For journalists: Presentation of a chaper in the book named "Media Essentials" written by Richard Campbell, Christopher R. Martin and Bettina Fabos.

1. KWTdH
12.12.2014

2. • What does free expression really mean? ?
To what extend ? ?

3. REFERENCES:
• Media Essential (2011)
• State of the First Amendment 2014 Report
• Copy Right Law of the United States (2011)

4. Anyone should be able to express his or her views
without prohibition
• Free Speech
• Freedom of Press

5. Free
Expression
Social
Responsibility
Model
State Model
Authoritarian
Model
Libertarian
Model

6. • Started around 16th century
• Criticism of government &
Public Dissent – NOT
TOLERATED
• Expression that seemed
threating were CENSORED
• PRINTING LICENSE issued
only to Pro-Government
publishers
eg : North Korea

7. • Communist Model
• Government CONTROLS press and what it reports
eg : China, Cuba
What about Myanmar ???

8. • Press Scrutiny
Board dismantled
• Interim Press
Council
established
• Broadcast and
Publishing License
2013
MYANMAR
(after post
2010)

9. • Printers or Publishers shall not print
or publish the relevant publications
which -
(a) reveals a subject that aggrieves,
other similar national races or other
different national races and similar or
other religion.
(b) instigates for violence or
jeopardize the tranquility of
community; and prevalence of law
and order
(c) portrays obscene language,
pictures, photos and paintings.
(d) abets and instigates any criminal
case, cruelty, violence, gambling,
committing Narcotics Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances crimes.
(e) publish and print the matter that
opposes and breaks the provisions of
the constitutional law or other existing

10. • Development of Press watchdog
• Press more responsible for improving the society
• Press to be PRIVATELY owned & to operate
INDEPENDENTLY
• FOURTH ESTATE!

11. • Vigorous criticism of Government
• Supports HIGHEST degree of individual and press
freedoms

12. Print
License1600
England
stopped
licensing
news
1695
No
protection
for free
press in
constitution
1788
Bill of
rights1791 Sedition
Act1798
Sedition
Act
expired
1801

13. Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,
or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress
of grievances.
• Free expression
• Freedom of Press
• Freedom of Petition

14. • Sedition
• Libel
• Obscenity
• Violation of privacy rights
• Copyright infringement

15. Protection
• Political speech
• Religion
• Morality
• Social issues
• antiwar speech
• Symbolic expression
• Video games
Restriction
• False statement of fact
• Incitement
• Child pornography
• Hardcore Pornography
• Fighting words
• Threats
• Hate Speech

16. Article 196
Guilty of INTERNATIONALLY offending religious feelings
through public calumny of an object or a place of worship
….
Article 257
Guilty of PUBLICLY insulting a group or a particular person
because of national, ethnic, racial, or religious affiliation …

17. • Citizens and Lawmakers controlled the Movies in
early 20th centuries
• Movie industry regulates itself in the early 1930s
• Rating System
G General Audiences
PG Parental Guidance Suggested
PG-13 Parents Strongly Cautioned
R Restricted
NC 17 No one 17 and under admitted

18. No Censor but Be careful about INDECENCY
Control over Broadcast Rights
Section 315
Fair Coverage of Controversial Issues
*** Government has some extra authority to restrict
speech broadcast over radio and TV

19. • A true venue for
unlimited free speech
???
• Not regulated by
the government
• Little self-
regulating

20. Works of Authorship
• Audio-visual Works
• Sound Recording &
Musical Composition
• Written Works
• Visual Works
• Video Games, Computer
software
• Dramatic Works
Fair Use
• Works of Commentary
• Criticism
• Research
• Teaching
• News Reporting
• Parody

21. • Copyright Act 1970 - 14 years of copyright
• 1976 - the life of the author plus 50 years
• 1998 - another 20 years added