List and characterize the three types of firms.SolutionThere a.pdf
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List and characterize the three types of firms. Solution There are basically three forms of firms which can be classified on basis of business ownership- sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. a. Sole Proprietorship- It is an enterprise owned and run by a single person. Not only it is easy to set up but is also least costly among the three types of firms. However, the owner of the business has unlimited liability i.e. personal assets of the entrepreneur can be attached to the business if the business goes bankrupt. b. Partnership form involves two or more persons owning and running a business. The profits are split among the partners in an agreed upon ratio. Partnerships may have limited or unlimited liability depending on the owners. c. Corporation is a firm in which the ownership is split among many people. An example would be the listed companies on the stock market. The owners have limited liability in the sense that their own assets cannot be attached to pay off company\'s debt. There is a separation of ownership from management. The owners elect the board of directors who form the management of the company. Cooperative Societies and Limited Liability Company are two of the variants of a corporation..
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FORMS OF ORGANIZATION.docx
Discussion of Basic Forms of Business Organization. (Owbership)
Organization → represents a group of people who work together for the achievement of common objective
27C H A P T E R2THE FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENTLearning .docx
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C H A P T E R
2THE FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, readers will be able to
• Describe the alternative forms of business organization and ownership.
• Explain why taxes are important to healthcare finance.
• Briefly describe the third-party-payer system.
• Explain the different types of payment methods used by payers.
• Describe the incentives created by the different payment methods and
their impact on provider risk.
• Explain the importance and types of medical coding.
• Briefly describe the purpose and key features of healthcare reform.
Introduction
Fortunately, most of the basic concepts of healthcare finance are independent of
the specific industry (for example, hospital versus long-term care versus medi-
cal practice) and organizational setting. However, some aspects of healthcare
finance are influenced by industry setting, while the unique ownership structure
of healthcare providers influences specific applications of finance concepts. In
this chapter, some background material is presented that creates the context in
which finance is practiced in health services organizations.
The fact that many healthcare businesses are organized as not-for-
profit corporations has a significant impact on the practice of finance. Thus,
the chapter begins with a discussion of alternative forms of business organiza-
tion and ownership. Because ownership affects taxes, tax laws also are briefly
introduced. The chapter continues with a discussion of third-party payers, the
reimbursement methods that they use, and the implications of alternative re-
imbursement methods for provider behavior. The final sections cover medical
coding and healthcare reform.
Alternative Forms of Business Organization
Throughout this book, the focus is on business finance—that is, the practice of
accounting and financial management within business organizations. There are
three primary forms of business organization: proprietorship, partnership, and
Co
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EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 9/19/2018 9:50 PM via PURDUE UNIVERSITY GLOBAL
AN: 516239 ; Gapenski, Louis C..; Healthcare Finance : An Introduction to Accounting and Financial Management
Account: ns019078.main.eds
H e a l t h c a r e F i n a n c e28
corporation. In addition, there are several hybrid forms. Because most health
services managers work for corporations and because not-for-profit businesses
are organized as corporations, this form of organization is emphasized. How-
ever, many individual medical practices are organized as proprietorships, and
partnerships and hybrid forms are common in group practices and joint ven-
tures,.
Recommended
FORMS OF ORGANIZATION.docx
Discussion of Basic Forms of Business Organization. (Owbership)
Organization → represents a group of people who work together for the achievement of common objective
27C H A P T E R2THE FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENTLearning .docx
27
C H A P T E R
2THE FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, readers will be able to
• Describe the alternative forms of business organization and ownership.
• Explain why taxes are important to healthcare finance.
• Briefly describe the third-party-payer system.
• Explain the different types of payment methods used by payers.
• Describe the incentives created by the different payment methods and
their impact on provider risk.
• Explain the importance and types of medical coding.
• Briefly describe the purpose and key features of healthcare reform.
Introduction
Fortunately, most of the basic concepts of healthcare finance are independent of
the specific industry (for example, hospital versus long-term care versus medi-
cal practice) and organizational setting. However, some aspects of healthcare
finance are influenced by industry setting, while the unique ownership structure
of healthcare providers influences specific applications of finance concepts. In
this chapter, some background material is presented that creates the context in
which finance is practiced in health services organizations.
The fact that many healthcare businesses are organized as not-for-
profit corporations has a significant impact on the practice of finance. Thus,
the chapter begins with a discussion of alternative forms of business organiza-
tion and ownership. Because ownership affects taxes, tax laws also are briefly
introduced. The chapter continues with a discussion of third-party payers, the
reimbursement methods that they use, and the implications of alternative re-
imbursement methods for provider behavior. The final sections cover medical
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Throughout this book, the focus is on business finance—that is, the practice of
accounting and financial management within business organizations. There are
three primary forms of business organization: proprietorship, partnership, and
Co
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EBSCO : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 9/19/2018 9:50 PM via PURDUE UNIVERSITY GLOBAL
AN: 516239 ; Gapenski, Louis C..; Healthcare Finance : An Introduction to Accounting and Financial Management
Account: ns019078.main.eds
H e a l t h c a r e F i n a n c e28
corporation. In addition, there are several hybrid forms. Because most health
services managers work for corporations and because not-for-profit businesses
are organized as corporations, this form of organization is emphasized. How-
ever, many individual medical practices are organized as proprietorships, and
partnerships and hybrid forms are common in group practices and joint ven-
tures,.
Post your response to the following focus questionsDescribe a sol.pdf
Post your response to the following focus questions:
Describe a sole proprietorship and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe a partnership and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe a corporation and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe an S corporation and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Solution
Broadly speaking for conducting any type of Business activity we require to have a Business
entity. If the Business entity is owned and operated and managed by a single paerson then such
Business entity is called a sole Proprietorship. It is most simple and subjected to least terms &
conditions governing the business activities. The main disadvantages includes personal liability
of the owner/ propreitor, which is unlimited. A single person being at the helm of affairs poses
limitations on the development and growth of the business. Propreitorship has its death with the
death of the owner.
A Partnership as the word suggest is that form of Business entity which is owned by two or more
persons and formed under an agreement signed by all owners for some common purpose/ goal
and or objectives. A partnership firm is more complicated than the sole propreitorships, two or
more persons as owners may give advatages of sharing resources, knowledge, skills which are
essential for setting up of businesses of sizes unmanageable by a single person. Pooling diversity
of partners helps in the development and growth of the Business entity. Like sole propreitorship,
the partners under partnerships may be subjected to unlimited liabilities under or arising out of
the business activities of the Partnership firm. There are additional set of rules & regulations
under the law of the land governing the partnership firms.
The third and the most prefered form of business entity is an incorporated firm called corporation
and or company. A corporation/ company is different from its owners. This form of business
entity draws difference between the owner and management of the business entity. Unlike the
earlier set ups of Sole Propreitor and Partnership, the business activies are conducted neither by
sole owner nor by partners but managers who are considered to be having different identity than
the business entity which is also considered as a legal person. A corporation can be sued and it
can also sue others in the court of law.A corporation comes into existence with its incorporation
documents such as Memorandum of Understanding, Articles of Associations, Delegation of
Powers etc. These documents required for giving birth to the corporation varies from state to
state, nation to nation, lews of the land under whose jurisdiction it falls. The main advantage of a
corporation is to give limited liability to its owners who are called share holders and its business
activities are conducted by the professionals having required qualifications and skills. Just like its
birth, its death is not related to that of its share holders (owners).
Legal Structure of Business
There are majorly two issues that are faced when starting up any business: these are the legal structure and the rights of intellectual property of the business.
Reference: http://www.researchomatic.com/Legal-Structure-Of-Business-151187.html
Business law
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Business law
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
CorporationsThis week we will discuss business entities. We will.docx
Corporations
This week we will discuss business entities. We will begin with an analysis of the corporation, which is the most significant business form.
To start, corporations can be classified in various ways. A corporation is called a domestic corporation in its own state. If the corporation is formed in one state but doing business in another, it is referred to as a foreign corporation in the other state. A corporation formed in another country is an alien corporation. Corporations may be either public or private. Public corporations are formed by the government. You are likely most familiar with private corporations that are created for a private benefit. Corporations can also be formed as non-profits. This is done because the corporate forms have many advantages (discussed later) even for entities that do not have a profit-seeking motive. Corporations may be closely held. In these corporations, shares are held by few people (and there may be significant restrictions in transferring shares and in protecting the rights of minority shareholders). Finally, there are so-called S-Corporations. These are named after a section of the Internal Revenue Code to avoid the imposition of income taxes at the corporate level.
Although the requirements for forming a corporation differ in the particulars from state to state, these procedures are roughly similar in broad strokes. States will require articles of incorporation that include basic information about the corporation, such as name, purpose, duration, capital structure etc. These will serve as the primary source of authority for its future organization and business functions. Once these article are prepared, signed and filed with the secretary of state (with any required filing fees), the secretary will issue a certificate of incorporation that serves as the corporation’s authorization to conduct business. Once this is done, an organizational meeting will be held. There the board will be elected, bylaws are passed and stock will be issued.
Once the corporation is formed, there are various rules governing the management of the corporation. Normally, the management of the corporation is done by directors and officers. The articles of incorporation determines the number of directors and the manner in which they conduct business. Majority rules on most boards of directors, and the directors are responsible for the declaration of dividends, authorizing major corporate policies, and supervising corporate officers. Officers are responsible for the day-to-day management of the corporation. Ordinarily, they are appointed by the board.
The directors and officers of a corporation owe various fiduciaries duties. As fiduciaries, they are obligated to meet the duty of care. This duty obligates them to be honest and use prudent business judgment in the conduct of corporate affairs. This standard is objective: they must use the degree of care that reasonably prudent people use in the conduct of.
Bm 1.2 Types Of Organizations
IB Business and Management (Standard Level)
All material taken from the IB Business and Management Textbook:
"Business and Management", Paul Hoang, IBID Press, Victoria, 2007
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected.pdf
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected ticks. The ticks are infected
mainly by feeding on mice, so more mice result in more infected ticks. The mouse population in
turn rises and falls with the abundance of acorns, their favored food. Experimenters studied two
similar forest areas in a year when the acorn crop failed. They added hundreds of thousands of
acorns to one area to imitate an abundant acorn crop, while leaving the other area untouched. The
next spring, 55 of the 76 mice trapped in the first area were in breeding condition, versus 11 of
the 14 mice trapped in the second area..
Give a 91% confidence interval for the difference between the proportions of mice ready to
breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years (callp1the proportion ready to breed where acorns
were plentiful and report the interval to ±0.001):
Solution
The sampling distribution of
The mean of is
The variance of is
Therefore, the standard deviation of is
Confidence interval for
Conditions: 1. both sample proportions should be of separate SRS’s from two different
2. both populations should be at least 10 times the sample size given
all have to be five or more
12.23 Lyme Disease p. 706
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected ticks. The ticks are infected
mainly by feeding on mice, so more mice result in more infected ticks. The mouse population in
turn rises and falls with the abundance of acorns, their favorite food. Experimenters studied two
similar forest areas in a year when the acorn crop failed. They added hundreds of thousands of
acorns to one area to initiate an abundant acorn crop while leaving the other area untouched. The
next spring 54 of the 72 mice trapped in the first area were in breeding condition versus 10 of the
17 mice trapped in the second area. Give a 90% confidence interval for the difference between
the proportion of mice ready to breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years.
Before you start your steps, write down both sample proportions and sample sizes
Step 1: We want to estimate , the difference between the mice ready to breed in good acorn years
and bad acorn years.
Step 2: We will use a two sample proportion interval.
· SRS? We are not told that our two samples are of SRSs from either population therefore we
may not be able to generalize to the whole population proportion difference.
· The population of all mice is at least 10(72) and 10(17)
These are all at least 5, therefore we can use normal approximation.
Step 3: From our TI 83/84 calculator using the two proportion z test command, a 90% CI for
is (-0.05, 0.38)
Step 4: We are 90% confident that the true proportion difference between the mice ready to
breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years is between -0.05 and 0.38.
Significance Tests for
To test the hypothesis
First, find the POOLED proportion of successes in both samples combined.
IMPORTANT: We only POOL for two proportion significance tests AND your calculator does i.
Lucy Baker is analyzing demographic characteristics of two televisio.pdf
Lucy Baker is analyzing demographic characteristics of two television programs, COPS
(population 1) and 60 Minutes (population 2). Previous studies indicate no difference in the ages
of the two audiences. (The mean age of each audience is the same.) Lucy plans to test this
hypothesis using a random sample of 100 from each audience. Her alternate hypothesis is
____________.
Lucy Baker is analyzing demographic characteristics of two television programs, COPS
(population 1) and 60 Minutes (population 2). Previous studies indicate no difference in the
ages of the two audiences. (The mean age of each audience is the same.) Lucy plans to test this
hypothesis using a random sample of 100 from each audience. Her alternate hypothesis is
____________.
Solution
The alternate hypothesis is
Ha: there is a difference in the ages of the two audiences..
More Related Content
Similar to List and characterize the three types of firms.SolutionThere a.pdf
Post your response to the following focus questionsDescribe a sol.pdf
Post your response to the following focus questions:
Describe a sole proprietorship and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe a partnership and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe a corporation and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe an S corporation and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
Solution
Broadly speaking for conducting any type of Business activity we require to have a Business
entity. If the Business entity is owned and operated and managed by a single paerson then such
Business entity is called a sole Proprietorship. It is most simple and subjected to least terms &
conditions governing the business activities. The main disadvantages includes personal liability
of the owner/ propreitor, which is unlimited. A single person being at the helm of affairs poses
limitations on the development and growth of the business. Propreitorship has its death with the
death of the owner.
A Partnership as the word suggest is that form of Business entity which is owned by two or more
persons and formed under an agreement signed by all owners for some common purpose/ goal
and or objectives. A partnership firm is more complicated than the sole propreitorships, two or
more persons as owners may give advatages of sharing resources, knowledge, skills which are
essential for setting up of businesses of sizes unmanageable by a single person. Pooling diversity
of partners helps in the development and growth of the Business entity. Like sole propreitorship,
the partners under partnerships may be subjected to unlimited liabilities under or arising out of
the business activities of the Partnership firm. There are additional set of rules & regulations
under the law of the land governing the partnership firms.
The third and the most prefered form of business entity is an incorporated firm called corporation
and or company. A corporation/ company is different from its owners. This form of business
entity draws difference between the owner and management of the business entity. Unlike the
earlier set ups of Sole Propreitor and Partnership, the business activies are conducted neither by
sole owner nor by partners but managers who are considered to be having different identity than
the business entity which is also considered as a legal person. A corporation can be sued and it
can also sue others in the court of law.A corporation comes into existence with its incorporation
documents such as Memorandum of Understanding, Articles of Associations, Delegation of
Powers etc. These documents required for giving birth to the corporation varies from state to
state, nation to nation, lews of the land under whose jurisdiction it falls. The main advantage of a
corporation is to give limited liability to its owners who are called share holders and its business
activities are conducted by the professionals having required qualifications and skills. Just like its
birth, its death is not related to that of its share holders (owners).
Legal Structure of Business
There are majorly two issues that are faced when starting up any business: these are the legal structure and the rights of intellectual property of the business.
Reference: http://www.researchomatic.com/Legal-Structure-Of-Business-151187.html
Business law
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
Business law
Educaterer India is an unique combination of passion driven into a hobby which makes an awesome profession. We carve the lives of enthusiastic candidates to a perfect professional who can impress upon the mindsets of the industry, while following the established traditions, can dare to set new standards to follow. We don't want you to be the part of the crowd, rather we like to make you the reason of the crowd.
Today's Effort For A Better Tomorrow
CorporationsThis week we will discuss business entities. We will.docx
Corporations
This week we will discuss business entities. We will begin with an analysis of the corporation, which is the most significant business form.
To start, corporations can be classified in various ways. A corporation is called a domestic corporation in its own state. If the corporation is formed in one state but doing business in another, it is referred to as a foreign corporation in the other state. A corporation formed in another country is an alien corporation. Corporations may be either public or private. Public corporations are formed by the government. You are likely most familiar with private corporations that are created for a private benefit. Corporations can also be formed as non-profits. This is done because the corporate forms have many advantages (discussed later) even for entities that do not have a profit-seeking motive. Corporations may be closely held. In these corporations, shares are held by few people (and there may be significant restrictions in transferring shares and in protecting the rights of minority shareholders). Finally, there are so-called S-Corporations. These are named after a section of the Internal Revenue Code to avoid the imposition of income taxes at the corporate level.
Although the requirements for forming a corporation differ in the particulars from state to state, these procedures are roughly similar in broad strokes. States will require articles of incorporation that include basic information about the corporation, such as name, purpose, duration, capital structure etc. These will serve as the primary source of authority for its future organization and business functions. Once these article are prepared, signed and filed with the secretary of state (with any required filing fees), the secretary will issue a certificate of incorporation that serves as the corporation’s authorization to conduct business. Once this is done, an organizational meeting will be held. There the board will be elected, bylaws are passed and stock will be issued.
Once the corporation is formed, there are various rules governing the management of the corporation. Normally, the management of the corporation is done by directors and officers. The articles of incorporation determines the number of directors and the manner in which they conduct business. Majority rules on most boards of directors, and the directors are responsible for the declaration of dividends, authorizing major corporate policies, and supervising corporate officers. Officers are responsible for the day-to-day management of the corporation. Ordinarily, they are appointed by the board.
The directors and officers of a corporation owe various fiduciaries duties. As fiduciaries, they are obligated to meet the duty of care. This duty obligates them to be honest and use prudent business judgment in the conduct of corporate affairs. This standard is objective: they must use the degree of care that reasonably prudent people use in the conduct of.
Bm 1.2 Types Of Organizations
IB Business and Management (Standard Level)
All material taken from the IB Business and Management Textbook:
"Business and Management", Paul Hoang, IBID Press, Victoria, 2007
Similar to List and characterize the three types of firms.SolutionThere a.pdf (20)
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More from aircommonline
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected.pdf
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected ticks. The ticks are infected
mainly by feeding on mice, so more mice result in more infected ticks. The mouse population in
turn rises and falls with the abundance of acorns, their favored food. Experimenters studied two
similar forest areas in a year when the acorn crop failed. They added hundreds of thousands of
acorns to one area to imitate an abundant acorn crop, while leaving the other area untouched. The
next spring, 55 of the 76 mice trapped in the first area were in breeding condition, versus 11 of
the 14 mice trapped in the second area..
Give a 91% confidence interval for the difference between the proportions of mice ready to
breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years (callp1the proportion ready to breed where acorns
were plentiful and report the interval to ±0.001):
Solution
The sampling distribution of
The mean of is
The variance of is
Therefore, the standard deviation of is
Confidence interval for
Conditions: 1. both sample proportions should be of separate SRS’s from two different
2. both populations should be at least 10 times the sample size given
all have to be five or more
12.23 Lyme Disease p. 706
Lyme disease is spread in the northeastern United States by infected ticks. The ticks are infected
mainly by feeding on mice, so more mice result in more infected ticks. The mouse population in
turn rises and falls with the abundance of acorns, their favorite food. Experimenters studied two
similar forest areas in a year when the acorn crop failed. They added hundreds of thousands of
acorns to one area to initiate an abundant acorn crop while leaving the other area untouched. The
next spring 54 of the 72 mice trapped in the first area were in breeding condition versus 10 of the
17 mice trapped in the second area. Give a 90% confidence interval for the difference between
the proportion of mice ready to breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years.
Before you start your steps, write down both sample proportions and sample sizes
Step 1: We want to estimate , the difference between the mice ready to breed in good acorn years
and bad acorn years.
Step 2: We will use a two sample proportion interval.
· SRS? We are not told that our two samples are of SRSs from either population therefore we
may not be able to generalize to the whole population proportion difference.
· The population of all mice is at least 10(72) and 10(17)
These are all at least 5, therefore we can use normal approximation.
Step 3: From our TI 83/84 calculator using the two proportion z test command, a 90% CI for
is (-0.05, 0.38)
Step 4: We are 90% confident that the true proportion difference between the mice ready to
breed in good acorn years and bad acorn years is between -0.05 and 0.38.
Significance Tests for
To test the hypothesis
First, find the POOLED proportion of successes in both samples combined.
IMPORTANT: We only POOL for two proportion significance tests AND your calculator does i.
Lucy Baker is analyzing demographic characteristics of two televisio.pdf
Lucy Baker is analyzing demographic characteristics of two television programs, COPS
(population 1) and 60 Minutes (population 2). Previous studies indicate no difference in the ages
of the two audiences. (The mean age of each audience is the same.) Lucy plans to test this
hypothesis using a random sample of 100 from each audience. Her alternate hypothesis is
____________.
Lucy Baker is analyzing demographic characteristics of two television programs, COPS
(population 1) and 60 Minutes (population 2). Previous studies indicate no difference in the
ages of the two audiences. (The mean age of each audience is the same.) Lucy plans to test this
hypothesis using a random sample of 100 from each audience. Her alternate hypothesis is
____________.
Solution
The alternate hypothesis is
Ha: there is a difference in the ages of the two audiences..
Lucy Baker is analyzing demographics characteristics of two televisi.pdf
Lucy Baker is analyzing demographics characteristics of two television programs COPS
(population -1) and 60 Minutes (population-2). Previous studies indicate no difference in the
ages of the two audiences. (The mean age of each audience is the same.) Lucy plans to test this
hypothesis using random sample of 100 from each audience. Her alternative hypothesis is _____.
??
Solution
µ1 ? µ2.
Lotti Corporation engaged in the following transactions.Identify eac.pdf
Lotti Corporation engaged in the following transactions.Identify each as (a) an operating activity,
(b) an investing activity; (c) a financing activity, or (d) a noncash transaction and indicate the
effect of the transaction on cash flows (i.e., increase, decrease, or no effect).
1)Issued long-term bonds for cash.
2)Paid vendors for services rendered.
3)Sold a building at book value.
4)Paid cash dividends.
5)Received interest payments on an investment.
6)Purchased available-for-sale securities (long-term).
7)Purchased treasury stock.
8)Received cash from customers.
9)Paid for a one-year insurance policy.
10)Converted bonds into common stock
Solution
Particulars Type of Activity Effect 1)Issued long-term bonds for cash. Financing activity
Increase 2)Paid vendors for services rendered. Operating activity Decrease 3)Sold a building
at book value. Investing activity Increase 4)Paid cash dividends. Financing activity Decrease
5)Received interest payments on an investment. Operating activity Increase 6)Purchased
available-for-sale securities (long-term). Investing activity Decrease 7)Purchased treasury
stock. Financing activity Decrease 8)Received cash from customers. Operating activity Increase
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common stock Noncash transaction No effect.
Looking for resourcesLet T and S be commuting operators. Show that.pdf
Looking for resources
Let T and S be commuting operators. Show that if both T and S are
normal, then S+T and ST are normal.
Solution
given that T and S are commuting operators
and also T and S are normal
to show that TS is normal
it is enough to show that (ST).(ST)*=((ST)*).(ST)
(ST).(ST)*=(ST).(T*S*)=STT*S* ....(1)
also
((ST)*)(ST)=(T*S*)(ST)=T*S*ST .........(2)
here S,S*,T,T* are commute with each other
thus products of all are equal thus (1) and (2) are equal
now to show that (T+S) is normal
it is enough to show that
(S+T).((S+T)*)=((S+T)*.(S+T)
(S+T).((S+T)*)=(S+T).(S*+T*)
=SS*+ST*+TS*+TT* .........(3)
also
((S+T)*.(S+T)=(S*+T*)(S+T)
=S*S+S*T+T*S+T*T ............(4)
since S,S*.T,T* are commute each other and thier addition are equal.
thus 4 and 5 are equal.
thus T+S is normal..
looking for examples of type I and type II errors in hypothesis test.pdf
looking for examples of type I and type II errors in hypothesis testing
Solution
Type I error A type I error, also known as an error of the first kind, occurs when
the null hypothesis (H0) is true, but is rejected. It is asserting something that is absent, a false hit.
A type I error may be compared with a so called false positive (a result that indicates that a given
condition is present when it actually is not present) in tests where a single condition is tested for.
Type I errors are philosophically a focus of skepticism and Occam\'s razor. A Type I error occurs
when we believe a falsehood.[1] In terms of folk tales, an investigator may be \"crying wolf\"
without a wolf in sight (raising a false alarm) (H0: no wolf). The rate of the type I error is called
the size of the test and denoted by the Greek letter \\alpha (alpha). It usually equals the
significance level of a test. In the case of a simple null hypothesis \\alpha is the probability of a
type I error. If the null hypothesis is composite, \\alpha is the maximum (supremum) of the
possible probabilities of a type I error. Type II error A type II error, also known as an error of
the second kind, occurs when the null hypothesis is false, but it is erroneously accepted as true. It
is missing to see what is present, a miss. A type II error may be compared with a so-called false
negative (where an actual \'hit\' was disregarded by the test and seen as a \'miss\') in a test
checking for a single condition with a definitive result of true or false. A Type II error is
committed when we fail to believe a truth.[1] In terms of folk tales, an investigator may fail to
see the wolf (\"failing to raise an alarm\"; see Aesop\'s story of The Boy Who Cried Wolf).
Again, H0: no wolf. The rate of the type II error is denoted by the Greek letter \\beta (beta) and
related to the power of a test (which equals 1-\\beta). What we actually call type I or type II
error depends directly on the null hypothesis. Negation of the null hypothesis causes type I and
type II errors to switch roles. The goal of the test is to determine if the null hypothesis can be
rejected. A statistical test can either reject (prove false) or fail to reject (fail to prove false) a null
hypothesis, but never prove it true (i.e., failing to reject a null hypothesis does not prove it true)..
Logistic Regression Regression is a topic that warrants consider.pdf
Logistic Regression
Regression is a topic that warrants consideration of the variables
Solution
IN LOGISTIC REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS REFFERS TO ELATICITY OF
DEPENDENT VARIABLE WITH RESPECT TO INDEPENDENT VARIABLE SO TO
MEASURE ELASTICITY IT IS USED.
Lloyd Company invested $10,271 in production machinery. The machine .pdf
Lloyd Company invested $10,271 in production machinery. The machine will produce items that
can be sold and will result in year-end annual cash inflows of $1,200 for 15 years. What is the
rate of return (or interest) that Lloyd Company will earn from this investment?
%
Solution
8%.
List some activities on a construction site where trig elevations wo.pdf
List some activities on a construction site where trig elevations would be useful
Solution
Trig Elevations can be useful for a variety of activities:- 1)Deciding the Site Layout 2) Setting
Up of The Instrument 3)Interpreting Site Information 4)Orientation of Proposed New Buildings
5)Size of Proposed New Buildings.
List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to personalmoral.pdf
List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to personal/moral ethics of the engineer
(example: fraud avoidance, conflicts of interest) throughout the design/construction project
cycle. Illustrate with one or 2 examples.
Solution
There are many engineers who misleaded the ethics in the construction process.
Once a engineer is appointed on a project he should be bound to all the rules and responsibilities
and has to follow the work ethics at the site.
for example Some of the engineers will do fraud like bringing low grade materials in the place of
high grade materials and hide the excess amount.Which itself leeds to the failure of the structure.
Improper care taken for the structure while construction is going,The bridge collapsed in
Kolkatta in India is a example of improper construction by the engineer..
List the 10 smart growth principles.SolutionDefinition of smar.pdf
List the 10 smart growth principles.
Solution
Definition of smart growth:-
Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact
walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. It also advocates compact, transit-oriented, walkable,
bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use
development with a range of housing choices.
There are 10 accepted principles that define smart growth:-.
List and discuss 4 principles of content marketingSolutionusua.pdf
List and discuss 4 principles of content marketing
Solution
usually the major sellers in content markeing are software suppliers and players.
the four steps involves are:
1. what should be attached: what is the information we should attach and send to the buyers
2. the business should send with the message, limited version
3. company should analyse and rethink about what they created
4. what type of content you like to send to the potential buyers..
list and describe the three categories of net assetsSolutionTh.pdf
list and describe the three categories of net assets
Solution
The net assets section of a nonprofit\'s statement of financial position reports totals for each of
the following classifications:
These classifications are based on the restrictions made by the donors at the time of their
contributions.
1. Unrestricted net assets
If a donor does not specify a restriction on his or her contribution, the amount received by the
nonprofit is recorded as an assetand as unrestricted contribution revenues. Unrestricted
contribution revenues (reported on the statement of activities) also cause the amount of
unrestricted net assets to increase.
2. Temporarily restricted net assets
If a nonprofit receives a contribution that has a donor-imposed restriction (other than to be held
in perpetuity), the amount is usually recorded as an asset and as temporarily restricted
contribution revenues. Temporarily restricted contribution revenues (reported on the statement of
activities) also cause the amount of temporarily restricted net assets to increase.
3. Permanently restricted net assets
If a donor stipulates that her contribution must be held by the nonprofit in perpetuity (forever,
not be used up), the amount is recorded as an asset and as permanently restricted contribution
revenues. Permanently restricted contribution revenues (reported on the statement of activities)
also cause the amount of permanently restricted net assets to increase..
List three different types of heat transfer and discuss their differ.pdf
List three different types of heat transfer and discuss their differences
Solution
there are three types of heat transfer :
1) conduction
2) convection
3) radiation
Difference:
CONDUCTION:
Conduction is heat transfer between part of the same material or different material which are
adjacent to one another.Conduction is the transfer of heat through vibration and collision of
neighbouring particles. (This mostly occurs only in solids as the particles are very close to one
another. Conduction does not work well in liquids and gases due to the particles being far away
from another.)
CONVECTION:
Convection is heat transfer from one material to another via a medium, such as air or water.
Convection occurs only in liquids and gased. In mediums where it is possible for particles to
move from one place to another.
RADIATION:
Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not rely upon any contact between the heat
source and the heated object as is the case with conduction and convection. Heat can be
transmitted though empty space by thermal radiation often called infrared radiation. Radiation
occurs almost at every instant. It does not require a medium and it\'s effficiency is based on the
texture of the recieving surface. Radiation is an electromagnetic way i. g the way we get heated
from sun..
List an ethically decoupled organization and an ethically transforme.pdf
List an ethically decoupled organization and an ethically transformed organization. Explain your
choices.
Solution
ethically decoupled organization- Walmart(decoupled organizations may look ethical on the
outside, but upon closer inspection
fail to demonstrate behaviors and policies that reflect a true ethical nature.)
ethically transformed organization - Walt disney.
List and describe or define FOUR major types of IMCSolutionIMC.pdf
List and describe or define FOUR major types of IMC
Solution
IMC is integtared marketing communication. The 4 types of IMC are external, internal,
horizontal and vertical.
External IMC deals with external factors. For eg. advertising agencies, PR firms, advertising
middlemen, classified portals, classified outlets are all external factors or external sources. The
external sources will have to be kept in loop while developing a new product.
Internal IMC deals with internal stakeholders. The most importand Internal IMC are the
employees. Employees should obviously be informed about the progress and status of product or
service development. The company should share the excitement of the new developments with
its employees.
Horizontal IMC looks at horizontal integration i.e. integration between various teams or
departments in a company. The product designing team should keep the finance team informed,
and the finance team should keep the IT team informed. In other words, all departments should
be on the same page.
Vertical IMC looks at vertical integration. This is done by making sure that the product or
service being developed fits the company\'s mission and vision statement..
List and discuss three ways in which social media platforms are bein.pdf
List and discuss three ways in which social media platforms are being used by consumers in
consumption behavior. NOTE: The question is not asking you to discuss how three different
social platforms are being used; it is asking you to generalize about the use of social media
platforms by consumers in consumption behavior. In addition, refer to your team’s definition of
consumer behavior to identify activities related to consumer behavior.
Solution
1. Product comparison
Consumers use social media platforms to compare the different products, their price and quality.
Consumer attitudes and purchase intentions are also shaped by social media. This is because they
would now have a wide array of brands to choose from.
2. Feeback/Review/Complains
Various forums and communities allow consumers to interact with each other. Interactions in
these mediums allow consumers in deciding on her purchase decisions. Also, it can also be
sought as last resort if the product does not meet customer expectations. Companies these days
are active on social media and can trace the lapse in their after sales services.
3. Demonstration and Upgradation
It has been observed that in case of smartphones and gadgets, the demonstration effect on social
media network motivates other customers to seek a purchase. This is very true when it comes to
buying latest technology which could enhance the productivity or utility of the consumer. The
very mention of a product and its brand generates a positive effect on the social media and
shapes consumer attitudes..
listed below are 5 independent situations. for each situation indica.pdf
listed below are 5 independent situations. for each situation indicate(by letter) whether it will
create: (Each item is worth 1 point)
a) a deferred tax asset
b) a deferred tax liability, or
c) neither
1. Premiums are paid for life insurance on coporate officers. The payer is the beneficiary
2. Interst is received from investments in state and municipal bonds.
3. Prepaid rent, tax deductible when paid
4. A contingent liability is recorded for book purposes before it is allowed for tax purposes
5. Advance rent receipts on an operating lease (as the lessor), taxable when received
Solution
Description Treatment Reason Premiums are paid for life insurance on corporate officers.
The payer is the beneficiary Neither (N) Permanent Difference. Deferred Tax Asset/Liability
arise only in case of temporary differences Interest is received from investments in state and
municipal bonds. Neither (N) Permanent Difference. Deferred Tax Asset/Liability arise only in
case of temporary differences Prepaid rent, tax deductible when paid Deferred Tax Liability (L)
Temporary Difference. A contingent liability is recorded for book purposes before it is allowed
for tax purposes Deferred Tax Asset (A) Temporary Difference. Advance rent receipts on an
operating lease (as the lessor), taxable when received Deferred Tax Asset (A) Temporary
Difference..
List two factors that influence the BOD degradation rate constant, a.pdf
List two factors that influence the BOD degradation rate constant, and how they influence them
(i.e. when factor X increases the rate increases; not just factor X affects the rate).
Solution
The BOD reaction rate constant is dependent on the following:
1. The nature of the waste
2. The ability of the organisms in the system to utilize the waste
3. The temperature
Nature of the waste: Thousands of organic matter exists with different chemical composition in
nature. All organic matter will not have same degradation rate. Simple sugar and starches are
rapidly degraded and will therefore have a very large BOD rate constant. Cellulose degrades
much more slowly and hairs are almost undegradable during BOD test or during biological
treatment of wastewater. Other compounds are intermediate degradable between these extremes.
For complex waste, like sewage, the BOD rate constant depends upon the relative proportions of
the various components. The BOD rate constant is high for the raw sewage (K (base e) = 0.35 -
0.7 per day) and low for the treated sewage (K (base e) = 0.12 - 0.23 per day), owing to the fact
that, during wastewater treatment the easily degradable organic matter will get more completely
removed than the less degradable organics. Hence, in the treated wastewater, relative proportion
of the less biodegradable organic matter will be higher, giving lower BOD rate constant.
Ability of organisms to utilize waste: Every microorganism is limited in its ability to utilize
organic compounds. Many organic matters can only be utilized by particular group of
microorganisms. In natural environment, where the water course is receiving particular organic
compound, the microorganisms which have capability to degrade that organic matter will grow
in predominant. However, the culture used during BOD test may have very small fraction of the
organisms which can degrade that particular organic compounds in the waste. As a result the
BOD value, for limited incubation duration, and the rate constant would be lower in the
laboratory test than in the natural water where the waste is regularly discharged. Therefore, the
BOD test should be conducted with organisms which have been acclimated to the waste so that
the rate constant determined in the laboratory can be compared to that in the river.
Temperature: The biochemical reactions are temperature dependent and the activity of the
microorganism increases with the increase in temperature up to certain value, and drop with
decrease in temperature. Since, the oxygen utilization in BOD test is caused by microbial
metabolism, the rate of utilization is similarly affected by the temperature. The standard
temperature at which BOD is determined is usually 20o C. However, the water temperature may
vary from place to place for the same river.
List the four functions from Z2 to Z2 by providing a table of values.pdf
List the four functions from Z2 to Z2 by providing a table of values for each. Show that the
polynomial functions corresponding to the zero polynomials or polynomials of degree at most 1
give all the four functions from Z2 to itself. (Z being the field of integers).
Solution
Z2=[0,1] THERE ARE 2 ELEMENTS.
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List the canons of the Code of Ethics which relate to personalmoral.pdf
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