This slide collection is intended as illustrations to the (work in progress) book "Life? The Universe! Almost Everything..." Some animations require PowerPoint 7.
Xenobiota - Short Intro and Results Sharing (Sept 2015)Adhityo Wicaksono
Xenobiota community sharing presentation on some current biohacking projects (plus some crazy ideas inside) and speculative biology artworks per Sept 2015.
analysis based on original NASA data files from SOHO near real time data archive and science archive:
~ 15,000+ C2/C3 images visual check
~ 1,000+ C2/C3 images filtered (5-10 filters)
random selection & filtering of 2006 C2/C3 archive(~ 2,000 – 3,000 images)
manual check of ~ 500 – 1,000 FITS files
manual check of ~ 1,000+ EIT/EUV images
image download & analysis from differentweb pages
analysis of the available SOHO & instrument papers
NASA can‘t fake up to 240 LASCO images per day transmitted by SOHO!
The talk focuses on a new unified approach to deploying and managing modern versions of FreeBSD across a wide variety of technical and administrative circumstances: different countries, data centers, hardware, access policies, boot methods, networking, support contracts, machine roles, etc.
While avoiding any popular Linux-centric CM systems, such as Puppet, Chef, and CFEngine, we achieve very low complexity by leveraging rc(8), loader(8), glabel(8) and other existing instruments, such as pkgng, to their potential as necessary. The cornerstone is keeping configuration and deployment versioned and unified — same across all cases, with no duplication of common parts and very simple specification of per-role/per-case peculiarities. The approach spans everything from installation and booting to managing third-party and custom site-specific software. The method is being actively developed and applied in production environment of a popular online music service.
The document discusses the evolving landscape of card and identity fraud, noting that:
1) Today's fraud is more sophisticated, complex, and organized than historical fraud, with criminal groups acquiring large volumes of consumer data from multiple sources and using it for various fraud schemes.
2) A key development is the targeting of PIN data, allowing criminals to withdraw cash directly from ATMs or make PIN debit purchases.
3) "Phishing" scams, where consumers are tricked into providing sensitive details, have become a major data acquisition method for criminals. Financial institutions are the most common phishing targets.
This document discusses perspectives on domestic violence and considerations for employing mediation when settling disputes over custody and finances between parents with a history of abuse. While mediation can be quicker and cheaper, an abused parent risks being intimidated by the abuser and mediator may be unaware of ongoing abusive tactics. However, mediation is possible if the mediator is trained in domestic violence issues and safety measures are established, like separate meetings or requiring the abuser to be in concurrent treatment. Overall, all factors of the abusive situation must be considered carefully before determining the best approach.
Avoiding Fraud and Identity Theft - October 2008FinancialCenter
The document provides information on various fraud and identity theft topics, including how to protect yourself from common scams. It discusses signs of identity theft, how criminals obtain personal information, and what to do if you are a victim. Tips are given on safeguarding information online and over the phone, checking credit reports, and reporting identity theft. Resources for more information from organizations like the FTC are also listed.
The document provides information about the graphic design experience of Paul Gross, including packaging design, FDA regulations, logo design, corporate identity manuals, collateral material, budgeting, and project coordination. It also lists specific clients and projects, such as designs for new SKUs of hand sanitizer for Pfizer and iced tea mixes and packaging for James Finlay & Co.
The document discusses several approaches to making moral decisions:
- Divine Command Theory says morality is doing what religious texts command.
- Ethics of Conscience follows one's inner moral sense of right and wrong.
- Ethical Egoism says to only consider one's own self-interest.
- Ethics of Duty is doing what reason and roles require, like a doctor caring for patients.
- Ethics of Respect means treating others with consideration for their culture.
- Ethics of Rights establishes basic human decency.
- Utilitarianism maximizes overall well-being and happiness.
- Ethics of Justice demands fairness for all.
- Virtue Ethics develops good character through practices like the Spiritual
Xenobiota - Short Intro and Results Sharing (Sept 2015)Adhityo Wicaksono
Xenobiota community sharing presentation on some current biohacking projects (plus some crazy ideas inside) and speculative biology artworks per Sept 2015.
analysis based on original NASA data files from SOHO near real time data archive and science archive:
~ 15,000+ C2/C3 images visual check
~ 1,000+ C2/C3 images filtered (5-10 filters)
random selection & filtering of 2006 C2/C3 archive(~ 2,000 – 3,000 images)
manual check of ~ 500 – 1,000 FITS files
manual check of ~ 1,000+ EIT/EUV images
image download & analysis from differentweb pages
analysis of the available SOHO & instrument papers
NASA can‘t fake up to 240 LASCO images per day transmitted by SOHO!
The talk focuses on a new unified approach to deploying and managing modern versions of FreeBSD across a wide variety of technical and administrative circumstances: different countries, data centers, hardware, access policies, boot methods, networking, support contracts, machine roles, etc.
While avoiding any popular Linux-centric CM systems, such as Puppet, Chef, and CFEngine, we achieve very low complexity by leveraging rc(8), loader(8), glabel(8) and other existing instruments, such as pkgng, to their potential as necessary. The cornerstone is keeping configuration and deployment versioned and unified — same across all cases, with no duplication of common parts and very simple specification of per-role/per-case peculiarities. The approach spans everything from installation and booting to managing third-party and custom site-specific software. The method is being actively developed and applied in production environment of a popular online music service.
The document discusses the evolving landscape of card and identity fraud, noting that:
1) Today's fraud is more sophisticated, complex, and organized than historical fraud, with criminal groups acquiring large volumes of consumer data from multiple sources and using it for various fraud schemes.
2) A key development is the targeting of PIN data, allowing criminals to withdraw cash directly from ATMs or make PIN debit purchases.
3) "Phishing" scams, where consumers are tricked into providing sensitive details, have become a major data acquisition method for criminals. Financial institutions are the most common phishing targets.
This document discusses perspectives on domestic violence and considerations for employing mediation when settling disputes over custody and finances between parents with a history of abuse. While mediation can be quicker and cheaper, an abused parent risks being intimidated by the abuser and mediator may be unaware of ongoing abusive tactics. However, mediation is possible if the mediator is trained in domestic violence issues and safety measures are established, like separate meetings or requiring the abuser to be in concurrent treatment. Overall, all factors of the abusive situation must be considered carefully before determining the best approach.
Avoiding Fraud and Identity Theft - October 2008FinancialCenter
The document provides information on various fraud and identity theft topics, including how to protect yourself from common scams. It discusses signs of identity theft, how criminals obtain personal information, and what to do if you are a victim. Tips are given on safeguarding information online and over the phone, checking credit reports, and reporting identity theft. Resources for more information from organizations like the FTC are also listed.
The document provides information about the graphic design experience of Paul Gross, including packaging design, FDA regulations, logo design, corporate identity manuals, collateral material, budgeting, and project coordination. It also lists specific clients and projects, such as designs for new SKUs of hand sanitizer for Pfizer and iced tea mixes and packaging for James Finlay & Co.
The document discusses several approaches to making moral decisions:
- Divine Command Theory says morality is doing what religious texts command.
- Ethics of Conscience follows one's inner moral sense of right and wrong.
- Ethical Egoism says to only consider one's own self-interest.
- Ethics of Duty is doing what reason and roles require, like a doctor caring for patients.
- Ethics of Respect means treating others with consideration for their culture.
- Ethics of Rights establishes basic human decency.
- Utilitarianism maximizes overall well-being and happiness.
- Ethics of Justice demands fairness for all.
- Virtue Ethics develops good character through practices like the Spiritual
Professor Dionne explores the unique and enabling properties of nano-sized materials, with applications ranging from highly efficient solar-renewable technologies to optical computers and cloaks of invisibility.
Astronomy - State of the Art - Life in the UniverseChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the potential for life in the universe is covered, including extreme life on Earth, the Drake equation and SETI
The Singularity is Far (Singularity U presentation by Bruce Damer Aug 2010)Bruce Damer
This document discusses the limitations of von Neumann computing architectures in simulating natural systems like cells, and proposes alternative approaches like the EvoGrid. The EvoGrid would be a large centralized artificial chemistry simulation that models molecular interactions to simulate the emergence of protocells and early lifeforms. While ambitious, accurately simulating even a single neuron at a molecular level is currently beyond our computing capabilities. The document outlines some early examples of artificial life simulations and proposals for wet lab experiments to create protocells that could form a basis for simulating the origin of life.
- The document discusses a science methods course for preservice teachers at a Christian university in Ontario that focuses on environmental topics in the provincial curriculum, such as soils, energy, water systems, and climate change.
- The instructor engages preservice teachers in activities to improve their conceptual understanding of these topics and discusses how stewardship of the environment can be approached from a Christian perspective based on the idea that God created the natural world.
- In interviews, some preservice teachers note the importance of caring for the environment because it was created by God and meant to be passed on to future generations.
The document discusses major geological drivers of evolution including tectonic plate movement, vulcanism, climate change, and meteorite impacts. Tectonic plate movement has caused continental drift and formation of supercontinents like Pangaea, affecting species distributions. Vulcanism causes both local and global climate changes through emission of gases and particles and formation of new land barriers and islands. Climate changes over geological timescales have also impacted evolution. Meteorite impacts have precipitated mass extinctions. These geological forces alter Earth's conditions and drive evolution through large-scale migrations, speciation events, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations.
Od kvarka do kvazara
- snaga broja 10 -
Slajdovi sa predavanja odrzanog na astronomskom kampu Letenka 2008 (Fruska gora, Srbija), 11. jula 2008. godine
The document discusses several theories on the origin of life on Earth, including:
1) The primordial soup theory where simple organic molecules interacted in early Earth's oceans and atmosphere, potentially forming self-replicating molecules.
2) The Urey-Miller experiment provided evidence that amino acids and other organic compounds could form from inorganic precursors with energy from lightning or thermal vents.
3) Some theories propose life began with simple self-replicating molecules contained in cell-like membranes, which over time became more complex, rather than beginning directly with RNA.
The document lists important factors to consider when choosing papaya, including demographics, place of growing, origin of the plant, height of the plant, intention of the plant, condition of the plant, use of fertilizer and pesticide, whether it grows alone or in a cluster, and whether it has fruit. It also provides points for listing additional variables to consider: 20 variables gets 4 points, 15 gets 3 points, 10 gets 2 points, and 5 gets 1 point.
The document discusses the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project which searches outer space for signs of life. It notes that the US spends millions of dollars annually on SETI to search for aliens. It then asks if readers believe in the possibility of aliens and asserts that there may be aliens on other planets in the universe given the vast number of solar systems.
Discusses the Cycle of Air, the three squares from the Step Diagram that apply to Air—Invertebrates, Vertebrates, Man. The Evolutionary Timeline. Extinction Events. Darwin’s Theory. Ecosystem Roles. Nature’s Eccentricity and Conundrums. Evolution by Ecosystem. Emotions and the Body Kesdjan
The document discusses biology and the levels of organization of living things. It explains that biology is the study of living organisms and how they interact with their environment. It describes the hierarchical levels of organization from the biosphere level down to molecules. Key levels include ecosystems, organisms, cells, organelles and molecules. The document also discusses the unity of life based on DNA and how cells are the basic functional units of organisms. It provides examples to illustrate biological concepts like producers and consumers in ecosystems.
This document provides information about an artist named TeZ and their work in various areas of new media art including audiovisual performances, generative composition, experimental media, synesthetic media, sound spatialization, and immersive environments. It discusses TeZ's focus on technology, sensory modes, perception and space from the 1990s to present. It also lists some of TeZ's collaborations with institutions and provides brief descriptions of some of TeZ's artistic projects involving spectral phenomena, sensoriums, cymatics, bioluminescence, electroculture, and biological computation.
This document provides an overview of the history of life on Earth. It discusses the origin of the first cells from abiotic synthesis of organic molecules around 4 billion years ago. The emergence of prokaryotes in the Archaean eon is documented by the oldest stromatolite fossils from 3.5 billion years ago. Photosynthesis evolved in cyanobacteria around 2.7 billion years ago, oxygenating the atmosphere. Eukaryotes originated around 2 billion years ago through endosymbiosis. Multicellular life evolved around 1.5 billion years ago, and animals diversified explosively in the Cambrian period beginning around 535 million years ago. Land colonization by plants and animals began around 500 million years
This document provides an overview of the history of life on Earth. It discusses the origin of the first cells from abiotic synthesis of organic molecules around 4 billion years ago. Early prokaryotic life formed around 3.5 billion years ago. The first photosynthesizing bacteria introduced oxygen to the atmosphere in the Archean eon between 2.7 to 2.3 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells emerged around 2 billion years ago through endosymbiotic events. Multicellular life evolved around 1.5 billion years ago and complex animals appeared during the Cambrian explosion starting around 535 million years ago. Land colonization by plants, fungi and animals began around 500 million years ago.
With this presentation developed within the NANOYOU project you will discover some of the secrets of the nanoscale and will learn about the applications of nanotechnologies.
For more resources on nanotechnologies you can visit: www.nanoyou.eu
Translations to several languages are also availabe in the NANOYOU website.
The document discusses scale and measurement at the nanoscale level. It introduces the metric system and scientific notation for measurements. It describes various scientific instruments used to visualize and measure small objects at the nanoscale, including microscopes, balances and micropipettes. It provides examples of the size of various objects measured in nanometers to help understand the nanoscale, such as viruses, cells, and carbon nanotubes.
1) The document questions the principles of evolution and argues that life is too complex to have originated through natural processes alone.
2) It argues that the first cell could not have formed by chance and notes that the origin of protein and DNA is not explained by evolution.
3) The document also argues against common mechanisms of evolution like natural selection and mutation, noting a lack of transitional fossils between major animal groups.
I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
Professor Dionne explores the unique and enabling properties of nano-sized materials, with applications ranging from highly efficient solar-renewable technologies to optical computers and cloaks of invisibility.
Astronomy - State of the Art - Life in the UniverseChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the potential for life in the universe is covered, including extreme life on Earth, the Drake equation and SETI
The Singularity is Far (Singularity U presentation by Bruce Damer Aug 2010)Bruce Damer
This document discusses the limitations of von Neumann computing architectures in simulating natural systems like cells, and proposes alternative approaches like the EvoGrid. The EvoGrid would be a large centralized artificial chemistry simulation that models molecular interactions to simulate the emergence of protocells and early lifeforms. While ambitious, accurately simulating even a single neuron at a molecular level is currently beyond our computing capabilities. The document outlines some early examples of artificial life simulations and proposals for wet lab experiments to create protocells that could form a basis for simulating the origin of life.
- The document discusses a science methods course for preservice teachers at a Christian university in Ontario that focuses on environmental topics in the provincial curriculum, such as soils, energy, water systems, and climate change.
- The instructor engages preservice teachers in activities to improve their conceptual understanding of these topics and discusses how stewardship of the environment can be approached from a Christian perspective based on the idea that God created the natural world.
- In interviews, some preservice teachers note the importance of caring for the environment because it was created by God and meant to be passed on to future generations.
The document discusses major geological drivers of evolution including tectonic plate movement, vulcanism, climate change, and meteorite impacts. Tectonic plate movement has caused continental drift and formation of supercontinents like Pangaea, affecting species distributions. Vulcanism causes both local and global climate changes through emission of gases and particles and formation of new land barriers and islands. Climate changes over geological timescales have also impacted evolution. Meteorite impacts have precipitated mass extinctions. These geological forces alter Earth's conditions and drive evolution through large-scale migrations, speciation events, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations.
Od kvarka do kvazara
- snaga broja 10 -
Slajdovi sa predavanja odrzanog na astronomskom kampu Letenka 2008 (Fruska gora, Srbija), 11. jula 2008. godine
The document discusses several theories on the origin of life on Earth, including:
1) The primordial soup theory where simple organic molecules interacted in early Earth's oceans and atmosphere, potentially forming self-replicating molecules.
2) The Urey-Miller experiment provided evidence that amino acids and other organic compounds could form from inorganic precursors with energy from lightning or thermal vents.
3) Some theories propose life began with simple self-replicating molecules contained in cell-like membranes, which over time became more complex, rather than beginning directly with RNA.
The document lists important factors to consider when choosing papaya, including demographics, place of growing, origin of the plant, height of the plant, intention of the plant, condition of the plant, use of fertilizer and pesticide, whether it grows alone or in a cluster, and whether it has fruit. It also provides points for listing additional variables to consider: 20 variables gets 4 points, 15 gets 3 points, 10 gets 2 points, and 5 gets 1 point.
The document discusses the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project which searches outer space for signs of life. It notes that the US spends millions of dollars annually on SETI to search for aliens. It then asks if readers believe in the possibility of aliens and asserts that there may be aliens on other planets in the universe given the vast number of solar systems.
Discusses the Cycle of Air, the three squares from the Step Diagram that apply to Air—Invertebrates, Vertebrates, Man. The Evolutionary Timeline. Extinction Events. Darwin’s Theory. Ecosystem Roles. Nature’s Eccentricity and Conundrums. Evolution by Ecosystem. Emotions and the Body Kesdjan
The document discusses biology and the levels of organization of living things. It explains that biology is the study of living organisms and how they interact with their environment. It describes the hierarchical levels of organization from the biosphere level down to molecules. Key levels include ecosystems, organisms, cells, organelles and molecules. The document also discusses the unity of life based on DNA and how cells are the basic functional units of organisms. It provides examples to illustrate biological concepts like producers and consumers in ecosystems.
This document provides information about an artist named TeZ and their work in various areas of new media art including audiovisual performances, generative composition, experimental media, synesthetic media, sound spatialization, and immersive environments. It discusses TeZ's focus on technology, sensory modes, perception and space from the 1990s to present. It also lists some of TeZ's collaborations with institutions and provides brief descriptions of some of TeZ's artistic projects involving spectral phenomena, sensoriums, cymatics, bioluminescence, electroculture, and biological computation.
This document provides an overview of the history of life on Earth. It discusses the origin of the first cells from abiotic synthesis of organic molecules around 4 billion years ago. The emergence of prokaryotes in the Archaean eon is documented by the oldest stromatolite fossils from 3.5 billion years ago. Photosynthesis evolved in cyanobacteria around 2.7 billion years ago, oxygenating the atmosphere. Eukaryotes originated around 2 billion years ago through endosymbiosis. Multicellular life evolved around 1.5 billion years ago, and animals diversified explosively in the Cambrian period beginning around 535 million years ago. Land colonization by plants and animals began around 500 million years
This document provides an overview of the history of life on Earth. It discusses the origin of the first cells from abiotic synthesis of organic molecules around 4 billion years ago. Early prokaryotic life formed around 3.5 billion years ago. The first photosynthesizing bacteria introduced oxygen to the atmosphere in the Archean eon between 2.7 to 2.3 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells emerged around 2 billion years ago through endosymbiotic events. Multicellular life evolved around 1.5 billion years ago and complex animals appeared during the Cambrian explosion starting around 535 million years ago. Land colonization by plants, fungi and animals began around 500 million years ago.
With this presentation developed within the NANOYOU project you will discover some of the secrets of the nanoscale and will learn about the applications of nanotechnologies.
For more resources on nanotechnologies you can visit: www.nanoyou.eu
Translations to several languages are also availabe in the NANOYOU website.
The document discusses scale and measurement at the nanoscale level. It introduces the metric system and scientific notation for measurements. It describes various scientific instruments used to visualize and measure small objects at the nanoscale, including microscopes, balances and micropipettes. It provides examples of the size of various objects measured in nanometers to help understand the nanoscale, such as viruses, cells, and carbon nanotubes.
1) The document questions the principles of evolution and argues that life is too complex to have originated through natural processes alone.
2) It argues that the first cell could not have formed by chance and notes that the origin of protein and DNA is not explained by evolution.
3) The document also argues against common mechanisms of evolution like natural selection and mutation, noting a lack of transitional fossils between major animal groups.
I tried to integrate basic and important concepts of evolution from different ppt that can be downloaded here in slideshare to have a consolidated theme about evolution.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
2. Prominent Patterns…
Brain Cell Tree at Sunset Lena River Delta
Courtesy Alan Opsahl, Pfizer Courtesy Kevin Schofelt (goo.gl/P0aIb) Courtesy NASA (Landsat 7)
Colorado River Delta Fan Coral Purkinje Saguaro
Courtesy Google Earth (Digital Globe) Courtesy Denis in Minneapolis (lucky@usfamily.net) Courtesy Anita Gould (Flickr)
3. Distances in Perspective…
Scanning Electron Microscope Range
Optical (Light) Microscope Range
10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100
10 pm 1Å 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm 1 mm 1 cm 1 dm 1m
Human Eye Range
Atom Lipid Virus Bacterium Cell
Human
Nucleon Molecule Protein Mitochondrion
10-14 m Scale
An atom is to one meter what one meter is to the Earth-Sun distance!
Human Eye Range
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011
1m 10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 100 km 1 Mm 10 Mm 100 Mm 1 Gm 10 Gm 100 Gm
300 Mm = 300 000 km = 1 “light second”
150 Gm = 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) = Mean distance Earth-Sun = 150 000 000 km = 8.3 “light minutes”
4. Solar System Bodies (Except Pluto):
Relative Sizes/Distances
Distance Sol — Tellus = 150 Gm (Gigameter) =
150 million kilometer = One Astronomical Unit:
With a solar diameter of 32 cm (as in this slide),
Earth diameter = 2.9 mm, 34.5 meter removed
Tellus
Sol (Sun) Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
(Earth)
Mass 333 000 0.05 0.8 1 0.1 317.5 95 14.5 17.2
Diameter 109 0.4 0.9 1 0.5 11.2 9.5 4 3.9
Diameter (km×1,000) 1,390 4.9 12.1 12.6 6.8 143 120.5 51.2 49.5
Distance to Sol (AU) – 0.4 0.7 1 1.5 5.2 9.5 19.2 30
5. ―Lifelines‖ in Perspective…
Multi-Celled Life Forms
Relative Organizational Complexity
Ten Million Centuries
Three Thousand Million Years — Mostly Single-Cell Organisms Evolved
Single-Celled Life Forms
?
4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 Now
Past Time (Million Years Ago)
Multi-Celled
Eukarya Single-Celled
Archaea
LUCA (?) Prokarya Bacteria
LUCA = Last Universal Common Ancestor (of all current Earth Life)
6. Features Forever Fanning Out…
Years Ago Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
( 109)
Bacteria Archaea Protists Plants Fungi Animals
0
0.4 One Thousand
Hard bodies Million Years
0.8 Soft bodies
1.2
Multi-celled organisms
1.6
Eukaryotes with organelles Chloroplast assimilation (?)
2
Eukaryotes (DNA in nucleus) Mitochondrion assimilation (?)
2.4 Three Thousand
Million Years
2.8
3.2
3.6 Prokaryotes (no nucleus, free DNA)
Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) of all current Earth Life
4
7. Distinguished Ancestors…
(3 800 Million Years Ago) Prokaryotes (free DNA)
(3 500) Archaea, bacteria Photosynthesis Begins Archaeozoic Era
(2 200) Eukaryotes (DNA in nucleus)
Three Thousand (1 700) Eukaryotes with organelles
Two Hundred
Million Years (1 300) Metazoan (multi-celled) organisms
(1 200) Plants
Proterozoic Era
(1 100) Fungi
(650) Cnidarians Ediacaran & Vendian fossils (610 MYA)
(550) Fishes Cambrian Hard-body Radiation (550 MYA)
Ordovician Radiation (500 MYA)
Ordovician Extinction (440 MYA)
(400) Amphibians
Devonian Extinction (370 MYA) Paleozoic Era
(300) Reptiles, Birds
Permian Extinction (260 MYA)
(250) Mammals
Six Hundred Triassic Extinction (210 MYA)
Million Years (185) Placentals Mesozoic Era
Cretaceous/Tertiary Extinction (65 MYA)
(60) Primates
(7.5) Gorilla gorilla
Cenozoic Era
(6) Pan troglodyte (Chimpanzee)
(2.5) Homo habilis
9. Atomic Distances in Perspective…
―Micro‖ Meter Prefixes:
Zepto- Atto- Femto- Pico-
10-21 10-20 10-19 10-18 10-17 10-16 10-15 10-14 10-13 10-12 10-11 10-10
1 zm 10 zm 100 zm 1 am 10 am 100 am 1 fm 10 fm 100 fm 1 pm 10 pm 100 pm
Size-wise, an electron is to an atom, what an atom is to a human!
Nucleus
Nucleons
(Proton, Neutron) Atom
Electron
≈333 zm ≈1 fm ≈10 fm ≈100 pm
< 10-18 m 10-15 m 10-14 m 10-10 m (1 Å)
10. About the really tiny stuff…
On the “quantum level” a peculiar dualistic nature has
been observed: curiously, “quantum size” stuff appears
to be both particles and waves, at the same time!
The following few slides are misleading: Atoms, and
what they’re made of, are not “things” in any ordinary
sense. An electron, for example, is not a little sphere
orbiting a nucleus, but rather “something, vibrating in
nothing”: like a “misty cloud,” it is “smeared out” as a
standing wave—and the particle aspect of this wave
may be located anywhere within the “cloud.”
Note also that so far, this is theory only: Nobody has
ever directly “seen” anything as small as an atom.
11. Powerful Peculiar Particles…
Hydrogen (1H (Protium))
Fundamental part, and motive force, for
Life? The Universe! Almost Everything…
1 Electron 1 Proton
charge 1 charge +1 (⅔+⅔ ⅓)
1H has no neutrons
“Up” Quarks
charge +⅔ u u ≈1 fm
“Down” Quark d 10-15 m
charge ⅓
≈100 000 fm 2H (Deuterium) has one neutron
10-10 m (1 Å) 3H (Tritium) has two neutrons
12. Curiously Commingling Courier
≈100 000 fm ≈10 fm
10-10 m (1 Å) 10-15 m Carbon (12C)
Electron ―Cloud‖ Nucleus
u
d d
6 Neutrons
charge 0 ( ⅓ ⅓+⅔)
“Up” Quark
6 Electrons charge +⅔ u u 6 Protons
charge 6*(⅔+⅔ ⅓)
(inner shell: 2, outer shell: 4)
charge (1*6) “Down” Quark
charge ⅓
d
13. Electron: Energy Exchanger
Excited State
(absorbed photon energy)
Photon Emission Type PgUp (or right click/previous) to reset,
Energy Quantum
(spontaneous or facilitated) then PgDn (or left click) to restart!
(massless photon) ―Quantum Leap‖ Life’s
Energy
(no transitional states!)
Source
Low EnergyEnergy
High
(unstable)
(stable)
Ground State
Second Law of Thermodynamics implies:
Low probability (close to 0) for spontaneous “leap” to higher state,
High probability (close to 1) for spontaneous “leap” to lower state
14. DNA: Life’s Linear Ladder
5’ end 3’ end Nitrogenous
H C C
―Bricks‖ C O Nucleobases
Carbon
H C
C C
C
T A C
O
C
H
C
O
H
Pyrimidines
O O P O
(one carbon ring)
Hydrogen O P O ~21Å
O
Oxygen
O H
C O
C C Thymine T
H C C
G C C C H
Phosphorus C C
O
O
H
C
O P O
O C Cytosine
Nitrogen O P O O
O H C C Purines
C O (two carbon rings)
H C C
C G C
O
C
C
H
―Backbone‖ C C H O
O
O
O P O ~3 Å
O P O
Adenine A
O
O P O O H
C O
C C
G Guanine
O
Phosphate
H C
C C
C
A T C
O
C
C
H
O
H O Covalent Bonds:
5’ H O P O Oxygen
C O 1’ O P O O Nitrogen
Hydrogen
H C C O H C C
C C C O
3’
Deoxyribose
H C C
C C
G C C
O
C
H
C
H
(sugar) 3’ end ~11 Å 5’ end
15. DNA Nucleobase Triplets Encoded in Decimal & Quaternal Number Bases (In RNA, T = U (Uracil))4
First quaternal (triplet) symbol position
0 1 2 3
T C A G
0 000 TTT 16 100 CTT 32 200 ATT 48 300 GTT T0
Phe F
1 001 TTC 17 101 CTC 33 201 ATC Ile I 49 301 GTC C1
0T Leu L Val V
2 002 TTA 18 102 CTA 34 202 ATA 50 302 GTA A2
Leu L
Second quaternal (triplet) symbol position
3 003 TTG 19 103 CTG 35 203 ATG Met2 M3 51 303 GTG G3
Third quaternal (triplet) symbol position
4 010 TCT 20 110 CCT 36 210 ACT 52 310 GCT T0
5 011 TCC 21 111 CCC 37 211 ACC 53 311 GCC C1
1C Ser S Pro P Thr T Ala A
6 012 TCA 22 112 CCA 38 212 ACA 54 312 GCA A2
7 013 TCG 23 113 CCG 39 213 ACG 55 313 GCG G3
8 020 TAT 24 120 CAT 40 220 AAT 56 320 GAT T0
Tyr Y His H Asn N Asp D
9 021 TAC 25 121 CAC 41 221 AAC 57 321 GAC C1
2A
10 022 TAA 26 122 CAA 42 222 AAA 58 322 GAA A2
Stop1 Gln Q Lys K Glu E
11 023 TAG 27 123 CAG 43 223 AAG 59 323 GAG G3
12 030 TGT 28 130 CGT 44 230 AGT 60 330 GGT T0
Cys C Ser S
13 031 TGC 29 131 CGC 45 231 AGC 61 331 GGC C1
3G Arg R Gly G
14 032 TGA Stop1 30 132 CGA 46 232 AGA 62 332 GGA A2
Arg R
15 033 TGG Trp2 W 31 133 CGG 47 233 AGG 63 333 GGG G3
1) Triplets 10, 11, & 14 serve only as stop codes (no amino acid encodings) 2) Triplets 15 & 35 encode amino acids W and M, respectively
3) Triplet 35 does “double duty” as the universal “start transcription" code 4) Amino acid names shown in their standard 3- and 1-letter codes
Note also that the sum of triplet values 10+11+14 (the stop codes) equals 35 (the start code)!
16. This slide is an adaptation of an idea originated with Dr. LeeSpetner, from his book “Not By Chance”
Room for Evolution: The DNA ―Condominium‖ View
DNA Triplet = Binary Sextet = "Room Address" Value
(Base 2 (Binary) = Base 4 = DNA Nucleobase) Binary Digit #
0 1
st nd rd
1 = "Floor" 2 = "Condo" 3 = "Room" 1 Lower Upper
Floor
0 = 00 = T 0 = 00 = T (North) 2 Even Odd
3 North South
1 = 01 = C 1 = 01 = C (East) "Condo"
4 East West
2 = 10 = A 2 = 10 = A (South)
5 North South
Room
3 = 11 = G 3 = 11 = G (West) 6 East West
North
(DNA)
T = 00
G = 11 C = 01 T
G C
A = 10
3 = G = 11 0 A 00
2 = A = 10 West East
(Base 4)
3 1 11 01 (Base 2)
1 = C = 01 2 10
0 = T = 00
South
Four floors, four "condos“/floor, four rooms/condo = 4×4×4 = 64. 64 triplets thus uniquely addresses all 64 DNA "condo rooms.”
For example: ATG = 2034 = 1000112 = 2nd Floor (102), North Condo (002), West Room (112)
17. ADP-ATP Phosphorylation
ATP
Inorganic Phosphorus (Pi) + Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Energy
Tiny amount of heat
(Increased entropy)
H N H
N C
O O O C N
H C
H O P O H H O P O P O N C C
C O N
H C C
O H O H O H
C C
H O O H
Water (H2O) + Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP )
(energy “stored” in oxygen-phosphorus phosphoranhydride bond)
F0F1 ATP Synthase
(ATP “generator”) Type PgUp (or right click/previous) to reset!
To animate, type PgDn (or left click)!
18. H
ATP -ADP Hydrolysis
Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) + Water (H2O)
H N H
N C
O O O C N
H C
H H H O PH O P O P O C N C C
O N
O H C C
O H O H O H
C C
H O O H
Inorganic Phosphorus (Pi) + Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Energy
Energy released: 30.5 kJ (7.3 kcal) / mol
To animate, type PgDn (or left click)!
Type PgUp (or right click/previous) to reset!
19. Energy Conversion and Entropy
The Pendulum:
Potential Energy Simple Energy Converter Kinetic Energy
Max Max
Min Min
Cell metabolic processes, monitored As heat energy ( ) from friction
by the brain, maintain a continuous in the hinge and against the air
supply of potential energy, keeping dissipates, the pendulum swings
the system alive, far from equilibrium slow down, and eventually stops
21. Assimilated Bacterium: Chloroplast
N
Imports: Photon Energy + 6 H2O + 6 CO2
Light Reactions:
Photosystem II Dark Reactions:
Electron Transport Calvin-Benson Cycle
Photo System I (Reductive Pentose
Electron Transport Phosphate Cycle)
Exports: 6 O2 + C6H12O6 (Glucose)
22. Why (Most) Plants Are Green
100
Reflected Green
―White‖ Light
(all wavelengths)
C C
C N N C
% absorbtion
Mg
C N N C
C C
Absorbed Wavelengths
(aided by chlorophyll, kinetic light energy is converted to Transmitted Green
potential energy, stored in carbohydrate chemical bonds)
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
← Ultraviolet Wavelength (nm) Infrared →
23. Flower Power—Photosynthesis
Photon hits chlorophyll molecule
Chloroplasts: 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + thylakoid = C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6 O2
(located inside Energy grana)
Carbon dioxide (from air
Candy Factories via stomata) to chloroplast
Chlorophyll captures energy,
used to split H2O and to drive
cyclic reactions inside stroma,
building various carbohydrates Stroma
Thylakoid
Thylakoid
Lumen (PS I/II)
membrane
H
H H O H H
H Grana (Thyla-
H O C C C C C C
H koid ―stacks‖)
O
Glucose O O H O
H H H Inner
(C6H12O6) Outer membrane
membrane
Manufactured carbohydrates are transported to
where they are needed by the plant (organism)
24. Thylakoid (Light) Reactions
Photons
Photophosphorylation
Photosystem II Photosystem I
Excited
Energy Levels
From/To
Fd
(Ferredoxin) Stroma
pQ (Dark)
(Plastoquinone) Fd
bound Reactions
Cytochrome
C C
FAD
C C
pC C N N C (Fd Soluble)
C N N C
Mg (Plastocyanine) Mg
Depleted C N N C C N N C
C C C C
Oxygen Chlorophyll Molecule (only porphyrin ring shown, and move-
(to air) ment added to visualize how electrons get excited to higher
energy levels). ATP is synthesized by F0F1 ATP Synthase,
driven by hydrogen protons, descending a pH gradient.
25. Stroma (Dark) Reactions CO2
From Air
Carbohydrate
Synthesis
Regeneration
Glyceraldehyde- Ribulose
Reductive Pentose
3-Phosphate Phosphate Cycle
Bisphosphate
From/To
Also known as named after its discoverers,
Thylakoid
(Light)
Calvin-Benson Cycle
Reactions
Reduction Carboxylation ―Rubisco‖
(Ribulose Bisphosphate
Carboxylase-Oxidase)
3-Phospho-
Glycerate
From Roots
27. Cell Membranes—Living ―Walls‖
HOH Pi
ADP
ATP
Polar (hydrophilic, attracts water) “heads”
form phospholipid bilayers
Non-polar (hydrophobic, repels water) “tails”
with embedded transport proteins
Na+K+ ATPase
Gated (Ion Pump)
Uniport Symport Antiport Channel Extracellular matrix +
Non-polar interior ~60 mV
Cotransports Cytosol
_
Passive (“down hill” ion gradients), require no Active (“against” ion gradients),
additional energy (“facilitated diffusion”) require additional energy (ATP)
Channel gate on/off action may be
electrically or chemically controlled
28. Mitochondrion—Cell Powerhouse
Glycolysis
CO2
Inter-membrane Space
High H+ concentration (Acidic, low pH)
Pyruvate
Inorganic Outer Membrane
Phosphorus
TCA Cycle
(PI)
Adenosine
TriPhosphate
(ATP)
Adenosine
DiPhosphate
(ADP)
Cristae
Matrix Inner Membrane
Low H+ concentration (Alkaline (base), high pH)
Nucleoids in matrix has unique circular mitochondrial DNA,
predominantly (1 000:1) inherited from the female egg cell
29. ATP Production Sites
Energy Source:
Electrochemical Charge (pH) Gradient, created by
High Energy Free Electrons
ADP and Pi
(Phosphorus,
Inorganic)
TCA Electron Transport,
(Kreb’s) Oxidative Phosphorylation,
Cycle F0F1 ATP Synthase
Glycolysis:
Glucose to
Pyruvic Acid
Mitochondrion
ATP ATP ATP
Energy stored in chemical bonds (oxygen-phosphorus)
30. The Citric Acid (TCA) Cycle
NAD+
H
H O
ATP H OH ATPOHH NAD+
NAD+
O C O O C O
O C O
H+ H
+
Cell Cytoplasm
H2O
Pyruvate Acetate
CO2
+
Citrate Isocitrate
NAD+
Glycolysis H2O
Inter-membrane space
NADH
CO2
NAD+
Oxaloacetate
Complex I
-ketoglutarate+
NAD
NADH
NAD+ NADH
H+
CO2
NADH
Malate
FAD Complex II Succinate
GDP ADP
O C O Lungs GTP ATP
H2O
Fumarate
Cell Energy
Mitochondrial Matrix
31. H2O
Electron Transport ―Staircase‖
―High energy‖ free
electrons (from food)
e– Energy level differences used to ―pump‖
e– hydrogen protons (H+) against a charge
H+
+ gradient, maintaining an ―ion pressure‖
which in turn is used to synthesize ATP
from ADP — spontaneous energy flows
Inner Membrane
Complex I
Mitochondrial
are coupled to forced energy flows.
Complex II
Complex III
_ At end of transport chain, now ―low
Complex IV energy‖ electrons, with one O- and
two H+ ions, form H2O (pure water)
+
32. H+ H+ H+ H+H+ H+ H+ e- e- e- e- e-
Electron & Proton Transport
Inter-membrane Space (+ side)
H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
H+
Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV
C
H+
e- e- H+
Fe S- e- e- H+
H+ -
Fe S e- e- Q
H+
H+ e- e-
H+
H+
QH2
e- e- Q e- e-
Q -
Fe S Cu+ Cu2+
FADH2
FMNH2 QH2 QH2
e- e-
FAD e- e-
FMN H+ H+
H+ H+
H+ H+
H+ H
O O
Succinate Fumarate+2H+ H+ H+
H
NAD+ (FAD from Citric Acid Cycle)
NADH+ H+ H+ H+
From To H+
Citric Acid Cycle H+ H+
Mitochondrial Matrix (- side)
34. F0F1 ATP Synthase (Principle)
Transmembrane Hydrogen protons
transporter protein (three for each ATP)
―falling down‖ the
charge gradient
―Open‖
ADP/Pi/ATP
―antiport‖
F1 ―generator‖ Torque ―pumping up‖
―Stator‖ catalytic sites energy to activation
phosphorylation conformation level (stored in ATP)
reaction site changes
―Tight‖ ―Loose‖
Hydrogen protons are
Note: “Turbine shovels” exist only in this ―pumped back up‖ by
slide (only to represent the F0 protein “rotor”) complexes I, II, and IV
35. Structural Strength—Collagens
Endoplasmic Fibre ( < 1 mm) tensile strength ~ 9 000 g
Reticulum (stronger than reinforced concrete)
(ER) Lumen
Collagen Fibre
Three precursor -chains…
(bundle of fibrils)
~ 70 nm
(loose terminal propeptides)
Procollagen
~1 mm
Self-assembly
Collagen Fibril
(bundle of ~300 molecules)
Collagen also contains:
Glycine
Hydroxylysine
Hydroxyproline
Self-assembly
~300 nm
~1.5 nm
Procollagen
peptidase
Secreted enzyme removes Collagen Molecule
out of cell propeptides
(triple helix -domains)
36. Cytoskeleton: Actin Filaments
3 4
Mg++
G-Actin monomer, ATP and Mg++ + ATP
─
sitting in the gap between 2 and 4
1 2
~5 nm
Actin monomer gaps align toward the negative end of the fila-
ment, spiraling along the long axis (thirteen monomer units per
full helical turn), growing faster at the positive end.
~35 nm
+ ─ ~7 nm
37. Cytoskeleton — Microtubules
and tubulin, equal polarity, with a
3-D structure, form heterodimers: + ─
Non-covalently bonded into a linear array, with
-tubulin at negative, -tubulin at positive end,
with the end growing slower than end,
forming sheets, which curl up into tubules.
25 nm 8 nm
15 nm + ─
Again, 13 units per helical turn…
38. Cytoskeleton: Myosin Filaments
Actin
binding
sites Myosin bundles up into filaments:
Myosin II
protein structure
Bi-polar thick Myosin filament in muscle cell Sarcomere:
39. H
Marvelous Molecular Motors
HO
HOH
ADP Pi Pi
ADP ATP ATP
Kinesin payload examples: Payload vesicle Kinesin Structure
(membrane bound)
Organelles (Mitochondria)
Vesicle
Acetylcholin (Nerve Cells) binding β-tubulin
binding
Chromosomes (at Mitosis) sites
sites
Much more
_
+ “Walks” toward negative, 8 nm steps
Other Important Motor Protein Families
Dynein (also walks on microtubules, from negative to positive)
Myosin (binds to Actin filaments, paramount in muscle cells)
Myosin Muscle Cell Muscle Cell
ATP Generator Microtubules Actin Filaments
Filaments Structure Power Cycle
40. Skeletal Muscle Structure
Attached Muscle
to Tendon (bundle of
(collagen) Cells)
Cell (Fibre),
10-100 μm bundle of
Myofibrils
More than one nucleus
Isolated
Myofibril
Sarcomere
2.5 μm (contraction
unit)
1.5 μm
Thick (myosin) filament Sliding
Actin and
Myosin
Thin (actin) filament filaments
41. ADP
Muscle Cell Power Cycle
ADP Pi Pi
ATP ATP HOH HOH
Relaxed muscle myosin cannot bind to actin, as the binding
sites are blocked—by protein tropomysin—and must first be
unblocked (accomplished by the regulator protein troponin).
Signal receptor molecules open Ca+ ion channels, resulting in
troponin release, which exposes the actin binding sites.
Myosin now binds to actin, and the myosin head bends (by
“spending” ATP ), and the attached actin filament slides along!
Relax signals close the Ca+ ion channels, resulting in removal
of troponin, allowing tropomysin to reblock the actin binding
sites. The myosin heads retract, and the cycle may repeat.
Bi-polar thick Myosin filament (in muscle cell Sarcomere)
Actin filaments attached to and pulled back by very strong titin protein “springs”
42. Life: Mind Over Matter…
Physiology Energy ATP Cell Chemistry
Brain (conscious Liver converts Actin and myosin
mind) “willing” lactate (from muscles) filaments separated
muscle to contract to glucose (stored) and relaxed
Nerve action (electric) Liver releases Na+/K+ ion flow
potential moves from glucose into blood across axon (nerve
brain to muscle to muscle cells cell) membranes
Nerve signal Muscle cell converts Release of
transmission glucose to pyruvate neurotransmitter
(via synapses) (through glycolysis) (acetylcholin)
Muscle cell Mitochondria uses Muscle receptor
membrane pyruvate (TCA cycle), molecules (proteins)
depolarization converts ADP to ATP. open Ca+ ion channels
Sarcomere ATP hydrolized to ADP, Myosin binds to actin,
contraction releasing work energy performs work by
commences and lactate (to liver) pulling actin filament
45. NuclearNew Clear Energy Fusion
Energy
Recycled:
H2O, CO2, O2
(low energy: high entropy)
Mitochondrion Chloroplast
Plant Manufacture:
Vegetabilia evolving Cyanobacteria evolving
Carbohydrates
into animalia… (high energy: low entropy) into vegetabilia…
Simultaneous Independent Co-dependency Evolution!
46. Symbiosis… or Single Entity?
Photosynthesis Respiration
CO2 + H2O O2 + Carbohydrates Carbohydrates + O2 H2O + CO2
Input
H2O Output
Water O2
Output Input
Carbohydrates
Input
CO2 Output
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen Plants, Carbohydrates, Most
algae, other organic other living
Energy Output Input
some bacteria molecules organisms
Survival,
Chemical
Nuclear fusion energy Propagation,
bond energy
(See Matter/Energy Cycle) Useful (?) Work
Photosynthesis
47. Glucose/Lactic Acid Cycle
O2 CO2
glucose glucose
Lungs
glucose-6P glucose-6P
glycogen NADH ATP glycogen NADH ATP
pyruvate pyruvate
Liver, Muscles
lactate lactate
Liver Blood Muscles
48. A-Huffin’ and a-Puffin’…
Oxygen O2 Inhaled gases exchanged in alveoli Exhaled
From Plants C N
C
Fe
C
N C To Plants
C N N C
C C
Carbonic
Anhydrase
(dehydrates HCO3)
Lungs Erythrocytes
(Red Blood Cells)
Tissues No nucleus (no DNA)—stems from bone marrow
Chlorine ion
(for electroneutrality) Carbon
Carbonic Dioxide
Bicarbonate To Lungs Anhydrase (from cells)
(hydrates CO2) Water
Hydrogen ion
To Cells ~7µm
49. Life Loves Looping the Loop…
Two Haploid Gametes 23
Sperm & Ovum: 46/2 Chromosomes each
23
Meiosis
(germ cell division)
Fertilization
(chromosome addition)
23
46
46
One Diploid Zygote
23+23 Shuffled Chromosomes
Consenting Adults
13
~5 10 (50 trillion!) cells,
2*23 Chromosomes each
Mitosis
(body cell multiplication)
Cell Growth,
Differentiation Local Entropy?
(subtraction!)
50. Some Really Close Relatives…
Homo sapiens sapiens 0
1
Pan troglodyte (Chimp)
2
3
Gorilla gorilla
4
† Sivapithecus 5
† Ramapithecus
6
7
Pongo pygmaeus (Orang)
Earlier 8
Ancestors
Hylobates lar (Gibbon) 9
―Old World‖ Monkeys 10
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
% DNA
Million years ago differences