This document discusses the impact of energy saving lamps on power quality. It outlines that lighting currently accounts for 19% of global electricity usage, and 10% of household usage. Banning of incandescent lamps is expected to significantly reduce lighting's electricity consumption over the next decade. Electronic lighting can affect power losses, overloads, and total harmonic distortion. However, field tests have not found evidence of significant power quality issues from large-scale introductions of energy saving lamps. Concerns about impacts are better evaluated using direct metrics like displacement and distortion, rather than composite metrics like power factor.

1. Impact of Energy Saving Lamps on the
Power Quality of the grid
Johan Wijntjens
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting
Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011
Outline:
 Facts & trends of electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
 Impact of electronic Lighting equipment on the Power Quality (PQ) of the grid
 Quantification of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
 Measurement results of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
 Conclusions
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011 2
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2. Facts & trends
of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
Primary Energy Electricity
Lighting consumes 19% of all electricity in the world
(source: www.iea.org)
Lighting consumes 10% of all electricity in a common household
(source: cityofames.org)
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011
Facts & trends
of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
Banning of Incandescent lamps
[Approved CAN] [Approved EU27]
2012-2014 2009-2012
[Approved California &
[Approved CH]
Nevada] 2011-2013
2009-2011 [Announced TUR]
[Announced JP] 2012
[Approved USA] 2009-2012
2012-2014 [Announced TW]
2008 - 2012
[Approved CU] 2005
[Announced [Announced Phi]
KO] 2013 2010 - 2012
[Approved CO] 2011
[Announced Sri L]
2008 - 2010
[Announced Br] 2013
[Approved AUS]
2008-2010
[Approved NZ]
[Approved AR] 2011
2009-2011
Under discussion in RSA, Egypt and many other countries in APR and LATAM.
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011 4
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3. Facts & trends
of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
Banning of Incandescent lamps (EU example)
Sep. 2009 Sep. 2010 Sep. 2011 Sep. 2012 Sep. 2013 Sep. 2014 Sep. 2015 Sep. 2016
15W 15W 15W 15W
25W 25W 25W 25W
40W 40W 40W 40W
Banning of all Incandescent Lamps
60W 60W 60W 60W
75W 75W 75W 75W
Clear 100W 100W 100W 100W
Banning of all opal Incandescent Lamps
Opal
15W
25W
40W
Directives in preparation
60W
75W
Reflector 100W
Special Special Purpose Lamps
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011 5
Facts & trends
of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
(source cityofames.org & Philips Lighting market research information)
2010
Average: 10%
2015
Average: 4%
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4. Facts & trends
of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
Notes:
2010: Present situation:
• A common household has 40 lamp sockets:
• 1/3 is equipped with energy saving lamps – 2/3 is equipped with incandescent lamps
2015: Forecast:
• All sockets are equipped with energy saving lamps (same Lumen level as in 2010)
2020: Forecast:
• See 2015
• Includes increase of total electric energy consumption per household (air-conditioners, charging of
electrical cars, etc..)
• Excludes effects of decentralized energy generation (solar, wind, etc..)
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011 7
Impact
of electronic Lighting equipment on the Power Quality (PQ) of the grid
What is Power Quality?
According EN 50160:
Power frequency
Supply voltage variations
Rapid voltage variations
Single rapid voltage variations (load changes, switching, faults)
Flicker severity
Supply voltage unbalance
Harmonic voltage
Inter-harmonic voltage
Affected
Mains signaling voltages by electronic Lighting
Voltage events
Interruption of the supply voltage
equipment
Supply voltage dips / swells
Transient over-voltages
According utilities / installation owners / installers:
Losses How to Quantify the impact?
Overload of the PEN conductor
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011 8
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5. Quantification
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
The impact of individual products on the PQ of the grid is often quantified by the
Power Factor (PF) of that individual product. This is incorrect, because:
PF is a quantification of the power PF is NOT a quantification of the
flow in our electrical energy system efficiency / quality of an individual
product
• PF = 1; Optimal power flow • PF = 1; is not High efficiency / high quality
• PF = 0; Poor power flow • PF = 0; is not Poor efficiency / low quality
and is determined by:
– Grid configuration
– All loads
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011 9
Quantification
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Power Factor is a composite metric, it’s better to use the fundamental metrics
Displacement (cos 1)
Power Factor &
Distortion (individual harmonics)
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6. Quantification
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Relation between the composite Power Factor metric and it’s fundamental metrics
The THD and the displacement -- quantified by the
difference in phase (cos 1) between the first harmonic cos 1
of the mains current and the mains voltage -- are the
basis of the Power-factor . The relation between , 1 THD 2
cos 1 and THD is given by the following equations:
Note: Typical cos 1 of electronic lighting equipment 0.9 - 1
The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is quantified by
2
the injected harmonics. The relation between the
in
individual harmonics and the THD is given by the THD
equation: n 2 i1
Were in is the amplitude of the nth harmonic of the mains current
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011 11
Quantification
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Relation between the potential PQ issues and the fundamental metrics
Cause / Fundamental metrics:
Potential PQ issue:
Displacement (cos 1) Distortion:
Additional losses in the grid Yes Minor effect
380V: All harmonics
10kV: only 5th, 7th, 11th, …
Overload of the PEN conductor n.a. Yes
Only 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st, …
Distortion of the mains-voltage n.a. Yes
380V: All harmonics
10kV: only 5th, 7th, 11th, …
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7. Measurement results
Laboratory investigations / simulations Field test
Egypt, 2004: Sadek, Abbas, El-Sharkawy, and Mashaly, 2004, Impact of Using Sweden, 1997: Gothelf, N., 1997, Power Quality Effects of CFLs – A
Compact Fluorescent Lamps on Power Quality, IEEE, 0-7803-8575-6/04 Field Study, Right Light 4
New Zealand, 2006: Parsons Brinckerhoff Associates, 2006, Installation of Poland, 1997: Bredenkamp, B., 1997, Effects of CFLs on Power
Compact Fluorescent Lamps Assessment of Benefits, Commissioned by the Quality of Electricity Distribution Networks, Commission by the Efficient
Electricity Commission of New Zealand. Lighting Initiative (ELI).
Slovania, 2008: Matvoz D. and Maksic M, 2008, Impact of Compact Sweden, 2010: S.K. Rönnberg, M. Wahlberg, M.H.J. Bollen, Harmonic
Fluorescent Lamps on the Electrical Power Network, IEEE, 978-1-4244-1770- emission before and after changing to LED and CFL – Part II: Field
4/08. measurements for a hotel, Paper presented at the International
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy,
Switzerland, 2009: Durrenberger G. and Klaus G, 2009, Rebounce Effects of September 2010.
the Grid of Energy Saving Lamps, Commissioned by the Swiss Federal Energy
Agency. California, 2010: The Cadmus Group, 2010, Compact Fluorescent
Lamp Market Effects Final Report, Commissioned by the California Public
Australia, 2010: Elphick, S. and Smith, V., February/March 2010, Results of Utilities Commission.
Laboratory Tests and Analysis to Quantify the Electrical Behaviour of the Modern KEMA, Inc, 2010, Final Evaluation Report: Upstream Lighting Program,
CFL, Transmission and Distribution Magazine. Commissioned by the California Public Utilities Commission.
Sweden, 2010: S. K Rönnberg, M.H.J. Bollen, M Wahlberg, Harmonic
emission before and after changing to LED and CFL – Part I: laboratory
measurements for a domestic customer. Paper presented at the International
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy, Conclusion:
September 2010.
E.O.A. Larsson, M.H.J. Bollen, Measurement result from 1 to 48 fluorescent
lamps in the frequency range 2 to 150 kHz, Paper presented at the International
Field tests have failed to find
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy,
September 2010.
evidence of the types of
Colombia, 2010: A. M Blanco, E.E Parra, Effects of High Penetration of CFLs
harmonic issues that many of
and LEDs on the Distribution Networks, Paper presented at the International
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy, the simulation studies had
September 2010.
predicted.
Iran, 2010: A.H. Jahanikia, M. Abbaspour, Studying the Effects if Using
Compact Fluorescent Lamps in Power Systems, Paper presented at the
International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Source: E. Page, M. Ton, Power Factor: Policy Implications for the
Italy, September 2010. scale-up of CFL programs, USAID ASIA, December 2010.
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011 13
Measurement results
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Field tests by Luleå University in Sweden show
HOME HOTEL
Mixed load scenario’s: Mixed load scenario’s:
(6 appliances + 32 lamps) (76 rooms; multiple appliances + 560 lamps)
– Before: incandescent lamps (PF=1) – Before: incandescent lamps (PF=1)
– After: energy saving lamps (PF=0.6) – After: energy saving lamps (PF=0.6)
Result: Result:
– Before: PF total home = 0.92 – Before: PF total hotel = 0.95
– After: PF total home = 0.91 – After: PF total hotel = 0.93
Source: S.K. Rönnberg, M.H.J. Bollen, M. Wahlberg, Harmonic emission Source: S.K. Rönnberg, M. Wahlberg, M.H.J. Bollen, Harmonic
before and after changing to LED and CFL - Part I: laboratory emission from a hotel before and after changing to CFL and diode
measurements for a domestic customer, ICHQP 2010, Bergamo, lamps, ICHQP 2010, Bergamo, September 2010.
September 2010.
Practical “Small-village” test upcoming in Q1, 2011
a negligible effect of energy saving lamps on the PQ of the grid
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8. Measurement results
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Field tests by KEMA & Tennet in the Dutch LV, MV and HV grid show:
Source: www.netbeheernederland.nl
A significant decreasing THDv trend over the period 1998 - 2009
Notes:
• Dutch grid has mainly subterranean LV & MV cables (High R/X)
• Situation can be different in grids with mainly overhead LV & MV lines (Low R/X)
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Conclusions
Significant reduction of the electrical usage of Lighting equipment during the
next 10 years (10%  4%  2%)
Electronic lighting equipment can affect the following PQ related topics
 Additional losses in the grid
 Potential overload of the PEN conductor
 Increase of THDv
The effect of individual products on the PQ of the grid should be quantified
by:
 An adequate impact analysis at the “point of connection”
 Primary metrics “displacement” and “distortion”
 So, not the Power Factor
Mass introduction programs of electronic lighting equipment and field studies
didn’t show significant PQ issues.
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