets and value creation by REITs’ active management teams. One of the most important reasons why REITs may display lower short-run and greater long-run correlations with direct property series (and the main subject of this article) is that new information is priced into REIT valuations with a higher degree of efficiency than is the case with direct real estate valuations. This higher efficiency is due to the liquidity of REITs, which improves both pricing transparency and information transfer. If listed real estate markets lead direct property, then introducing a “lag” into the listed time series should increase their correlation with direct property. Indeed, when we introduced a six-month lag on the listed returns, the correlation between the two increased across all markets, as shown below. However, correlations simply report a single variable as a measurement of the relationship between the two series. If we compare the lagged listed and direct series visually, we can more intuitively see the strong correlation. The chart above shows the one-year rolling returns of direct real estate and of listed real estate with a six-month lag in several markets for the U.K. and U.S. markets. There is a strong correlation between listed and direct real estate. Correlations Over Rolling Three-Year Holding Periods,1991–2008 Source: Bloomberg, Investment Property Databank (IPD), MIT, FTSE NAREIT, JLL and Japan Commercial Land. As there is no index for the Hong Kong office, Hong Residential andTokyo office public real estate securities markets, we created indexes using the weighted average returns of the following securities for each market: Hong Kong Office—Hysan Development Monthly, Great Eagle Holdings and Hongkong Land Holdings; Hong Kong Residential—NewWorld Development, Sun Hung Kai Properties, Cheung Kong Holdings and Henderson Land Development; andTokyo Office—Mitsui Fudosan, Mitsubishi Estate, Sumitomo Realty Holdings and NTT Urban.TheTokyo Direct Office market is represented with data from Japan Commercial Land Prices from 1991 through 2000, by JLL for 2000 through 2007 and Japan Commercial Land Prices after 2007.The analysis on the U.S. listed property is provided by the MIT Center for Real Estate (“MIT/CRE”). MIT/CRE has several real estate research functions including the Commercial Real Estate Data Laboratory (“CREDL”).The index measures market movements and returns based on transaction prices of properties sold from the NCREIF Index database.The IPD U.K. Monthly Index measures returns to direct investment in commercial property. It is compiled from valuation and management records for individual buildings in complete portfolios, collected directly from investors by IPD. The property return data for the U.S., Australian, Hong Kong andTokyo markets is based on quarterly returns, so the monthly holding period is not applicable for these markets. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 United Kingdom United States Hong Kong Office Hong Kong Residential Tokyo Australia 0.710.67 0.67 0.49 0.58 0.11 0.94 0.86 0.79 0.73 0.900.89 Correlation with a Six-Month Lag on Listed Property Standard Correlation
  • 5.
    3FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONALUSE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES Correlations increase when a six-month lag is introduced into the listed time series. U.S.Direct and Listed Property Market Performance with Six-Month Lag Source: FTSE NAREIT and MIT/NCREIF Pastperformanceisnoguaranteeoffutureresults.Aninvestorcannotinvestdirectlyinanindex. 2Q89 2Q91 2Q93 2Q95 2Q97 2Q99 2Q01 2Q03 2Q052Q87 2Q07 MIT/NCREIF U.S. Private Market—Capital Return (left-hand side) FTSE NAREIT Equity REIT—Price-Only Index (six-month lag, right-hand side) -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% -40% -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% U.K.Direct and Listed Property Market Performance with Six-Month Lag Source: IPD and FTSE EPRA/NAREIT Pastperformanceisnoguaranteeoffutureresults.Aninvestorcannotinvestdirectlyinanindex. -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 20051989 2007 2008 IPD U.K. Private Market—Capital Return (left-hand side) FTSE Real Estate 350—Price-Only Return (six-month lag, right-hand side) Correlation = 0.72 Correlation = 0.58
  • 6.
    4 EDUC ATIONA LSE RIE S LISTED PROPERTY RETURNS ARE DIRECTIONALLY ACCURATE While the six-month lag is not a perfect rule that fits all markets, it can be used as an average indicator. The lead lengths may vary, but listed returns often predict the acceleration or deceleration of direct returns well in advance. A list of dates of the most significant peaks and troughs for the one-year rolling period for the U.K. and U.S. listed and direct markets is shown in the following table. Listed returns often predict the acceleration or deceleration of direct returns well in advance. Time Between Listed and Direct Peaks and Troughs 1992/1993 Trough 1993/1994 Peak 1995 Trough 1998 Peak 2002 Trough 2006 Peak Listed Market Direct Market Lag Time (months) 0 4 Source: IPD Monthly. See Appendix for more information. Time Between Listed and Direct Peaks and Troughs 1990/ 1991 Trough 1983 Peak 1984 Trough 1997/ 1998 Peak 2003 Trough 1999/ 2000 Trough 2000/ 2001 Peak 2003 Trough 2004 Peak Listed Market 4Q00 Direct Market 4Q03 4Q03 3Q04 Lag Time (months) 0 Source: MIT/CRE. See Appendix for more information. Summarizing the information above, on average, the U.K. listed market reaches its peak or trough six months before the direct market, while the U.S. listed market reaches its peak or trough seven months ahead of the direct market. LISTED PROPERTY RETURNS OVERSTATE PEAKS AND TROUGHS While the returns seem to be comparable, the data show that listed markets generally overstate the returns that are eventually reported by direct market indexes. In other words, the listed markets typically experience higher peaks and lower troughs than the direct markets. The over- and understatement of the listed market is mostly attributable to the fact that the returns of the listed property series incorporate leverage, while the direct property series does not (although direct investors also use leverage). Other reasons include the potentially higher cyclicality of non-rental income streams included in REIT earnings. However, it is also likely that the appraisal-based approach to direct real estate valuation leads to an understatement of true volatility.
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    5FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONALUSE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES The difference between the most significant peaks and troughs for the one-year rolling returns of the direct markets versus those of the listed market is shown below. Using listed property returns as a leading indicator of direct real estate performance can meaningfully improve asset allocation decisions. WHY LISTED PROPERTY MARKETS LEAD DIRECT REAL ESTATE MARKETS Why would listed markets lead direct property markets? We believe one of the main reasons is the transfer of information—how transparently and how quickly prices are transferred across the market. Liquidity—Information Transfer One of the key differentiators between listed and direct property is liquidity. Listed property securities are traded on public exchanges and can be bought and sold daily. The minimum investment requirements and fees are low. These characteristics make real estate securities extremely liquid. Turnover in the U.K. REIT market for 2007 was approximately 180%. In comparison, direct real estate is much less liquid, at only 8% turnover for the IPD sample. This lower liquidity may be related to the large investment requirements—in both capital and time—involved in a direct real estate transaction. Valuing Real Estate: Pricing Transparency Since listed property securities have a real-time pricing mechanism, there is essentially no lag between the share price and the market value of the security. Listed property prices immediately incorporate changes in variables, which affect asset value from the macro (interest rates and oil prices) to the micro (expectations for rents and capitalization rates). Valuing direct property, however, is much less transparent because it is valued infrequently. Further, valuations through appraisals are based on a small number of actual transactions. True value is not determined until the property is sold. Pastperformanceisnoguaranteeoffutureresults.Aninvestorcannotinvestdirectlyinanindex. 1992/1993 Trough -45.2% -8.5% 1993/1994 Peak 104.6% 16.0% 1995 Trough -27.3% -4.7% 1998 Peak 35.3% 8.0% 2002 Trough -9.5% -0.6% 2006 Peak 45.8% 15.4% Peak and Trough Magnitude Analysis for U.K.Market Source: IPD and FTSE EPRA/NAREIT -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% -30% -25% -20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 IPD Capital Return (left-hand side) FTSE Real Estate 350—Price-Only Return (six-month lag, right-hand side)
  • 8.
    6 EDUC ATIONA LSE RIE S Furthermore, the direct data series generally includes only a small portion of the direct market. For example, the U.K. direct market data (probably the most robust sample of all global direct markets) produced by IPD include only approximately 50% of direct property valuations held by institutional investors. In addition, the National Council of Real Estate Investment Fiduciaries (NCREIF) data only include some 10% of the direct property valuations held by pension funds. MEASURED VOLATILITY IS GREATER FOR LISTED REAL ESTATE THAN FOR DIRECT REAL ESTATE The methods that are currently used to value direct real estate distort the measured volatility. The standard deviations of real estate securities in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are shown in the following chart. Volatility of Listed Real Estate Markets vs.Direct Markets Ten-Year Standard Deviations at December 31,2008 Sources: Indexes reflected are FTSE NAREIT Equity REIT Index for the U.S. listed real estate market, MIT for the U.S. direct real estate market and U.S. Lehman Aggregate Bond Index for the U.S. bond market; FTSE EPRA/NAREIT U.K. Real Estate Index for the U.K. listed real estate market, IPD for the U.K. direct real estate market and FTSE U.K. Gilts Index for the U.K. bond market; and FTSE EPRA/NAREIT Australia Real Estate Index for the Australian listed real estate market, IPD for the Australian direct real estate market and Citigroup Australian Government Bond Index for the Australian bond market. 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% U.S.Market U.K.Market Australian Market 9.1% 19.6% 3.7% 19.8% 4.5% 2.4% 13.0% 4.8% 2.2% Direct Market Government Bond Market Listed Market We believe that the actual risk of direct real estate is much higher than the reported risk. While real estate securities demonstrate higher stated levels of risk compared with direct real estate, as shown above, it is likely that the real risk of direct real estate is much higher than the reported risk, due to the influence of appraisal smoothing. Further, most direct investments are leveraged, which would increase their volatility to the end investor. One indication of this is that, as shown in the chart above, the standard deviations of the direct markets are only slightly higher than those of government bonds in the U.S. market, and lower than that of bonds in the U.K. and Australian markets. This means either that the volatility in direct property approximates that of bonds (in which case expected returns should approximate bond returns) or, more likely, that the measured volatility of the direct markets understates the risk.
  • 9.
    7FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONALUSE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES This is, perhaps, attributable to the methodology used by the data providers in generating the returns for the direct markets. Direct real estate values tend to exhibit multi-colinearity (returns are highly correlated to past valuations). This violates the assumptions of accepted measurements of risk such as standard deviation, which assumes returns are independent. CONCLUSION After comparing listed and direct property historical returns, we found that: Listed property companies tend to lead the returns of direct real estate by approximately six months. While the listed performance is directionally accurate, the returns tend to overstate the eventual reported direct market moves. The propensity of listed markets to lead the direct markets may be related to the inefficient transfer of information in direct markets. The stronger the factors that delay information transfer in direct markets, the longer the gap between the markets’ return series. We believe that understanding the relationship between the two markets has useful implications for investors. By using listed property returns as a leading indicator of direct real estate performance, investors can meaningfully improve their asset allocation decisions.
  • 10.
    8 EDUC ATIONA LSE RIE S APPENDIX—EXPLANATION OF RETURN DATA U.S.Direct Real Estate Return Series The analysis on the U.S. listed property is provided by the MIT Center for Real Estate (“MIT/CRE”). MIT/CRE has several real estate research functions, including the Commercial Real Estate Data Laboratory (“CREDL”). The purpose of the CREDL project is to gather data and measure the performance of commercial real estate, and to develop practical methodologies and tools to evaluate that performance. The index measures market movements and returns based on transaction prices of properties sold from the NCREIF Index database. We believe the MIT/CRE CREDL return series is the most accurate index of the U.S. direct market. Further information on the index can be found at http://web.mit.edu/cre/research/credl/tbi.html. While many people use NCREIF, there are issues with the data. The NCREIF Index is an appraisal-based index, which means the returns are based on appraisal estimates rather than the actual prices of transactions. The appraisals are provided by private real estate fund managers that report unverified returns on a quarterly basis. The returns are based on each manager’s determination of the change in appraised value plus net cash flow, and not on the returns of a direct real estate fund. Managers conduct their own appraisals and gains and often smooth out losses in value over time. U.K.Direct Real Estate Return Series The IPD U.K. Monthly Index measures returns to direct investment in commercial property. It is compiled from valuation and management records for individual buildings in complete portfolios collected directly from investors by IPD. All valuations used in the Monthly Index are conducted by qualified valuers who are independent of the property owners or managers. Further information on the index can be found at www.ipd.com.
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    9FOR INVESTMENT PROFESSIONALUSE ONLY EDUC ATIONAL SERIES WHY COHEN & STEERS Cohen & Steers is a manager of income-oriented equity portfolios specializing in U.S. and international real estate securities, large cap value stocks, listed infrastructure and utilities, and preferred securities. The company also manages alternative investment strategies such as hedged real estate securities portfolios and private real estate multimanager strategies for qualified investors. Headquartered in New York City, with offices in London, Brussels, Hong Kong and Seattle, Cohen & Steers serves individual and institutional investors through a broad range of investment vehicles. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. An investor cannot invest directly in an index. The views and opinions in the preceding commentary are as of March 31, 2009 and are subject to change.This material represents an assessment of the market environment at a specific point in time, does not constitute investment advice and is not intended to predict or depict performance of any investment. Risks of Investing in Real Estate Securities— Risk considerations are similar to those associated with the direct ownership of real estate. Real estate valuations may be subject to factors such as changing general and local economic, financial, competitive and environmental conditions. Copyright © 2009 Cohen & Steers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Seattle Headquarters: New York London Brussels Hong Kong Countrieswith existing REIT-like structures Countries considering REIT-like structures For information, call us at: 800.330.7348 Come visit us online at: cohenandsteers.com ED2008 0809