Presentation is based on the establishment as well as historical background of the Privy Council in India when it was a British colony. This also contains the causes, nature, jurisdiction of the privy council. Lastly the appraise & council's unique position is been discussed. What were the issues or drawbacks of the "last court of appeal under the throne during 1830s is explained. This topic is basically a insight into the development of Judicature in India under English Legal system.
The takeover battle between Kraft and Cadbury was a highly contentious and closely watched event in the corporate world. Kraft's hostile bid to acquire Cadbury sparked significant debate and scrutiny from shareholders, regulators, and the public. Ultimately, Kraft succeeded in acquiring Cadbury, but the process was marked by intense negotiations, strategic maneuvers, and significant shareholder activism.abfjbbhsbgfbgsifsdfhjdhfjbdhfufkjsfsnisgnjgjfkgkdjflkffosf[ksmsgnngidgkdgnhhisksksgshlksnsngngklsnnlgsnlgnkgjsslk,ms
UNIT 1 Administration of Justice in the Presidency Towns at Madras, Bombay, C...SanskritiRazdan
The history of the legal system in British India opens with the establishment of the East India Company. The East India Company was incorporated in England by the Crown’s Charter of 1600. The Company was given executive trading rights in Asia (including India), Africa and America.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Presentation is based on the establishment as well as historical background of the Privy Council in India when it was a British colony. This also contains the causes, nature, jurisdiction of the privy council. Lastly the appraise & council's unique position is been discussed. What were the issues or drawbacks of the "last court of appeal under the throne during 1830s is explained. This topic is basically a insight into the development of Judicature in India under English Legal system.
The takeover battle between Kraft and Cadbury was a highly contentious and closely watched event in the corporate world. Kraft's hostile bid to acquire Cadbury sparked significant debate and scrutiny from shareholders, regulators, and the public. Ultimately, Kraft succeeded in acquiring Cadbury, but the process was marked by intense negotiations, strategic maneuvers, and significant shareholder activism.abfjbbhsbgfbgsifsdfhjdhfjbdhfufkjsfsnisgnjgjfkgkdjflkffosf[ksmsgnngidgkdgnhhisksksgshlksnsngngklsnnlgsnlgnkgjsslk,ms
UNIT 1 Administration of Justice in the Presidency Towns at Madras, Bombay, C...SanskritiRazdan
The history of the legal system in British India opens with the establishment of the East India Company. The East India Company was incorporated in England by the Crown’s Charter of 1600. The Company was given executive trading rights in Asia (including India), Africa and America.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. Third Period - From 1686 to 1726
• ADMIRALTY COURT-
• On August 9 1683, Charles II granted charter to
the company to establish the courts which was to
consist of person learned in the Civil law and two
merchants appointed by the company.
• Court got the power to hear and try cases related
to the mercantile, maritime, trespass, injury and
wrongs etc.
3. • Again on April 12, 1686 Charles II issued a new
charter with same provisions.
• Chief judge of the Admiralty Court was known as
the Judge –Advocate.
• In 1687 company sent from England Sir John Biggs a
professional lawyer learned in civil law to act as the
judge advocate of Admiralty Court.
• After this the Governor and his Council stopped
performing their Judicial Functions and the
Admiralty Court bestowed justice in all cases civil,
criminal as well as maritime.
4. • Sir Biggs Died in 1689 and Governor again took the
charge of judicial function.
• In 1692 the Company sent John Dolben as new
judge advocate and in 1694 he was dismissed on
the charge of taking bribes.
• In 1696 company directed that members of the
council should in succession serve as the judge
advocate.
• After William Fraser, a merchant was appointed as
judge advocate later he resigned and no one was
ready to become the judge advocate, so company
made the court registrar the judge advocate.
5. • 1698 onwards, under the instructions of the
company, the Governor and council started hearing
appeals from the Admiralty court in cases involving
less than 100 pagodas.
• After 1704 admiralty court ceased to sit on regular
basis.
6. Developments in Administration
of Justice during this period.
• The realisation of the need to shift from a
“common” to a “civil” lawyer.
• The Governor and his council relinquished
their judicial functions which they had been
exercising hitherto the charter of 1661 and
ceased to sit as a court. This marked the
separation of the Executive from the Judiciary.
7. • In 1683 the English Common Law was
practically devoid of rules governing
mercantile cases.
8. MAYOR’S COURT-
• The year 1688 saw the establishment of the
Mayor’s Court in Madras as a part of the
Madras Corporation, which came into
existence on September 29, 1688.
• The court was established under a Charter
dated December 30, 1687 issued by the
Company itself.
9. • The Mayor’ Court was to be a court of peace and its
members (Mayor, Aldermen and Burgesses) were
justices of peace.
• It was also a Court of Record.
• Consisted of a Mayor, 12 Aldermen, 60 to 120
burgesses.
• 12 Aldermen-3 Englishmen, 3
Hindus, 1 Frenchman, Portuguse-2, Jews and
Armenians-3.
• A reserve power was vested in the Governor and
Council to remove any-
Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, Burgess and appoint
anyone in the vacancy so caused.
10. • In Civil cases-where the value exceeded 3 pagodas,
in criminal cases where accused was given
death sentence appeals from Mayor’s Court were
allowed to go to Admiralty Court.
• The Mayor’s Court dispensed justice according to
the laws made by the Company and on the basis of
justice, equity and good conscience.
• Judges of the Mayor’s Court had little legal
knowledge and a recorder was appointed by the
Mayor and Aldermen to assist the Court.
11. • Sir Biggs appointed as the first Recorder.
• This court was known as Mayors Court and was
authorized to give the following punishments-
Fines, amerciament*, imprisonment and corporal
punishment.
*punishment or penalty applied at the discretion of a court or
other authority, as contrasted with a penalty predetermined
by statute.
12. FATE OF CHOULTRY COURTS-
• After the Mayor’s Court came on the
scene, the Choultry Court lost its importance
and functioned as a court of petty jurisdiction
trying offences and civil cases up to 2
pagodas.
• On criminal cases it gave
fines, imprisonment,pillory,whipping or
slavery as punishment .
13. COMMON CRIMES AND
PUNISHMENTS-
• In the Initial years the Court was doubtful
about his power to award the death sentence
but in 1712, the Governor and the Council
decided that it could award death sentence to
natives only.
• There was a lot of delay in trials and several
prisoners were found to be confined to jail for
too long.
14. • Though capital punishment was to be awarded by
hanging some Indians were executed or whipped to
death.
• The governor and council had the power to stay a
death sentence.
• Piracy was a capital offence and punishable with
death or banishment.
• Robbery was punished with death.
• Witchcraft was punished with fine and pillory.
15. • Forgery was to be punished with imprisonment
and banishment.
• Brahmins were not given death penalties in
observance of the Hindu sentiments ;they were
banished instead.
• A principle called ‘benefit of clergy’ under the
English Ecclesiastical Law was invoked by the
Englishmen as defence in cases of manslaughter;
the accused was branded on the hand and then
discharged.
16. Drawbacks of Judicial System-
• Justice not on any fixed legal rules
• The process of administering justice was slow
• Result was uncertain
• Presiding Authority’s notions of Justice were hardly
based on any principles of law and equity
• Mayor’s court was presided over by non-
professional persons and personal prejudices and
whims played important role
• Lack of uniformity and consistency in the decisions
17. FUTURE OF THE JUDICIARY-
• The British Parliament enacted the Act of
Settlement, 1781 .
• The Act directed the application of personal laws for
Hindus and Muslims in matters regarding
inheritance, succession, caste, marriage, adoption
and the like while English Law was applied to others
and in all other causes.
• Nandkumar’s case illustrates the anomalous
character of the impact of the application of English
law on the Indians and depicts the difficulties that
arise .