The document discusses various fiction techniques and devices that writers use to create engaging narratives, including mood, tone, voice, and plot devices such as foreshadowing and symbolism. It categorizes fiction by genre, highlighting types like comedy, drama, fantasy, and horror, and explains how stories can also be organized according to common plot patterns like 'star-crossed lovers' and 'rags to riches.' The lesson aims to equip readers with the ability to identify and differentiate different forms and aspects of fiction.

1. LESSON 2 : FICTION TECHNIQUES
AND DEVICES

2. Objectives
After this lesson,
you should be able
to:
detective the kind
of fiction piece
based on its
length;
identity common
literary plot patterns
in different fiction
works; and
distinguish different
kinds of fiction
targeted to specific
readers.

3. Fiction Techniques
Fiction techniques are tools writers use
to create engaging and believable
stories, like showing characters'
personalities through actions, building
tension conflict, and using vivid
language to create a strong
atmosphere.

4. MOOD AND TONE
Mood is "the emotional atmosphere in the literary
work"while tone "alludes to the author's attitude to
the subject matter".
As a readers go through a story, they pick up on the
story's mood more than the tone, since mood
relates to them directly in a story-to -reader way,
and not in author-to story-to-writer way.

5. - is the dominant personality that readers encounter
when reading a literary work,and it may or may not
directly reflect the personality of the author.
VOICE

6. Two distinct types
of voice:
AUTHOR'S VOICE- this is the distinct style
that an author uses in telling stories, which
covers the author's way of using words or
sentences, how they play with grammar
and syntax, even how they format the
paragraphs on a page.

7. CHARACTER'S
VOICE
-regardless of who is telling the story in a fiction
work, there will be a predominant character who
will "speak" to us readers in a direct or indirect
way. This is what we consider as the
characater's voice since we are reading about
the story's world as told through this character's
eyes.

8. PLOT
DEVICES
-The plot devices focus on literary devices used by
fiction authors,literary devices pertain to specific
strategies they incorporate in different parts of the
story which , when taken as a whole, will make sense
upon reading the whole story.

9. FORESHADOWING
- the term "foreshadowing" and two ideas will
emerge: the idea of this things happening
"beforehand" and the idea of a"shadow" that appears
whenever light shines upon something .
Foreshadowing is "a device used to create
expectation or to set up an explanation of later
development " . Example: Harry Potter and the
Sorcerer's Stone.

10. SYMBOLISM
- Fiction uses symbolism extensively since the story
creatively imbibes a seemingly unimportant object
with great importance, making it every relevant in the
creative development of the story. Writers use
symbolism in different ways; they could become part
of one's characterization or an enhancement of a
scene which delivers the themes and meanings of the
story in a deeper or more insightful way. Ex: Lord of
the flies

11. - A motif is a devices that unifies the elements of the
story, helping it sustain its narrative progression
and thematic development.It often involves having
repetition or patterns, and it could pertain to specific
objects, persons ,images, situations, ideas,
incidents, or even dialogue lines or characterization
details that at respected at various intervals in the
story. Ex: The Great Gatsby of F. Scott Fitzgerald's
novel.
MOTIF

12. DEUS EX MACHINA
- Many storytelling elements originated from the
ancient Greeks . One of them is their theatrical
plot device known as deus ex machina , or " God
from the machine". In modern times, deus ex
machina refers to any kind of "divine intervention"
type of solution that magically solves the problem
of the plot, which is often not logically connected
to the story development.

13. TICKING TIME BOMB
-This device often raises the
excitement of the story, making
readers hang on from plot point to
plot, to know how the characters will
meet the deadline, making the story
more engaging to read.

14. FLASHBACK
- a story is taking place in a given present time
, then it needs to show a scene or information
in the past , the writer could insert the past
scene and connect it with the present scenes,
then go back to writing the next scenes.

15. FLASH FORWARD
- the flash forward is just like the flashback
except that the inserted scene in the present
time take place in the future.
- the use of flash forward depends on what
the writer wants to achieve in a particular
part of the story. Ex: Breaking Dawn last
Novel of the Twilight

16. IN MEDIAS RES
- This plotting style is known as in medias res,
meaning to start " in the middle of things" to
hook the reader's attention immediately.
Example : the first chapter of Fight Club by
Chuck Palahniuk

17. Thank you for
listening !!!

18. LESSON 3 :
FICTION
MODELING

19. OBJECTIVES
After this lesson, you
should be able to;
•differentiate fiction by genre ; and
•identify specific Filipino fictionists and their
works.

20. Novel
Contains a very detailed plot featuring many
characters.
Example: War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy and
Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell

21. Novella
-the popularity of ebooks in today's digital
technology prompted the resurgence of the
novella in today's online world.
Example: The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest
Hemingway, The Heart of Darkness by Joseph
Conrad, and Breakfast at Tiffany's by Truman
Capote.

22. Graphic Novel
- was born to categorize this new model
of fiction that intersects the format of the
novel/novella and the comic book.
Example: A Contact With God , and Other
Tenement Stories by Will Eisner, The
Watchmen by Allan Moore.

23. Short Story
-is a fiction that does not go over the 30,000
word limit of the novella.Its length also varies,
but the lowest word count often does not go
below 1,000 words.
- but many short stories focus on specific
experiences such as " a simple incident or a
moment of sudden insight".

24. - This kind of insight is called an
epiphany as termed by writer James
Joyce.
- Thus , some short stories might give that feeling
of being incomplete since it might not given a
clear-cut beginning, middle , and end, parts often
expected from (longer) fiction works.

25. Example of Short Story
Folktale
• Has simple characters who may be
people of made up characters.
• Passed down from generation to
generation.

26. Parable
• a short , simple story that teaches or explains an
idea, especially a moral or religious idea.
Fable
• story where the animals are able to act like
humans.

27. Flash Fiction
-stories are very short short stories that also focus
on presenting insights, snippets of life , or even a
complete plot of a story even if it is very briefly
presented.
- its word does not go over 500 words. If the fiction
piece is between 750 to 1,000 words (or even up to
2,000 words), then this is called sudden
fiction.Flash fiction that has around 300 to 400
words or even less is called microfiction.

28. Fiction Modeling According to Genre
Genre is defined as "a category of
artistics , musical , or literary composition
characterized by a particular style , form ,
or content." Genre helps understand
stories further because it is a formal
system of storytelling that gives definite
parameters of expectations.

29. Most Common and Major Genres
Comedy. When the elements of the story are
light, sometimes heartwarming , with the intention
of being humorous or comical, then that is clearly
a comedy.
-One popular sub-genre of comedy is the
romantic comedy or rom-com, which highlights
love stories that often have a happy or hopefull
ending.

30. Examples of Comedy Novels
The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas
Adams
A Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole
Good Omens : The nice and Accurate Prophecies of
Agnes Nutter, Witch by Neil Gaiman and Terry
Pratchett
Me and Earl and the Dying Girl by Jesse Andrews

31. Drama . In fiction writing , drama
simply pertains to stories that offer
more serious takes on life , and a
direct opposite to the comedy which
makes readers laught.

32. Samples of dramatic novels
The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton
Little Women by Louisa May Alcott
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë
The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde
The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne

33. Fantasy. Stories featuring otherworldly
characters derived from cultural myths,
legends , and folk tales fall under the
fantasy genre.Humans could co-exist
with other mythical creatures in this
genre , or there could also be no
humans there at all.

34. Examples of Fantasy Novels
The Lord of the Rings by J . R. R. Tolkien
The Lion ,The Witch and the Wardrobe by C.
S. Lewish
A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin
Watership Down by Richard Adams
A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle

35. Adventure/ Action. When the story revolves around the
characters undergoing extraordinary journeys, that
could be considered as the adventure or action genre.
- The adventure could refer to a character traveling to
remote parts of the world to discover new cultures. It
could also refer to stories set in a particular era where
extraordinary amounts of actions occur , such as war
fiction or western fiction ( meaning the Old West with
cowboys in the narrative).

36. Examples of Sci-fi Novels :
1984 by George Orwell
Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
The Time Machine by H.G. Wells
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep by Philip
K.Dick

37. Horror . a story intends to scare you,
that is indeed a horror story. This
genre has many sub-genres such as
ghost fiction, suspense , thriller ,
psychological fiction , and others.

38. Few Samples of horror
novels :
The Shining by Stephen King
Dracula by Bram Stoker
Coraline by Neil Gaiman
Bird Box by Josh Malerman
I Know What You Did Last Summer by Lois
Duncan

39. 3.3 Fiction Modeling
According to Plot
Pattern
Fiction works are sometimes categorized
according to the kind of events
presented in the story , as evident in its
plot pattern.

40. Most Commonly
Recognized Plot Patterns
in Fictional Works :
Star-Crossed
Lovers
- William Shakespeare is responsible for
this term since this is what he wrote to
describe the tragic tale of Romeo and
Juliet in the beginning of that play.

41. Boy Meets Girl
- Feel-good romantic stories often have a boy-meets-
girl kind of plot pattern since the story shows how
the two lovers meet at first, with an emphasis on how
they eventually end up together as a couple.
- This kind of romance story might have a happy
ending or not , but that is not the point. The fucos of
this plot pattern is the celebration of the love attained
by the partnership.

42. Fairy Tale
-is common to hear people say that they have
a "fairy tale story" or "a fairy tale wedding"
which is often an idealized look at a happily-
ever- after relationship. Fairy tale plot
patterns often involve having a lead character
waiting for her "one true love" , often a Prince
Charming ,who will deliver her happily-ever-
after ending.

43. Rags of Riches
-Modern and contemporary fiction feature the
rags to riches plot pattern since it tells the tale of
an underdog who reaches his or her dreams and
succeeds in life.
- In the US, the variation of this kind of plot pattern
is evident in novels that contain"the American
dream" storyline wherein immigrants settle down in
America to achieve their idealized form of success.

44. -In the Philippines, fiction stories also
reflect this plot pattern in stories
where a poor character from the
province moves to the city (often
Metro Manila) to pursue a better life.

45. Coming Of Age
-Also called the buildingsroman , this
kind of plot pattern often features a
young person who is about to cross
over towards maturity, narrating the
transformational feelings that happen
to a person having a growth
epiphanies.

46. Ugly Duckling
-The childhood tale of the ugly duckling
that transforms into a beautiful swan at
the end of the story , this plot pattern
showcases stories.that.feature physical
transformations in their life.

47. Thank You for Listening!!!