This study investigated the relationship between length of stay abroad and cultural influences on food choice among Nigerians living in South Africa. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 65 Nigerian participants living in Pretoria and Durban. The results showed that respondents identified strongly with Nigerian cultural food regardless of how long they had lived in South Africa. Statistical analysis found no significant association between length of stay and preference for cultural food. The findings suggest the Nigerian food market in South Africa is profitable and could provide economic opportunities.
Food insecurity status at household level in Kamukunji estate, Uasin Gishu C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food insecurity status at household level in Kamukunji estate, Uasin Gishu C...inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Food politics refers to the social relations that impact the production, distribution and consumption of food. It has become a part of the popular consciousness in the last two decades. The use of food in performance is a means of engaging public consciousness and addressing American food politics. This paper provides a brief introduction to food politics. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa "Food Politics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20229.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-science/20229/food-politics/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Presentation by John Hoddinott at the event, “2013 AAEA & CAES Joint Annual Meeting” which took place on August 4-6, 2013 in Washington, DC. It offers AAEA members, CAES members, and other applied economists a chance to interact and learn over the course of the three day meeting.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Food security a global & national perspective by ayaz soomroAyaz Ali
Food insecurity in Pakistan specially in Sindh province which is contributing high share of oil & gas but majority of masses is facing food insecurity.
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Data has been around for a long time. But only in two formats ANALOG and DIGITAL. Recently at an ever increasing rate DIGITAL DATA is growing exponentially year over year. Understand the best practice in Data Integration.
Food politics refers to the social relations that impact the production, distribution and consumption of food. It has become a part of the popular consciousness in the last two decades. The use of food in performance is a means of engaging public consciousness and addressing American food politics. This paper provides a brief introduction to food politics. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Tolulope J. Ashaolu | Sarhan M. Musa "Food Politics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20229.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-science/20229/food-politics/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Presentation by John Hoddinott at the event, “2013 AAEA & CAES Joint Annual Meeting” which took place on August 4-6, 2013 in Washington, DC. It offers AAEA members, CAES members, and other applied economists a chance to interact and learn over the course of the three day meeting.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Food security a global & national perspective by ayaz soomroAyaz Ali
Food insecurity in Pakistan specially in Sindh province which is contributing high share of oil & gas but majority of masses is facing food insecurity.
Nutritional Knowledge and Practices of Pre-School Teachers in Homa Bay Countypaperpublications3
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to investigate nutrition relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practice in Homa Bay County. The study investigated the following aspects of nutrition knowledge; balanced diet, source of nutrients, food preparation, food storage and preservation. The specific objectives were: to assess the nutritional knowledge and practices between pre-school teachers; Jerome Brunner’ (1978) theories on knowledge representation guided the study; his three modes on nutritional knowledge to the teachers and learners basically on cognitive development. The three models are enactive, iconic and symbolic. The study adopted a descriptive design to investigate the relationship between pre-school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices. Questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklists were used as instruments of data collection. Data analysis was done qualitatively and quantitatively methods. Findings showed that nutritional knowledge and practices among preschool teachers is very low in Homa Bay County. Most of the respondents knew about only three food groups type, a significant number of them were unable to categorise different food types in their respective groups. Proper nutrition was found to be positively correlated with preschool children academic performance. The study also established that the relationship between pre- school teachers’ nutritional knowledge and practices was not significant. The study recommends that strategies need to be put in place to improve nutritional knowledge and practices of preschool teachers in Homa Bay County and country at large, this will be through cooperation of Ministry of Education, Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development and other policy makers in the education sector.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Data has been around for a long time. But only in two formats ANALOG and DIGITAL. Recently at an ever increasing rate DIGITAL DATA is growing exponentially year over year. Understand the best practice in Data Integration.
Consequences of farmers' interpretation of mastitis alerts in automatic milkingHenk Hogeveen
These are the slides that I used to present research work of Klaske Buma (at that time student Veterinary Medicine at Utrecht University). Klaske has collected data on 7 Dutch farms that used an automatic milking system. She followed the farmers in their interpretation of mastitis alerts. The farmers behaviuor and the consequences of that behaviour are presented
Proyecto de jornada extendida, en el taller de Literatura y Tics, desarrollada en la Escuela Remedios E de San Martín, en la localidad de Noetinger, provincia de Córdoba
Role of socio cultural factors influence towards food choices among household...oircjournals
This study focused on factors influencing households’ behavior and attitudes towards food choices in Kiambaa sub-county, Kiambu County. Therefore, this study explored socio-cultural factors on household food choices. Structural functionalism and social learning theory provided the theoretical understanding to discuss the relationship between variables. This study employed descriptive design to randomly select a sample of 138 households. Data was collected using interview schedule on a sample of 138 respondents living in Kiambaa sub-county. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively, quantitative data using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Ms-excel computer software to generate frequencies and percentages which were presented discussed and interpreted in line with the study objectives. The findings established statistically significant between social cultural factors and food choices in Kiambaa Sub County. Social interactions at 86% which include the nature of interpersonal relationships, social status at 70% and traditions at 78% in households provided an important set of interpersonal relationships in influencing food choice. This study findings shows majority of women at 86% are actively involved in decision making especially on the food to be eaten at home therefore become the burden carrier of the household activity and balancing other roles as homemaker, mother and income earners. This study concludes that factors influencing food choices are positive and negative therefore it is importance to consider sociological approach to food choices. This study recommends policy and strategic approach to food choices, household target in proper utilization of research findings and further study on assessment of influence of work on behaviour towards food choices.
COVID19 Research Opportunities “same-same but different”Francois Stepman
1 June 2020. Webinar. COVID-19 emergency response: the African nutrition perspectives.
Presentation by Prof. Linley Chiwona Kharltun, Associate Professor and research fellow in the Rural Development Division. Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Indigenous Cultural Beliefs and Health Seeking Behaviours of the Mbororo Comm...ijtsrd
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of indigenous cultural beliefs on the health seeking behaviours of the Mbororo community in Mezam Division of the Northwest Region of Cameroon. The study employed the survey research design with a mix of both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire while a focus group discussion guide and a semi structured interview guide were used to collect qualitative data from a sample of 539 respondents. A total of 500 questionnaires were administered and 6 focus groups discussions were carried out and as well as interviews granted to 3 healthcare professionals. The simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample of the study. Data were analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS version 23.0 for Windows. Descriptive statistics such as simple percentages, mean scores and standard deviation, and inferential statistics such as the Pearson Correlation test were used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis with the support of ATLAS.ti software version 8.0. The findings revealed that indigenous cultural beliefs r=0.621, df=98, p 0.05 have a positive correlation with the health seeking behaviours of the Mbororo community. Based on the findings, recommendations were made on the need for the Mbororo community in Mezam Division and beyond to develop more tolerance for conventional or modern medicine and rush to modern hospitals when ill for appropriate screening, diagnosis and treatment of their diseases even as they continue to patronize traditional medicine based on their indigenous cultural beliefs. This would go a long way to improve the health and wellbeing of the Mbororo community in Mezam and beyond. Suggestions for further studies were also made. Foncham Paul Babila "Indigenous Cultural Beliefs and Health-Seeking Behaviours of the Mbororo Community in Mezam Division of North West Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50613.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/50613/indigenous-cultural-beliefs-and-healthseeking-behaviours-of-the-mbororo-community-in-mezam-division-of-north-west-cameroon/foncham-paul-babila
globalization and its effects on nso cultural educational practices a pedagog...ijtsrd
Before European colonization of Cameroon in the 19th century, the Nso people had remarkable cultural educational practices. These cultural values have since experienced tremendous changes which are connected first to the colonial experience and secondly to globalisation. This historical comparative education study sought to answer the question ‘What is globalisation and its effects on Nso Cultural Educational Practices The study presents a broad, documentary, qualitative analysis of Nso cultural educational practices and globalization. This study was carried out in Nso. Nso is located in Bui Division, in the North West Region of Cameroon. Nso cultural documentations and interviews from resource persons living in the area have been for the most part the key sources that this study is based upon. In all, from a critical point of view, globalization is an essential process that we need for the enhancement of the society. However, care must be taken to preserve cultural educational practices because cultural globalization like other types or forms of globalization has continued to impact negatively on indigenous African cultures to which Nso traditions and customs are not an exception. Dr. Kibinkiri Eric Len | Dr. Happiness Yinyuy "Globalization and its Effects on Nso Cultural Educational Practices: A Pedagogic Retrospection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33108.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33108/globalization-and-its-effects-on-nso-cultural-educational-practices-a-pedagogic-retrospection/dr-kibinkiri-eric-len
Organic Agriculture: Consumers Attitudes and Behavioral Change in the context...AI Publications
Unintentional ingestion of pesticides is common in societies. Yet the consequences are multiplying in a disastrous way. Organic agriculture [OA] roles at preserving the environment and the health of the consumer. The objective of this study is to analyze the attitudes and purchase intentions of the consumer through the theory of Ajzen's planned behaviour. A total of 318 consumers were interviewed in the localities of Loum, Njombé-Penja and Mbanga using a mix questionnaire. The Likert model, 5-point scale was used to measure attitudes. The results obtained reveal that positive attitudes lead to purchasing intentions among consumers in relation to organic products (Mean = 40.5283; Standard Deviation. = 5.89638) to the detriment of conventional products (Mean = 22.7484; Standard Deviation. = 5.57707). This significant difference is in favour of organic products (F (1 318) = 1.812; p ˂ 0.05). In fact, intention is the intermediate variable between attitudes and observed behaviours.
Analysis of the Relationship between Lifestyle and Coffee Consumption Habits,...IJAEMSJORNAL
Coffee consumption habits have evolved along with society for more than 300 years around the world. Social changes imply different lifestyles in each culture. Lifestyles influence the myths used by people in their consumption decisions. The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between lifestyle and coffee consumption habits, from the perspective of myth, in the inhabitants of the Mexican municipalities of Orizaba, Tehuipango, and Zongolica. A survey was conducted with a sample of inhabitants of the three municipalities studied. The statistical analyzes applied were the central limit theorem, Pearson, and Chi-square. The results show that the variables Consumption habits-Lifestyle-Myth, are highly dependent on the level of perception of people. It is concluded that the coffee myth corresponds to the "family union" in the study municipalities. This myth is not characterized in the evolutionary stages contemplated in the "waves of coffee".
Impact of Demographic Factors on the Snacking Behavior of Individualsijtsrd
Snacking behavior of the consumers has a great impact on their dietary behavior and health. Therefore this research was conducted to assess the relationship of snacking time and the snacking preferences with the age and gender of the individuals. Preference to consume different snack varieties, such as Biscuits, Potato chips, chocolate, candy, sandwiches, ice cream, fruits and pizza in particular periods of the day morning, evening and night was assessed in the study. The relationship was assessed using a consumer panel consisting of 125 respondents. The respondents were asked to express their preferences using a questionnaire. Results revealed that both age and gender effect on preferences for snack types and snacking time. Gunathilak U G S A | Wijewardhana U S | Navaratne S B "Impact of Demographic Factors on the Snacking Behavior of Individuals" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29652.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-science/29652/impact-of-demographic-factors-on-the-snacking-behavior-of-individuals/gunathilak-u-g-s-a
Region Old Fertilizer New Fertilizer 1 147 160 151 162 2 156 1.pdfalaaishaenterprises
Region Old Fertilizer New Fertilizer
1 147 160
151 162
2 156 161
151 151
3 165 159
166 138
4 158 132
149 159
5 139 164
131 164
6 146 168
118 169
7 161 158
164 147
8 143 174
147 157
A biotech firm conducts an experiment to examine potential differences between a new organic
fertilizer and a traditional fertilizer product. A large parcel of land is broken down into regions,
and two trials with each fertilizer are used on plots of land within each region. The corn yield
obtained for each of the plots is shown in the above table.
(a) Perform an appropriate analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the data shown in the table.
Construct an ANOVA table and determine whether there is a significant difference among the
fertilizers. Is there a significant difference among regions? (Assume a significance level of ? =
0.05) Is the interaction effect significant?
(b) Assess the treatment and block means using the t-distribution.
(c) Calculate and interpret the model residuels.
(d)Summarize what has been learned from the experiment.
Solution
Diversity means life; diversity means choice. Unfortunately, around the world the
spaces for the maintenance and creation of (new) diversity are becoming more and more
confined. Biological diversity, in environments increasingly disturbed by human intervention, is
under serious threat. Globalization forces are imposing limits on the ways people shape and
reshape socioeconomic, cultural, and political diversity. At the same time, in many places efforts
are underway to maintain or open up new room for the appreciation, use, and further evolution of
diversity. In 1992, following the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED or the \"Earth Summit\"), staff at Canada\'s International Development Research
Centre (IDRC) developed a program to support these efforts. IDRC\'s biodiversity program was
born to put and keep biodiversity high on the agenda of research and development organizations
in the South, in Canada, and around the globe. In 1997, the biodiversity program evolved into the
Sustainable Use of Biodiversity (SUB) program initiative, retaining its major objectives and
approach: Image to promote the use, maintenance, and enhancement of the knowledge,
innovations, and practices of indigenous and local communities to conserve and sustainably use
biodiversity; Image to develop incentives, methods, and policies that facilitate the development
of strategies for the conservation and enhancement of in situ agricultural and aquatic
biodiversity; and the participation of communities in their design and implementation; and
Image to support the creation of policies and legislation that recognize the rights of indigenous
and local communities to genetic resources and to the equitable sharing of benefits of the use of
these resources. This In_Focus book presents fragments of the arduous biodiversity research
work carried out and ongoing in numerous, often far away and little known places around the
world. The book b.
Gender is a term used to convey the process of social construct that mediates the relationships between women and men. Water is an environmental resource and it is essential to sustain life. Its scarcity pose negative impact on women and also children as they are usually saddled with the responsibility of scouting around for water for use at home for cooking, washing, bathing among others when it is scarce. Women that have these much responsibility on water issues are not always involved in the development of water projects in the communities as they are usually expected to stay back to take care if home when men decide on what and how the water projects should be done. The study used the natural spring and borehole projects facilitated by the Sustainable Ibadan Project as case study. 729 respondents were sampled for the study out of which 493 were male and only 236 were female. It is observed that water projects that involved more women are more sustainable that those with lesser number of women. It is therefore recommended that more women should be involved at all the stages of development of water projects.
perception towards family planning and its implication to environmental susta...IJEAB
This study was conducted aiming at to assess perception of couples towards family planning and its relevance to environmental sustainability and to identify factors hindering family planning practice. Sample respondents for study comprises 90 couples in rural and 28 in urban. Data was collected by using random systematic and simple random sampling methods. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus group discussion. The research found that there is promising level of awareness on family planning and main source of information were health extension agents. Reported reasons in sought of large number of children were old age support, son or daughter preference, considering children as a wealth, and labor support, religious prohibition. Nearly half of respondent couples approve contraceptives with more approval of women in both settings. Most of the respondents showed positive attitude towards family planning. Furthermore, half of the rural and nearly less than half of the urban respondents approve the importance of family planning for environmental sustainability. During the study period 23.2% of urban and 18.9% of rural couples were using some method of family planning; among which 21.4 of urban and 16.7% of rural women were using modern methods, hence, awareness level and practice in family planning showed a gap in both urban and rural. In general, urban showed more favorable attitude and practice than rural couples in family planning. Despite of their lower practice in family planning, rural respondents likely showed more favorable attitudes towards relevance of family planning for environmental sustainability.
Language Factor in Food Sustainability within Kericho Kenya Rural Set Upijtsrd
This paper aims to highlight the use of apt language to encourage food sustainability among residence of Kericho County, Kenya. The research aims to show the importance of songs and radio call in sections in sensitizing the community on importance of green sustainability in food production Kirui Stella Chelangat "Language Factor in Food Sustainability within Kericho (Kenya) Rural Set Up" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38092.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/38092/language-factor-in-food-sustainability-within-kericho-kenya-rural-set-up/kirui-stella-chelangat
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Roti Bank Hyderabad: A Beacon of Hope and Nourishment
Length of stay abroad and cultural infuences on food choice
1. E-ISSN 2039-2117
ISSN 2039-9340
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences
MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy
Vol 5 No 4
March 2014
632
Length of Stay Abroad and Cultural Influences on Food Choice:
A Study of Nigerians in South Africa
Abosede Ijabadeniyi
Foundation and Academic Support Programmes Unit,
Midrand Graduate Institute, Midrand, South Africa, 1685
abosedei@mgi.ac.za
Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
Department of Biotechnology & Food Technology, Durban University of Technology,
Durban,South Africa, 4001
oluwatosini@dut.ac.za
Doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n4p632
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between length of stay abroad and cultural influences on food choice.
Cultural influences on food choice were measured based on preference for cultural food, level of satisfaction derived from
cultural food, food-adventurism, willingness to pay for and consumption patterns of cultural food. A self-administrated
questionnaire was used to collect data. The study covered a sample size of 42 males and 23 females between the ages of 18
– 45 and above. Participants were judgmentally recruited in Pretoria and Durban, South Africa. The Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to analyse data. The results showed that respondents identified with their cultural
food, regardless of the number of years stayed in South Africa. The findings of the study justify the profitability of the Nigerian
food market, which consequently suggest potential for job opportunities and economic growth in South Africa.
Keyword: Cultural influences, food choice, cultural food and Nigerians in South Africa.
1. Introduction
The post-apartheid years in South Africa have witnessed the influx of foreign nationals from all over Africa. This has
positively influenced aggregate demand, which in turn stimulated production activities to offset demand. The food
industry is no exception, considering the intrinsic importance of food to human existence.
Food is one of the most important human needs (Neeliah & Goburdhun, 2007). Alongside with water and oxygen,
they provide the human body with organic and inorganic substances imperative to sustain its biological existence.
According to Jones (1992), food supplies the energy the body requires to engage in physical and work related activities.
In addition, food is said to be responsible for the repairs of worn out tissues in the body, in that it balances the wear and
tear of everyday life and provides necessary substances needed for the growth of the body.
The importance of food; the first physiological need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs cannot be overemphasised.
However, perceptions and correlation of sensory impressions of different types of food vary across countries or cultures,
which determines individuals’ preference for and attitudes toward food.
Factors such as age, health, socio-economic status, environment, religion, attitude, personal freedom, instinct,
customs, appetite and choices have all been reported to influence the sensory impressions of food (Shepherd & Raats,
2012). Culture, which is intertwined with some of the factors itemised above, could have moderating effects on
individuals’ sensory impressions of food. Particular attention should be paid to the influence of culture on sensory
impressions as it plays a huge role in consumers’ preference for food, willingness to pay and consumption patterns.
Culture has been described as the mutual working of the mind. Culture differentiates members of a group of
people from others. As such, individuals learn to be cultured. Culture is different from human nature and an individual’s
personality. However, both the human nature and personality are modified by culture. Culture therefore comprises
implicit rules that govern the social interactions amongst a group of people (Hofstede, Hofstede & Minkov, 2010). A
substantial proportion of the implicit rules that govern culture are manifested in individuals’ sensory impressions of food.
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Therefore, ethnic group subcultures and individuals’ preference for food are intertwined.
While culture adhesively binds a group of people together, the human community, individuals and social
organisations are all expressed by culture. Cultural values, beliefs, customs, norms, attitudes and roles reside amongst a
group of people who speak a uniform language, who chronological coexist, and live in a particular geographic region (de
Mooij, 2011). It is important to note that cultural values, beliefs, customs and norms are expressed in artifacts such as
food.
However, this present era has witnessed the overlap and hybridisation of cultural values and norms. One of the
major factors responsible for the change in cultural values is globalisation (de Mooij, 2011). The overarching question is:
Is the influence of the globalised culture evident on consumers’ preference for cultural food?
2. Conceptual Background
Nigerians are known to migrate all around the world, especially to specific regions in sub-Suharan Africa. An estimate of
Nigerians in Diaspora shows that about 20 million of the Nigerian population reside outside the shores of the country.
While 5 million live in the UK, 4-6 million have their base in the US. Ghana and South Africa are said to be home to 2
million Nigerians, while a little above a million live in Ivory Coast (Drusilla, 2006).
The people of Nigeria are popularly known to have a relentless spirit and business-minded disposition, a
phenomenon which keeps Nigerians afloat in diverse economic circumstances (Adichie, 2009). The aforementioned have
a linear relationship with the prolific trade engagements Nigeria maintains with other countries.
The country’s food basket is abundantly endowed. Most Nigerian cuisines are based on food eaten with stew and
food made from crops such as yam, cassava, potatoes, maize, rice, beans, as well melon seeds and “ogbono” seeds.
Many Nigerian meals are processed into powdered forms, which are often pounded or stirred into a thick, sticky dough or
paste. These meals are often served with stews/soups made with chicken, beef, goat meat or fish. The stews are
prepared with a blend of tomatoes, paprika, chilies and onions. The most common traditional soups prepared abroad are
made from melon seeds and “ogbono” seeds. These seeds serve as thickeners in most Nigerian soups, which could be
garnished with diverse vegetables like spinach, etc. Locally prepared Nigerian meals are by convention eaten with bare
hands (Advameg, 2012).
Given the rich composition of the Nigerian diet, an enquiry into the influence of length of stay abroad on the loyalty
tendency of Nigerians residing in South Africa to their cultural food is indisputably timeous, considering the Nigerian
population in South Africa. This enquiry is especially crucial when considering the similarities between the cultural foods
of most West African countries, whose citizens are vastly represented in South Africa.
3. Research Design
Research methodology remains the backbone of any research effort. Research design has been defined as the
cautiously planned organisation of conditions for analysis and data collection in a way that aims to combine relevance to
the research goals in a cost effective manner (Cooper & Schindler, 2006). Sekaran and Bougie (2013) state that the
approach employed in a research design depends to a large extent on the nature and requirements of the problem. An
outline of the research design is discussed below:
3.1 Problem Definition
One of the major challenges foreign nationals encounter abroad is adapting their tastes buds in the context of the native
food of the host country. This inspired an enquiry into Nigerians’ loyalty tendency to their cultural food in South Africa
based on preference, satisfaction, food-adventurism, willingness to pay and consumption patterns. While there has been
an increase in socio-cultural engagements between South Africans and Nigerians since the beginning of the post-
apartheid era, an investigation into the loyalty tendency of Nigerians to their cultural food is critical, considering the
Nigerian population in South Africa and the possible business opportunities that could emanate from the study.
Moreover, this study is especially timeous in the wake of the global economic crisis, which urgently requires the
identification of strategic business opportunities needed to stimulate economic growth and consequently create job
opportunities.
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3.2 Research Approach
This study used quantitative approach to analyse data. Quantitative research methods are useful for analysing consumer
behaviour. Quantitative research uses structured questionnaires to collect data, the use of structured questionnaires has
been advocated in that it makes it easy for data to be analysed into user friendly forms. More so, quantitative research
provides an avenue to generalise the attribute of a research sample to a larger population (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005).
3.3 Target Population
According to Hofstede & Hofstede (2005), culture is shared among groups of people residing in the same geographical
location. Ember & Ember (2001) stated the importance of drawing samples from the same geographical location in
cultural research. The target population for this study is Nigerian consumers residing in South Africa. The rationale for
selecting Nigerians in South Africa is based on the population of Nigerians in South Africa, the substantial trading
activities between both countries and the economic stance of Nigeria in sub-Saharan Africa. The sample for this study
was confined to two of the most popular cities in South Africa; Pretoria and Durban in the Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal
provinces respectively. The majority of the sample was taken from one of the most popular Nigerian settlements in
Pretoria; Sunnyside. The Durban sample was taken from Berea.
3.4 Sample Size & Sampling Technique
Sekaran and Bougie (2013) recommend that a sample size ranging between 30 and 500 is acceptable in quantitative
research, depending on research questions. As such, the sample size for this study was 70. A non-probability judgmental
sampling technique was undertaken for this study.
3.5 Questionnaire Design
A structured questionnaire consisting two sections was used to collect data for this study. The first section of the
questionnaire was devoted to collecting data on the demographic features of respondents while the second section
measured respondents’ loyalty tendency to their local food based on preference, satisfaction, food adventurism,
willingness to pay and consumption pattern. The items contained in the section were measured on a five point Likert
scale ranging from ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’. The questionnaire was self-administered. A total number of 65
questionnaires were deemed useful for the study. Respondents were approached randomly in a culturally friendly
manner without coercion, from different age groups, excluding minors. The questions for this study were phrased in line
with the objectives of the study to ensure face validity. Reliability was ensured by pre-testing the questionnaire to ensure
respondents fully understand the content of the questionnaire.
3.6 Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were formulated for this study:
- H0: There is no significant association between the length of stay of Nigerians in South Africa and preference
for cultural food
- H1: There is a significant association between the length of stay of Nigerians in South Africa and preference
for cultural food
3.7 Data Analysis
Preliminary data analysis took the form of check listing, editing, coding and transcribing. The statistical analyses for this
study were descriptive and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis mainly used charts while inferential analysis took the
form of a Chi-square test and correlation analysis. Data were analysed using SPSS and the respective associative
analyses were conducted.
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3.8 Results and Discussion
The findings obtained for this study are presented in this section. As illustrated in Figure 3.1, it is evident that the majority
of the respondents are loyal to their cultural food based on the items measured. The findings of the Chi-square test
conducted to determine the association between length of stay in South Africa and preference cultural food are
discussed further.
The analysis obtained from SPSS, at a significance level of 0.05 using the Chi-square test of independence
showed no significant association between Nigerians’ length of stay in South Africa and their preference for cultural food.
As illustrated in Table 3.2, 31% of the respondents have stayed in South Africa between 1 and 4 years, 46% have stayed
in South Africa between 5 and 8 years while 23% of the respondents have stayed in South Africa for more than 8 years.
Amongst the 31% of the respondents who have been in South Africa for four years, only 3% opine that local meals are
not the best option. More so, while the majority of the respondents (46%) have stayed in South Africa between 5 and 8
years, 39% of the 46% agree that local meals are the best option. Finally, only 3% of the 23% who have been in South
for over 8 years are of the view that local meals are not the best option.
The Chi-square test reveals no significant association between respondents’ length of stay in South Africa and
preference for cultural food. The Decision Rule; to reject or accept H0 relied on the value of the Asymp Sig. (2-sided) test.
As such, it was speculated that if “Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)” is less than the significance level (0.05), H0 would be rejected
and it would be concluded that there is a significant association between Nigerians’ length of stay in South Africa and
preference for cultural food. Otherwise, H0 would be accepted if “Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)” is greater than the significance
level (0.05) and it would be concluded that there is no significant association between Nigerians’ length of stay in South
Africa and preference for cultural food.
The findings conducted show that Asyp. Sig. yielded a value of .318 which is greater than 0.05, hence, it can be
concluded that there is no significant association between Nigerians’ length of stay in South Africa and preference for
cultural food. As such the null hypothesis is accepted while the alternative hypothesis is rejected.
Respondents’ gender in relation to age group and marital status are presented in Table 3.3. It can be deduced
from the table that the majority of the respondents (64.6%) were male while 35.4% were female. The cross-tabulation
reveals that 33.3% of the respondents were single, out of which 14% fall within the 18-24 years, 57.1% within 25-31years
and 28.6% within 32-38years. The results show that 66.7% of the male respondents and 56.5% of female respondents
were married. While 50% of the married male respondents were within the age group of 25-31, 32% fall within 39-45 and
18% were over 45years. The findings of the study show that 46% of married female respondents fall within 25-31 years,
38% within 32-38, 8% within 39-45 and 8% above 45 years.
Consequently, the fact that most respondents were married suggests that respondents were affiliated to some
family in South Africa. According to Schiffman et al. (2010), two or more people living together and related biologically,
maritally or by adoption can be regarded as a family. In addition, individuals are influenced by the family (Du Plessis &
Rouseau, 2007). Moreover, cultural cues like collectivism, loyalty to family, respect for elders and obligations to social
and economic needs of relatives are to be found in Africa (Beugre & Offodile, 2001). As such, there could be a similarity
between the loyalty tendencies to cultural food amongst respondents’ family members.
Table 3.1: Chi-Square Tests illustrating association between length of stay and preference for cultural food
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 2.292a 2 .318
Likelihood Ratio 2.053 2 .358
Linear-by-Linear Association 1.358 1 .244
N of Valid Cases 65
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Table 3.2: Length of Stay in South Africa (measured in years) * Preference for local meals
Cross-tabulation
Count Stay in SA (in years)
Total
Below 4 years Between 5 and 8 years Above 8 years
When it comes to food, local meals are the best option Disagree 2 3 2 7
Agree 18 27 13 58
Total 20 30 15 65
Table 3.3: Age group * Gender * Marital status Cross-tabulation
Gender Total
Age Group Male Gender
Subtotal
Female Gender
Subtotal
Single Married Divorced Single Married Divorced
18-24 Count
%within age group
%within gender
% of Total population
2 - - 2
100%
4.8%
3.1%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
100%
4.8%
3.1%
25-31 Count
%within age group
%within gender
% of Total population
8 - - 8
38.1%
19.4%
12.3%
7
33.3%
6
286%
- 13
61.9%
56.5%
20%
21
100%
75.9%
32.3%
32-38 Count
%within age group
%within gender
% of Total population
4 14 - 18
72%
42.9%
27.8%
2 5 - 7
28%
30.4%
10.8%
25
100%
73.3%
38.5%
39-45 Count
%within age group
%within gender
% of Total population
- 9 - 9
81.8%
21.4%
13.9%
- 1 1 2
18.2%
8.7%
3.1%
11
100%
30.1%
16.9%
Over 45 Count
%within age group
%within gender
% of Total population
- 5 - 5
83.3%
11.9%
7.7%
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
16.7%
4.3%
1.5%
6
100%
16.2%
9.2%
Total Count
%within gender
% of Total population
14 28 - 42
64.6%
64.6%
9 13 1 23
35.4%
35.4%
65
100%
100%
Figure 3.1: Loyalty tendency of Nigerians in South Africa to cultural food
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Table 3.4: Loyalty tendency measures
Criteria Measures
Preference When it comes to food, local meals are the best options
Satisfaction Compared to all other meals, my local meals satisfy me the most
Food-adventurism I would eat any meal, as long as it is called food
Willingness to pay I would buy my local meals and food stuff, provided the prices are reasonable
Consumption pattern I eat my local meals at least twice a week
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
Culture plays a major role in peoples’ preference for food. The findings of this study reveal that Nigerians in South Africa
show high loyalty tendencies to their cultural food regardless of their length of stay abroad. Therefore, the Nigerian
cultural food market presents many growth opportunities for the South African economy. While it is said that cultures are
overlapping due to the effect of globalisation, the globalised culture is not evident in Nigerians’ preference for cultural
food. This paper proposes the tendency for profitable investment opportunities in the Nigerian cultural food market for
potential South African business owners, especially considering the similarity between West Africans’ cultural foods.
Consequently, macroeconomic policy objectives could be enhanced. Moreover, the composition of the South African
infrastructural facilities could enhance large scale production, which could possibly reduce production costs, thereby
enabling competitive prices. Further research could investigate the monetary value consumers place on cultural food, in
terms of determining specific prices consumers are willing to pay for cultural food abroad.
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