LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures

LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of
Faults, Fractures and Sub Surface
Structures in Drift Covered Areas
IOGA 2016 Annual Meeting 3/03/16 Chuck Knox, Knox Geological LLC
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Knox Geological LLC 6402 Old Trail Rd. Fort
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and
Ranging, is a remote sensing method that uses
light in the form of pulsed laser to measure ranges
(variable distances) to the Earth. These light
pulses-combined with other data recorded by the
airborne system-generate precise, three-
dimensional information about the shape of the
Earth and its surface characteristics.
Noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html
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Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

3
Collecting LiDAR Point Cloud Data
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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4
Working with Digital LiDAR Data
Point Cloud Data is Stored as an LAS File
Millions of Point Cloud Points Creates Computer
Processing Issues
Only Using Last or Bare Earth Returns Reduces the
Amount of Data Needing to be Processed
ArcGIS is a Good Program to Convert Point Cloud Data
Into Useable Information
Two Methods for the Reduction of Point Cloud Data in
ArcGIS
LAS Data Sets
Terrain Data Sets
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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5
LAS Data Sets
The Data is Stored Digitally and Can be Used in Queries
In ArcGIS More Tools are Available for Modeling of the
Surface
Each Point of the Point Cloud is Used in Surface Modeling
Takes a Stupendous Amount of Computer Storage
Needs Powerful Computer Processing Ability to Reduce the
Point Cloud into Useable Data
Can Create 3D Images of the Bare Earth Returns
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

6
Terrain Data Sets
Point Cloud Data is Reduced into a Pyramid System for
Ease of Display
Pyramid System Reduces the Amount of Computer
Processing Power Needed to Create Visual Displays
County Wide Point Cloud Data Can be Reduced With
Minimal Processing Power
Terrain Data Sets Cannot be Used in Queries
Very Good Tool For Scalable Visualization of the Bare Earth
surface
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

7
LiDAR Study of the Unionport Gas
Storage Project, Randolph County,
Indiana
“The Post Knox Unconformity provided the Principal
Trapping Conditions for the Underground Gas Storage at
Unionport”
“Erosional Remnants of the Porous Knox Dolomite
Protrude Upward into the Overlying Impermeable Black
River Limestone”
“Petroleum Has Been Produced in Indiana, Ohio,
Kentucky and Southern Ontario from Knox Erosional
Remnants”
Keller and Abdulkareem 1980
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

8
Unionport Gas Storage Project
Randolph County, Indiana
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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9
Generalized Stratigraphic
Section for the Unionport Area
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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10
Location of the Gas Storage
Wells in the Unionport Area
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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11
Structure Map on the Top of
the Knox Dolomite in the
Unionport Gas Storage Project,
Contours Are Every 10’
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

12
Structure Map of the Trenton
Utica Contact in the Unionport
Gas Storage Project, Contours
Are Every 10’
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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13
Cross Sections At
Unionport
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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The Unionport LiDAR Study
 Mosaic Tile LAS Data Set Compiled over the Unionport Gas
Storage Complex
Only Last or Bare Earth Returns Used in Data Set
3D Digital Elevation Model of Surface Built with Combined
Hillshade and Transparent Red to Green Color Ramp Raster
Image
Terrain Data Set Also Created
Elevation Contours, Slope Angles, Stream Flow and Aspect
Maps Created from LAS Data Set
Slope Angle Maps Created From Terrain Data Set
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

15
Unionport Area Google Earth Image With Wells, 1:30,000
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

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Unionport Gas Storage Project with 9 Mosaic Tile LAS Data Set, 1:30,000
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

17
Unionport Gas Storage Project with Raster Image Derived from LAS Data Set
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

18
Unionport Gas Storage Project with Hillshaded Image Derived from LAS Data Set
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

19
Unionport Raster Image with Red to Green Color Ramp from LAS Data Set
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

20
Unionport With Combined Raster and Hillshade From 9 Tile LAS Data Set
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

21
Unionport With Combined Raster and Hillshade With Wells
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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Combined Raster and Hillshade 1:15,000
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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Combined Raster and Hillshade 1:15,000
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

24
LiDAR Derived Surface Contours 10’ Intervals
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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25
Unionport Area Digitally Derived Flow Accumulation
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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26
Unionport LAS Data Set Digitally Derived Slope Angles
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

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Unionport LAS Data Set Digitally Derived Slope Angles With Wells
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

28
Unionport Terrain Data Set Derived Slope Angles
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

29
Unionport Terrain Data Set Derived Slope Angles With Wells
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

30
Northern Unionport DEM 1:3,000
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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Northern Unionport LAS Data Set Slope Angle
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

32
Northern Unionport Terrain Data Set Slope Angle
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

33
Northern Unionport LAS Data Set Aspect Map
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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34
Results of The Unionport LiDAR Study
Differential Compaction of the Trenton, Utica and Silurian
Limes Over the Known Knox Erosional Remnants at Unionport
Appears to Extend to the Surface
LiDAR Derived Digital Elevation Models Show an Area of
Higher Elevation Over the Known Knox Erosional Remnants
LiDAR Derived Flow Accumulation Map Shows Stream Flow
Radiating Away From Area Above Known Knox Erosional
Remnants
Slope Angle Maps, Both LAS Data Set and Terrain Data Set
Show Higher Slope Angles Over the Known Knox Erosional
Remnant
Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net

35Knox Geological LLC 260-466-2422
The 2nd Trenton Oil Pay of
Madison and Grant Counties of
Indiana
• 1897 the Ohio Oil Co. discovers oil at Alexandria in the middle of the giant
Indiana gas Field
•The oil is in a 2nd pay 65’-100’ below the Trenton/Utica contact and
approximately 1,000’ to 1,050’ from the surface
•Development of the 2nd oil pay was limited by the States anti-gas waste laws
(flaring) and was mostly abandoned by 1906 as operators left for Illinois, Mid-
Continent, Texas and California oil regions
•Faults and fractures have a postive influence on 2nd pay dolomite and porosity
development
•A high percentage of 2nd pay oil wells are in areas of >1.3 degrees of slope

Area of Known 2nd Pay Oil
Development (Trenton)
Area of Known 4th Pay Oil
Development (Black River)
Area of 5th Pay Oil
Development (Knox)
Area of 1st Pay Oil
Development (Trenton)
The Phoenix Project
1906 Map of the Main Trenton Rock Oil Field of Indiana
36Knox Geological LLC Booth 1866
Regional Map of Indiana
Fractures and the 2nd Oil Pay
The Phoenix Project

Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net
37

LiDAR Study of the Terre Haute
Reef Bank
•There has been some geological speculation that differential compaction of
sediments above Silurian reefs extends to the surface
•This study uses LiDAR to see if evidence of the compaction can indeed be
measured on the surface
•A terrain dataset was created over 10 counties located above the reef bank
• A detailed LAS Dataset was created over the Glen Ayr oil field and parts of
Vigo County

LiDAR Study of the Terre Haute Reef Bank

Terrain Datset Slope Angle
Map Using Quantile
MeasurementReef PolygonsPolygons with Reef
Points

Vigo County

Glen Ayr oil field

Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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47

Illinois LiDAR Data
A Preliminary Study Of Macon County,
Illinois

Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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Macon County

Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
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Wayne, IN 46809 (260) 466-2422
f4tknox@comcast.net
54

LiDAR
“Accuracy to a Gnats Tad”
A Very Special Thank You to the Illinois Oil and Gas
Association for the Opportunity to Speak
Only the Beginning

LiDAR and its Use in the Identification of Faults, Fractures and Sub surface Structures

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