This document discusses the linguistic qualities or attributes (sifaat) of Arabic letters. It defines sifaat al-huroof and explains how they help differentiate between letters produced from the same articulation point. The document outlines three main categories of sifaat - permanent qualities that are always present, temporary qualities only present in some contexts, and lists some examples of each. It then analyzes each Arabic letter, describing the specific sifaat that apply such as whether a letter has hams (air expelled) or rakhawa (sound runs on). Examples are provided to illustrate applying the sifaat attributes to analyze letters.

1. Lesson Nine
Sifaat Al Huroof continued

2. Sifaat Al Huroof

3. Definition of sifaat al- huroof
Linguistic meaning - qualities/attributes of
letters
Applied meaning - the manner of the letter
when it appears at its makhraj
E.g. the height, weight, colour of a thing which
describes it more clearly

4. Benefits
To differentiate between letters which appear at the
same makhraj
E.g. ‫ص‬ and ‫س‬
‫ط‬ and ‫ت‬
Same makhraj but sifaat makes them different and
makes each clear so no confusion over which letter
spoken

5. Benefits

7. Categories
• Permanent qualities - laazimah
- always present with the letter e.g. hams and
qalqala
• Temporary qualities - ‘aaridah
- present due to some reason around that letter
- so not always present in the letter

8. Permanent qualities
• Some scholars have listed 40
• Others 14
• Imam Al Jazaree has selected 17 qualities

10. ْ‫ت‬َ‫ك‬َ‫س‬ ْ ٌ‫ص‬‫َخ‬‫ش‬ ْ‫ه‬َّ‫ث‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ف‬ Rest of the letters

13. Practice ‫ظ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ث‬
‫ظ‬ ‫ذ‬
‫ث‬
No air expelled
not letters of hams
Letters in which the sound runs on,
are letters of rakhawa
 A letter with air being expelled
is a letter of hams
 Also a letter with sound running on
is a letter of rakhawa

14. ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬‫ْع‬‫ن‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ك‬َ‫ب‬ٍْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫د‬ ِ‫ج‬َ‫أ‬
Rest of letters
‫ش‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ث‬
‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬
‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬

15. ‫الشدة‬ ash-shiddah = strength
• Articulation point closes firmly
• Sound of the letter is imprisoned
• No air running except for ‫ك‬ ‫ت‬ - these are letters of
hams
• ْ‫ت‬َ‫ك‬َ‫ب‬ ٍ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ ْ‫د‬ ِ‫ج‬َ‫أ‬
• ْ‫أ‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ج‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫د‬ َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ق‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ط‬ َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ب‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ك‬ َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ت‬ َ‫أ‬

16. ‫سط‬ّ‫التو‬ at-tawassut = In between
• Articulation point does not completely close
• So the sound partially runs on
• ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ع‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫ل‬

17. ‫الرخاوة‬ ar-rakhawa = softness
• Sound runs on
• Because articulation point is not firmly closed
• Rest of letters of alphabet
‫ش‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ث‬
‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬
‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ه‬

18. Al rakhawa and al hams
Tell me about these letters….
‫سكت‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫فحثه‬

19. ْ‫ت‬َ‫ك‬َ‫ب‬ٍْ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫د‬ ِ‫ج‬َ‫أ‬ ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬‫ْع‬‫ن‬ِ‫ل‬ ْْْ‫ش‬‫ص‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ث‬
ْْْْْْْ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ْ‫ه‬ ‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ض‬
ْ‫ت‬َ‫ك‬َ‫س‬ ْ ٌ‫ص‬‫َخ‬‫ش‬ ْ‫ه‬َّ‫ث‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ف‬ ْْ‫أْْبْْجْْد‬ْ‫ذ‬‫رْزْضْْطْْظ‬
ْْ‫عْْغْْْقْْْلْْم‬‫ن‬‫وْْي‬

20. Voweled letters are all equal in length to each other
whichever characteristic or vowel they have
ُ‫ب‬ ِ‫ر‬ َ‫ش‬ (note: this is not a word)
Fruits of the characteristics
ash-shiddah, at-tawassut & ar-rakhawa

21. When letters are saakinah (no vowel)
there IS a difference in their timing
ash-shiddah - shortest
at-tawassut - slightly longer
ar-rakhawa - longest
ْ‫ب‬ ْ‫ر‬ ْ‫ش‬
Fruits of the characteristics
ash-shiddah, at-tawassut & ar-rakhawa

23. Practise
ْ‫تب‬ْ‫ت‬‫يد‬‫ا‬
‫ي‬ْ‫ج‬‫لون‬َ‫ع‬
‫ي‬ْ‫ؤ‬‫منون‬
‫ا‬ْ‫ل‬‫ح‬ْ‫م‬‫د‬
‫بْا‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ل‬‫مين‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬
‫الم‬ْ‫س‬‫تييم‬
‫الم‬ْ‫غ‬‫ضوب‬
‫الر‬ْ‫ح‬‫منن‬

24. Analyse each letter

25. ْ‫ت‬َ‫ك‬َ‫س‬ ٌ‫ص‬ْ‫َخ‬‫ش‬ ُ‫ه‬َّ‫ث‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ف‬
ْ‫د‬ ِ‫ج‬َ‫أ‬ٍ‫ط‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ك‬َ‫ب‬
ْ‫ر‬َ‫م‬ُ‫ع‬ ْ‫ن‬ِ‫ل‬
Which sifaat are these for?

26. Which sifaat for each letter?
‫ا‬‫بْتْثْجْحْخْدْذ‬
‫رْزْسْشْصْضْطْظ‬
‫عْغْفْقْكْلْمْن‬
ْ‫هْوءْى‬