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‫االولي‬ ‫المحاضرة‬ 1
” ْ ‫وا‬ُ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬ َْ‫َك‬‫ن‬‫ا‬َ‫ح‬‫ب‬ُ‫س‬ ْ َ‫ل‬ ْ ‫ل‬ِ‫ع‬ ْ َ‫م‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬َ‫ل‬ ْ ‫ا‬‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬ ‫ا‬َ‫م‬ ْ ‫ا‬‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ ‫َا‬‫ن‬َ‫ت‬‫م‬ َْ‫ك‬‫ا‬‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬ َْ‫نت‬َ‫أ‬ ْ ُ‫م‬‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬‫ال‬ ْ ُ‫م‬‫ي‬ِ‫ك‬َ‫ح‬‫ال‬ “ ] ‫البقرة‬ ‫سورة‬ – ‫اآلية‬ 32 [ 2
* ( ‫م‬ 1 ) - ‫الزراعية‬ ‫الناحية‬ ‫من‬ ‫اهميته‬ ، ‫االخري‬ ‫بالعلوم‬ ‫عالقته‬ ، ‫الحيوان‬ ‫علم‬ ‫في‬ ‫مقدمة‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 2 ) - ‫ممالك‬ ‫التسمية‬ ، ‫الحيوانية‬ ‫المملكة‬ ‫وتطور‬ ‫وتقسيم‬ ‫تصنيف‬ ‫اسس‬ ، ‫الحياة‬ ‫العلمية‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 3 ) - ‫المخ‬ ‫تصنيفاتها‬ ‫واسس‬ ، ‫الفرادها‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ، ‫االوليات‬ ‫قبيلة‬ ‫او‬ ‫شعبة‬ ‫تلفة‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 4 ) - ‫الزر‬ ‫بالناحية‬ ‫والمرتبطة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫التابعه‬ ‫واالنواع‬ ‫االجناس‬ ‫اهم‬ ، ‫االوليات‬ ‫تقسيم‬ ‫اعية‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 5 ) - ‫المفلطحات‬ ‫شعبة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ، ‫الزراعي‬ ‫واهميتها‬ ‫لها‬ ‫التابعه‬ ‫االنواع‬ ‫واهم‬ ، ‫العامة‬ ‫ة‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 6 ) - ‫الرخويات‬ ‫شعبة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ، ، ‫العامة‬ ‫التابعه‬ ‫االنواع‬ ‫واهم‬ ‫الزراعية‬ ‫واهميتها‬ ‫لها‬ . 3
* ( ‫م‬ 7 ) - ‫المختلفة‬ ‫تصنيفاتها‬ ‫واسس‬ ، ‫العامة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ، ‫الخيطيات‬ ‫قبيلة‬ ‫او‬ ‫شعبة‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 8 ) - ‫الز‬ ‫بالناحية‬ ‫والمرتبطة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫التابعه‬ ‫واالنواع‬ ‫االجناس‬ ‫اهم‬ ، ‫الخيطيات‬ ‫تقسيم‬ ‫راعية‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 9 ) - ‫الحلقيات‬ ‫شعبة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ، ‫الزراعية‬ ‫واهميتها‬ ‫لها‬ ‫التابعه‬ ‫االنواع‬ ‫واهم‬ ، ‫العامة‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 10 ) - ‫المفصليات‬ ‫شعبة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ، ، ‫العامة‬ ‫التابعه‬ ‫االنواع‬ ‫واهم‬ ‫الزرا‬ ‫واهميتها‬ ‫لها‬ ‫عية‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 11 ) - ‫شعبة‬ ‫الحبليات‬ ‫واسس‬ ، ‫الفرادها‬ ‫العامه‬ ‫الصفات‬ ، ‫المختلفة‬ ‫تصنيفاتها‬ . * ( ‫م‬ 12 ) - ‫تقسيم‬ ‫الحبليات‬ ‫ال‬ ‫بالناحية‬ ‫والمرتبطة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫التابعه‬ ‫واالنواع‬ ‫االجناس‬ ‫اهم‬ ، ‫زراعية‬ . 4
‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ZOOLOGY Zoon = Animal + Logos = Science ْ‫تتكونْكلمة‬ Zoology ‫منْمقطعينْاألولْمنهما‬ Zoon ‫ويعنى‬ ‫حيوان‬ ْ‫ْوالمقطعْالثاني‬، logos ْ‫ويعنى‬ ‫علم‬ . ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫هو‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫يدرس‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫الحقائق‬ ‫والنظريات‬ ‫واألبحاث‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تتعلق‬ ‫بالحيوانات‬ ‫المخ‬ ‫تلفة‬ . ‫ويعتبر‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫شقي‬ ‫علم‬ ‫األحياء‬ Biology ‫وهذه‬ ‫الكلمة‬ ‫الالتينية‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مقطعين‬ ‫هما‬ Bios ‫ومعناها‬ ‫حياة‬ Life ‫و‬ Logos ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫عناها‬ ‫علم‬ Science . ‫و‬ ‫يختص‬ ‫علم‬ ‫األحياء‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫شاملة‬ ‫من‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫وجوهها‬ ‫ونواحيها‬ ‫أما‬ ‫الشق‬ ‫اآلخر‬ ‫من‬ ‫هذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫فهو‬ ‫علم‬ ‫النبات‬ Botany ‫وكلمة‬ Botane ‫معناها‬ ‫عشب‬ ‫أو‬ ‫نبات‬ Herbs . 5
ْ‫حديثا‬ ْ‫قسمتْالكائناتْالحيةْإلىْخمسةْممالك‬ ( ‫عوالم‬ ) ْ‫تسمى‬ ْ‫ممالك‬ ْ‫الحياة‬ Kingdoms of life 1 - ‫مملكة‬ ‫المونيرا‬ Kingdom : Monera ‫وتتميز‬ ‫بأنها‬ ‫وحيدة‬ ‫الخلية‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫نواة‬ ‫أولية‬ ( ‫بدائية‬ ) Prokaryotic ‫غير‬ ‫محاطة‬ ‫بغشاء‬ ‫نووى‬ ‫كذلك‬ ‫يغيب‬ ‫الغشاء‬ ‫حول‬ ‫العضيات‬ ‫وتغيب‬ ‫الميتوكوندريا‬ ‫والبالستيدات‬ ‫ويتبعها‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ Bacteria ‫والطحالب‬ ‫الخضراء‬ ‫المزرقة‬ .Blue – green algae 2 - ‫مملكة‬ ‫الطالئعيات‬ Kingdom : Protista ‫وهى‬ ‫وحيدة‬ ‫الخلية‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫والنواة‬ ‫حقيقية‬ Eukaryotic ‫محاطة‬ ‫بالغشاء‬ ‫النووى‬ ‫وعضيات‬ ‫الخلية‬ ‫جميعها‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫ويتبعها‬ ‫األوليات‬ Protozoa ‫والطحالب‬ ‫وحيدة‬ ‫الخلية‬ . 3 - ‫قسمت‬ ‫عديدات‬ ‫الخاليا‬ ‫على‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫تغذيتها‬ ‫الى‬ ‫مملكة‬ ‫الفطريات‬ Kingdom : Fungi ‫وهى‬ ‫عديدة‬ ‫الخاليا‬ ‫تتغذى‬ ‫بالمتصاص‬ ( ‫تغذية‬ ‫رمية‬ ) ‫ولها‬ ‫نواة‬ ‫حقيقية‬ ‫وتغيب‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫البالستيدات‬ ‫الخضراء‬ . 4 - ‫مملكة‬ ‫النبات‬ Kingdom : Plantae ‫أو‬ ‫الميتافيتا‬ Metaphyta ‫وهى‬ ‫عديدة‬ ‫الخاليا‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫جدر‬ ‫ونواة‬ ‫حقيقية‬ ‫وعضيات‬ ‫للخلية‬ ‫وتحتوى‬ ‫على‬ ‫البالستيدات‬ ‫الخضراء‬ ‫وتتغذى‬ ‫تغذية‬ ‫نباتية‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫تقوم‬ ‫بعملي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫التمثيل‬ ‫الضوئى‬ . 5 - ‫المملكة‬ ‫الحيوانية‬ Kingdom : Animalia ‫أو‬ ‫الميتازووا‬ Metazoa ‫وهى‬ ‫عديدات‬ ‫الخاليا‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫نواة‬ ‫حقيقية‬ ‫عضيات‬ ‫الخلية‬ ‫موجودة‬ ، ‫تغيب‬ ‫البالستيدات‬ ‫الخضراء‬ ، ‫تتغذى‬ ‫تغذية‬ ‫حيوانية‬ ‫بابتالع‬ ‫مواد‬ ‫عض‬ ‫وية‬ ‫تهضم‬ ‫داخلها‬ ‫وتشمل‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫الفقارية‬ ‫والالفقارية‬ ( ‫ما‬ ‫عدا‬ ‫األوليات‬ ) . 6
ْ‫أهميةْدراسةْعلمْالحيوانْمن‬ ‫الوجهةْالزراعية‬ - ‫لو‬ ‫تأملنا‬ ‫بنظرة‬ ‫دقيقة‬ ‫فاحصة‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫المشاكل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫واجهت‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫في‬ ‫الربع‬ ‫األخير‬ ‫من‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫الم‬ ‫اضي‬ ‫نجدها‬ ‫تنحصر‬ ‫فى‬ ‫تلوث‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫ونقص‬ ‫الغذاء‬ ‫والطاقة‬ ‫وهى‬ ‫مشاكل‬ ‫بيولوجية‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫حلها‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التصدي‬ ‫لها‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫الكافية‬ ‫والدراسات‬ ‫المستفيضة‬ ‫في‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ، ‫فعلى‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫ل‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫أسباب‬ ‫أزمة‬ ‫الغ‬ ‫ذاء‬ ‫ووضع‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫لحلها‬ ‫بدون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫دراية‬ ‫كاملة‬ ‫باألنواع‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الغذاء‬ ‫ولماذا‬ ‫نحتاج‬ ‫إليها‬ ‫ودورها‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ، ‫وهذا‬ ‫يشكل‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫فروع‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫وهو‬ ‫علم‬ ‫وظائف‬ ‫األعضاء‬ Physiology ‫كذلك‬ ‫لعلم‬ ‫البيئة‬ Ecology ‫دور‬ ‫هام‬ ‫في‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫القواعد‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تتحكم‬ ‫في‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫وصيانة‬ ‫وضعف‬ ‫التجمعات‬ ‫الحيوانية‬ . - ‫كما‬ ‫تعتبر‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫وخاصة‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫على‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫من‬ ‫األهمية‬ – ‫ذلك‬ ‫ألن‬ ‫المملك‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الحيوانية‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫حجما‬ ‫وأكثر‬ ‫تتطورا‬ ‫من‬ ‫المملكة‬ ‫النباتية‬ – ‫حيث‬ ‫تجعل‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫قادرا‬ ‫على‬ ‫فهم‬ ‫الظواه‬ ‫ر‬ ‫الحيوية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تدور‬ ‫في‬ ‫محيطه‬ ‫والتي‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫في‬ ‫داخله‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫وصدق‬ ‫قول‬ ‫الحق‬ ‫جل‬ ‫وعال‬ " ‫وفى‬ ‫أنفسكم‬ ‫أفال‬ ‫تب‬ ‫صرون‬ " ‫ولو‬ ‫نظرنا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫اإلكتشافات‬ ‫التطبيقية‬ ‫نجد‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫جاءت‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫لتأمالت‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫في‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫المخلوقات‬ . - ‫ومن‬ ‫جهة‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫تعتبر‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫األساس‬ ‫والقاعدة‬ ‫لدراسة‬ ‫علوم‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫البشرى‬ ‫والبيطرى‬ ‫على‬ ‫السواء‬ ، ‫أما‬ ‫من‬ ‫الناحية‬ ‫الزراعية‬ ‫فان‬ ‫لدراسة‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫قصوى‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫يتعلق‬ ‫بالنواحى‬ ‫التالي‬ ‫ة‬ : 7
1 - ‫اإلنتاج‬ ‫الحيواني‬ Animal production : ‫تعتبر‬ ‫المنتجات‬ ‫الحيوانية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يستخدمها‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫في‬ ‫غذائ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫كاللحوم‬ ‫بأنواعها‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫واأللبان‬ ‫بمشتقاتها‬ ‫المتعددة‬ ‫والبيض‬ ‫وعسل‬ ‫النحل‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ، ‫أو‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يس‬ ‫تخدمها‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫في‬ ‫الملبس‬ ‫كالصوف‬ ‫والحرير‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫قصوى‬ ‫في‬ ‫حياتنا‬ ‫ول‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫العيش‬ ‫دون‬ ‫العتماد‬ ‫على‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ال‬ ‫منتجات‬ ‫ولضمان‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أقصى‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫منها‬ ‫كان‬ ‫من‬ ‫الضروري‬ ‫التعمق‬ ‫في‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫من‬ ‫الناحية‬ ‫الفسيولوجية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الوراثية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫البيئية‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫نواحي‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ‫ومتعددة‬ . 2 - ‫خصوبة‬ ‫التربة‬ Soil fertility : ‫تحتوى‬ ‫التربة‬ ‫على‬ ‫أعداد‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫تعرف‬ ‫بحيوانات‬ ‫الترب‬ ‫ة‬ Soil fauna ‫بعضها‬ ‫دقيق‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫ليمكن‬ ‫رؤيته‬ ‫بالعين‬ ‫المجردة‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫األوليات‬ ‫والنيماتودا‬ ‫وبعضها‬ ‫ك‬ ‫بير‬ ‫الحجم‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫ديدان‬ ‫األرض‬ ‫والحشرات‬ ‫والقواقع‬ ‫الرضية‬ ‫وغيرها‬ ، ‫ونشاط‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫له‬ ‫عالقة‬ ‫وثيقة‬ ‫بخصو‬ ‫بة‬ ‫التربة‬ ، ‫فهناك‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫األنواع‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تتغذى‬ ‫على‬ ‫البكتيريا‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تثبت‬ ‫األزوت‬ ‫الجوى‬ ‫وأنواع‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫تغير‬ ‫من‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫الطبيعية‬ ‫للتربة‬ ، ‫وعموما‬ ‫فان‬ ‫التعمق‬ ‫في‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫يوضح‬ ‫الدور‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫تلعبه‬ ‫في‬ ‫التأث‬ ‫ير‬ ‫على‬ ‫خصوبة‬ ‫التربة‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫ان‬ ‫عمليات‬ ‫التحليل‬ ‫البيولوجي‬ ‫للتربة‬ ‫ل‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫عن‬ ‫التحليل‬ ‫الطبيعي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الكيم‬ ‫اوي‬ . 3 - ‫اآلفات‬ ‫الزراعية‬ Agricultural Pests : ‫تسبب‬ ‫اآلفات‬ ‫الزراعية‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫المشاكل‬ ‫فمنها‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يتطفل‬ ‫على‬ ‫حيوانات‬ ‫المزرعة‬ ‫فتقلل‬ ‫من‬ ‫إنتاجها‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫من‬ ‫اللحم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اللبن‬ ‫أو‬ ‫البيض‬ ، ‫ومنها‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يتغذى‬ ‫على‬ ‫المحاصي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الزراعية‬ ‫محدثا‬ ‫بها‬ ‫خسائر‬ ‫اقتصادية‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫واألمثلة‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ‫ومتعددة‬ ، ‫فالحشرات‬ ‫واألكاروسات‬ ‫والنيماتودا‬ ‫و‬ ‫القواقع‬ ‫والطيور‬ ‫والقوارض‬ ‫تقلل‬ ‫جميعها‬ ‫من‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫المحاصيل‬ ‫الزراعية‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ، ‫ولمكافحة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫اآلفات‬ ‫وتجنب‬ ‫خسائ‬ ‫رها‬ ‫والحد‬ ‫من‬ ‫خطورتها‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫اإللمام‬ ‫بكثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫اآلفات‬ ‫والتعمق‬ ‫فى‬ ‫دراستها‬ ‫وهذا‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يختص‬ ‫به‬ ‫ع‬ ‫لم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫الزراعي‬ . 8
ْ‫عالقةْعلمْالحيوانْالزراعيْبالعلوم‬ ‫األخرى‬ ‫تتصل‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫ببعضها‬ ‫اتصال‬ ‫وثيقا‬ ‫ويتصل‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫بغيره‬ ‫من‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫األخرى‬ ‫فنجد‬ : 1 - ‫تساعد‬ ‫علوم‬ ‫الكيمياء‬ ‫والطبيعة‬ ‫في‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫كثير‬ ‫من‬ ‫الظواهر‬ ‫الطبيعية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫في‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لحيوان‬ ، ‫فمثال‬ ‫التغذية‬ ‫والهضم‬ ‫واإلمتصاص‬ ... ‫الخ‬ ، ‫أمكن‬ ‫تفسيرها‬ ‫بفضل‬ ‫التقدم‬ ‫في‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الكيمياء‬ ‫الحيوية‬ Biochemistry ‫الذي‬ ‫يختص‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫الحيوية‬ ‫والتركيب‬ ‫الكيميائي‬ ‫للكائن‬ ‫الحي‬ . 2 - ‫كما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫علم‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫األرض‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الجيولوجيا‬ Geology ‫تساعد‬ ‫في‬ ‫التعرف‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحفريات‬ Fossils ‫وبالتالي‬ ‫أمكن‬ ‫تفسير‬ ‫نظريات‬ ‫التطور‬ ‫العضوى‬ Organic evolution . 3 - ‫يعتبر‬ ‫علم‬ ‫النبات‬ Botany ‫ذو‬ ‫صلة‬ ‫وثيقة‬ ‫بعلم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫فكالهما‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫علم‬ ‫األحياء‬ ‫وهناك‬ ‫تصورا‬ ‫من‬ ‫الك‬ ‫ائنات‬ ‫الحية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تجمع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫صفات‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫والنبات‬ ، ‫كما‬ ‫أن‬ ‫النبات‬ ‫هو‬ ‫قوام‬ ‫حياة‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫بطريقة‬ ‫مباشر‬ ‫ة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫غير‬ ‫مباشرة‬ . 9
ْ‫فروعْعلمْالحيوان‬ Branches of Zoology ‫ينقسم‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫فروع‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ‫ومتعددة‬ ‫تتصل‬ ‫ببعضها‬ ‫اتصال‬ ‫وثيقا‬ ‫ويمكن‬ ‫تقسيم‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحي‬ ‫وان‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫فروعه‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫على‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫الدراسة‬ ‫كما‬ ‫يلي‬ : ‫أول‬ : ‫على‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫كفرد‬ : 1 - ‫علم‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫وتركيب‬ ‫الحيوان‬ Morphology : ‫وهو‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫يختص‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫الشكل‬ ‫الخارجي‬ External Morphology ‫وتركيب‬ ‫األجهزة‬ ‫الداخلية‬ Internal anatomy . 2 - ‫علم‬ ‫األنسجة‬ Histology : ‫وهو‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫يشمل‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫تركيب‬ ‫األنسجة‬ ‫الحيوانية‬ ‫مجهريا‬ ، ‫ويطلق‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫أيض‬ ‫ا‬ ‫علم‬ ‫التشريح‬ ‫الدقيق‬ ‫أو‬ ‫علم‬ ‫التشريح‬ ‫المجهرى‬ Microscopic anatomy . 3 - ‫علم‬ ‫الخلية‬ Cytology : ‫ويشمل‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫تركيب‬ ‫ووظائف‬ ‫وكافة‬ ‫مكونات‬ ‫الخاليا‬ . 4 - ‫علم‬ ‫وظائف‬ ‫األعضاء‬ Physiology : ‫ويختص‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫وظائف‬ ‫األعضاء‬ ‫واألجهزة‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجسم‬ . 5 - ‫علم‬ ‫األجنة‬ Embryology : ‫ويختص‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫نمو‬ ‫وتطور‬ ‫الجنين‬ ‫ابتداء‬ ‫من‬ ‫البويضة‬ ‫المخصبة‬ ( ‫الزيجوت‬ ) . 6 - ‫علم‬ ‫الطفيليات‬ Parasitology : ‫ويشمل‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تعيش‬ ‫متطفلة‬ ‫على‬ ‫حيوانات‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫كان‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫التطفل‬ ‫داخليا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫خارجيا‬ ‫وغير‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫األخرى‬ . 10
‫ثانيا‬ : ‫على‬ ‫أساس‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجموعات‬ : 1 - ‫علم‬ ‫التقسيم‬ : Taxonomy ‫وهو‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫يختص‬ ‫بترتيب‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫في‬ ‫مجموعات‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫يسهل‬ ‫دراست‬ ‫ها‬ ، ‫وإيجاد‬ ‫العالقة‬ ‫بينها‬ . 2 - ‫علم‬ ‫البيئة‬ : Ecology ‫وهو‬ ‫عبارة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫العالقة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫والوسط‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫تعيش‬ ‫فيه‬ . 3 - ‫علم‬ ‫التوزيع‬ ‫الجغرافى‬ : Zoogeography ‫ويشمل‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫توزيع‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫في‬ ‫األماكن‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫والبيئ‬ ‫ات‬ ‫المتباينة‬ . 4 - ‫علم‬ ‫الحفريات‬ : Paleontology ‫ويختص‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫من‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫توزيعها‬ ‫في‬ ‫األحقاب‬ ‫المختلفة‬ . 5 - ‫علم‬ ‫التطور‬ : Evolution ‫ويختص‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫أصل‬ ‫األنواع‬ ‫وتطورها‬ ‫ودرجة‬ ‫القرابة‬ ‫بينها‬ . 6 - ‫علم‬ ‫الوراثة‬ : Genetics ‫ويشمل‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫الوراثية‬ ‫من‬ ‫اآلباء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫األبناء‬ ‫وغير‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫ال‬ ‫علوم‬ ‫األخرى‬ . 11
‫ونظرا‬ ‫لكبر‬ ‫المملكة‬ ‫الحيوانية‬ ‫وتعدد‬ ‫أنواعها‬ ‫وزيادتها‬ ‫المستمرة‬ ، ‫ووجود‬ ‫اختالفات‬ ‫واضحة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المجم‬ ‫وعات‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ، ‫فانه‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫تقسيم‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الحيوان‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫فروع‬ ‫يختص‬ ‫كل‬ ‫منها‬ ‫بدراسة‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫معينة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحي‬ ‫وانات‬ ‫مثل‬ : ‫علم‬ ‫األوليات‬ Protozoology - ‫وعلم‬ ‫الديدان‬ Helminthology - ‫وعلم‬ ‫النيماتودا‬ Nematology ‫وعلم‬ ‫الرخويات‬ Malacology - ‫وعلم‬ ‫الحشرات‬ Entomology - ‫وعلم‬ ‫األكاروس‬ Acarology ‫وعلم‬ ‫الثدييات‬ Mammology - ‫وغيرها‬ ‫من‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫األخرى‬ . ‫ويتفرع‬ ‫كل‬ ‫علم‬ ‫من‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫بدورة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫فروع‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ، ‫فعلم‬ ‫الحشرات‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫يندرج‬ ‫تحته‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫منها‬ : ‫علم‬ ‫الشكل‬ ‫الخارجي‬ ‫والتركيب‬ ‫الداخلي‬ Insect Morphology ‫وعلم‬ ‫وظائف‬ ‫أعضاء‬ ‫الحشرات‬ Insect Physiology ‫وعلم‬ ‫بيئة‬ ‫الحشرات‬ Insect Ecology ‫وغير‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫العلوم‬ ‫األخرى‬ . ‫وسوف‬ ‫نتناول‬ ‫في‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫الفصل‬ ‫الدراسي‬ ‫تقسيم‬ ‫أو‬ ‫تصنيف‬ ‫المملكة‬ ‫الحيوانية‬ Taxonomy of Animal Kingdom ‫مع‬ ‫التعمق‬ ‫في‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫الحيوانات‬ ‫التي‬ ‫لها‬ ‫عالقة‬ ‫وثيقة‬ ‫باإلنتاج‬ ‫الزراعي‬ ‫من‬ ‫نواحي‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ‫ومتعددة‬ . ،،، ‫القادمة‬ ‫المحاضرة‬ ‫تعالي‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بمشيئة‬ ‫ونكمل‬ 12
( ْ ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫ا‬ َ‫و‬‫ع‬َ‫د‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ َْ‫َك‬‫ن‬‫ا‬َ‫ح‬‫ب‬ُ‫س‬ ْ ‫ا‬‫الل‬ ْ ‫ا‬‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ ْ ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ِ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬ َ‫و‬ ْ ِ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬َ‫ه‬‫ي‬ ْ ‫م‬َ‫ال‬َ‫س‬ ُْ‫ر‬ ِ‫آخ‬ َ‫و‬ ْ ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬‫ا‬ َ‫و‬‫ع‬َ‫د‬ ِْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ ْ ُ‫د‬‫م‬َ‫ح‬‫ال‬ ْ ِ ّ ِ ‫ِل‬ ْ ِّ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬ َْ‫ين‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ع‬‫ال‬ ) ] ‫سورة‬ ‫يونس‬ – ‫اآلية‬ 10 [ ‫صدق‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫العظيم‬ 13
14

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Lecturer No.1.pptx