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Lecture 8.pdf

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MarwaMoussaELShreef

•الطبيعة الصامتة هي كل ما نشاهده حولنا من الاشياء الجامدة من اواني وفواكه وخضروات وتحف فنية ومجسمات جمالية وخلاف ذلك من الاشياء. • يمكن رسم الطبيعة الصامتة باستخدام كل الخامات المتوفرة لدينا ومنها/ اقلام الرصاص – اقلام الحبر الشيني – الالوان المائية – الالوان الزيتية – البويات المتنوعة – وغيرها

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‫المحاضرة‬ ‫الثامنة‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫مبادئ‬ " ‫السكن‬ ‫المباني‬ ‫مواقع‬ ‫ية‬ " ‫د‬ . ‫الشريف‬ ‫موسى‬ ‫مروة‬ ‫العمارة‬ ‫بقسم‬ ‫مدرس‬ – ‫للهندسة‬ ‫العالي‬ ‫المعهد‬ ‫الطيران‬ ‫وتكنولوجيا‬ ‫عمارة‬ ‫نظريات‬ ( 1 )
‫ال‬‫و‬‫ا‬ - ‫ع‬ ‫التنو‬ ‫التعقيد‬‫و‬ : ‫إن‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫ع‬ ‫تتنو‬ ‫من‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫المساحة‬ ‫الشكل‬‫و‬ ‫ونوعية‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫الملكية‬‫و‬ ‫الموقع‬‫و‬ ،‫ها‬ ‫وغير‬ ‫وهذا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ع‬ ‫لتنو‬ ‫ن‬‫يكو‬ ‫ناتجا‬ ‫من‬ ‫الخصائص‬ ‫المختلفة‬ ‫لشاغلي‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫اجتماعيا‬ ‫اقتصاديا‬‫و‬ ‫فضال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫امل‬‫و‬‫الع‬ ‫اف‬ ‫ر‬‫الطبوغ‬ ‫ية‬ ‫المناخية‬‫و‬ ‫التكنولوجية‬‫و‬ . ‫ثانيا‬ – ‫الثبوتية‬ ( ‫عدم‬ ‫قابلية‬ ‫النقل‬ ) : ‫اذ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫كيان‬ ‫مادي‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫غير‬ ‫قابل‬ ‫للنقل‬ ‫من‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫الى‬ ‫اخر‬ ‫كباقي‬ ‫السلع‬ ،‫االقتصادية‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الخاصية‬ ‫في‬ ‫ميكانيكية‬ ‫ن‬‫از‬‫و‬‫الت‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العرض‬ ‫الطلب‬‫و‬ . ‫ثالثا‬ – ‫الديمومة‬ : ‫ن‬‫يكو‬ ‫المسكن‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫ديمومة‬ ‫من‬ ‫باقي‬ ،‫السلع‬ ‫وهذه‬ ‫الخ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫صية‬ ‫تعطي‬ ‫للوحدة‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫صفتين‬ ‫اساسيت‬ ،‫ين‬ ‫فهي‬ ‫فضال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫كونها‬ ‫تقدم‬ ‫خدمة‬ ‫لشاغليها‬ ( ‫سلعة‬ ‫استهالكية‬ ) ‫فهي‬ ‫سلعة‬ ‫أسمالية‬ ‫ر‬ ( ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫استثما‬ ) ، ‫لكونها‬ ‫تبقى‬ ‫مح‬ ‫افظة‬ ‫على‬ ‫قيمتها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫قد‬ ‫تزداد‬ ‫مع‬ ،‫الزمن‬ ‫وهذه‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫المزدوجة‬ ‫للوحدة‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫لها‬ ‫أثر‬ ‫مباشر‬ ‫في‬ ‫ميكانيكية‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫ق‬‫السو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إلسكاني‬ . ‫ابعا‬ ‫ر‬ – ‫الكلف‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ : ‫كلما‬ ‫ادت‬ ‫ز‬ ‫اعداد‬ ‫المكونات‬ ‫ئية‬‫ز‬‫الج‬ ‫للبيت‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫يسكن‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫االنسان‬ ‫وفقا‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫المستويات‬ ‫المعي‬ ‫شية‬ ‫له‬ ‫ازداد‬ ‫المصروف‬ ‫االسكاني‬ ‫تبعا‬ ‫لذلك‬ ، ‫اي‬ ‫ان‬ ‫اشباع‬ ‫الحاجات‬ ‫البيولوجية‬ ‫النفسية‬‫و‬ ‫االجتماعية‬‫و‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تطر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ر‬‫التغي‬ ‫اليومية‬ ‫عان‬ ‫سر‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تدفع‬ ‫باإلنفاق‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫يتعلق‬ ‫بالبناء‬ ‫قدما‬ ‫الى‬ ‫االمام‬ ، ‫وهكذا‬ ‫تبدو‬ ‫لنا‬ ‫اولى‬ ‫الخصائ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تبط‬‫ر‬‫ت‬ ‫بهذا‬ ‫المؤشر‬ ‫المالي‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تتمثل‬ ‫في‬ ‫ان‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫التكلفة‬ ‫يتوقف‬ ‫على‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫السكن‬ ‫ونوعه‬ . ‫الوحدة‬ ‫خصائص‬ ‫السكنية‬
‫ان‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ر‬‫لالعتبا‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫اهمية‬ ‫ة‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجانب‬ ‫االقتصادي‬ ‫للوحدات‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫االداء‬‫و‬ ‫الوظيفي‬ ‫اال‬ ‫فضل‬ ‫لها‬ ‫مما‬ ‫ينعكس‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫ايجابي‬ ‫او‬ ‫سلبي‬ ‫على‬ ‫الساكنين‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫ايجابية‬ ‫التصميم‬ ،‫وسلبيته‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ر‬‫االعتبا‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫ينبغي‬ ‫ان‬ ‫تؤخذ‬ ‫بالحسبان‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يأتي‬ :  ‫الشكل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫المعمار‬ : ‫ان‬ ‫للشكل‬ ‫ي‬ ‫المعمار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫تأثي‬ ‫على‬ ‫الكلفة‬ ‫ألنه‬ ‫يؤثر‬ ‫في‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫اد‬‫و‬‫الم‬ ‫االنشائية‬ ‫ال‬ ‫مستخدمة‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫على‬ ‫طبيعة‬ ‫التصميم‬ ‫ومدى‬ ‫تعقيده‬ ‫فكلما‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫االشكال‬ ‫بسيطة‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫اد‬‫و‬‫الم‬ ‫اقل‬ .  ‫المساحة‬ : ‫إن‬ ‫كلفة‬ ‫المسكن‬ ‫تتناسب‬ ‫طرديا‬ ‫مع‬ ‫مساحته‬ ‫مع‬ ‫العلم‬ ‫انه‬ ‫كلما‬ ‫ازدادت‬ ‫المساحة‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫كلف‬ ‫ة‬ ‫المتر‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬‫الم‬ ‫احد‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ،‫البناء‬ ‫اذ‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫ال‬‫و‬‫اط‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ر‬‫الجد‬ ‫الخارجية‬ ‫الحاملة‬ ‫المكلفة‬‫و‬ ‫الى‬ ‫المساحة‬ ‫للفضاء‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫تحدده‬ .  ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫المبنى‬ : ‫ان‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫المبنى‬ ‫أثر‬ ‫على‬ ‫الكلفة‬ ‫فكلما‬ ‫اد‬ ‫ز‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫المبنى‬ ( ‫عدد‬ ‫ابقه‬‫و‬‫ط‬ ) ‫كل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫قلت‬ ‫كلفة‬ ‫المتر‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬‫الم‬ ‫لألرض‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫للوحدة‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫احدة‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫المباني‬ ‫المتعددة‬ ‫ابق‬‫و‬‫الط‬ ‫اال‬ ‫انه‬ ‫سيسهم‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الوقت‬ ‫نفسه‬ ‫في‬ ‫تفاع‬‫ر‬‫ا‬ ‫تكلفة‬ ‫المتر‬ ‫بع‬‫ر‬‫الم‬ ‫احد‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫البناء‬ .  ‫التصميم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫المعمار‬ ‫البيئي‬ : ‫لقد‬ ‫استطاع‬ ‫االنسان‬ ‫بفعل‬ ‫التقدم‬ ‫العلمي‬ ‫التكنولوجي‬‫و‬ ‫ان‬ ‫يتحكم‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ئيا‬‫ز‬ ‫في‬ ‫تكييف‬ ‫بيئته‬ ‫الداخلية‬ ‫فالتصميم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫المعمار‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫اعي‬ ‫ر‬‫ي‬ ‫المتطلبات‬ ‫المناخية‬ ‫يسهم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫كثي‬ ‫في‬ ‫توفير‬ ‫الطاقة‬ . ‫ا‬ ‫للتكلفة‬ ‫التصميمية‬ ‫اإلعتبارات‬ ‫لسكنية‬
‫الموقعية‬ ‫الخصائص‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫للوحدة‬ ‫يحدد‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫الوحدة‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫خاصية‬ ‫سهولة‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫ونوعية‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫المتعددة‬ ‫الممكن‬ ‫الحصول‬ ،‫عليها‬ ‫و‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫الخصائص‬ ‫هي‬ : .1 ‫سهولة‬ ‫الوصول‬ : ‫اقع‬‫و‬‫فالم‬ ‫تختلف‬ ‫في‬ ‫ها‬ ‫محاور‬ ‫للوصول‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫اقع‬‫و‬‫م‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫ق‬‫التسو‬‫و‬ ‫االهتمامات‬‫و‬ ‫ى‬ ‫األخر‬ . .2 ‫الخدمات‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫المحلية‬ : ‫فمدن‬ ‫اصم‬‫و‬‫الع‬ ‫تمتلك‬ ‫عددا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬‫كبي‬ ‫من‬ ‫المؤسسات‬ ،‫المحلية‬ ‫التي‬ ‫يقدم‬ ‫كل‬ ‫منها‬ ‫تشكيلة‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الخ‬ ‫دمات‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫كالمدارس‬ ‫اكز‬ ‫ر‬‫وم‬ ‫المطافئ‬ ‫وخدمات‬ ‫الشرطة‬ ‫ها‬ ‫وغير‬ . .3 ‫نوعية‬ ‫البيئة‬ ‫المحيطة‬ : ‫اقع‬‫و‬‫فالم‬ ‫تختلف‬ ‫في‬ ‫نوعية‬ ‫اء‬‫و‬‫اله‬ ‫ومستوى‬ ‫الضوضاء‬ ( ‫المنبعثة‬ ‫من‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ر‬‫السيا‬ ‫ات‬ ‫ر‬‫الطائ‬‫و‬ ‫الم‬‫و‬ ‫صانع‬ ) . .4 ‫خصائص‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الجير‬ : ‫العناصر‬ ‫الخارجية‬ ‫لمنازل‬ ‫وحدة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ر‬‫الجي‬ ‫وم‬ ‫شتمالتها‬ .
‫الدراسة‬ ‫التحليلية‬ ‫للموقع‬  ‫يقودنا‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫إقامته‬ ‫المراد‬ ‫للمشروع‬ ‫المالئمة‬ ‫األرض‬ ‫قطعة‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫تحليل‬ . ‫العمراني‬ ‫ط‬ّ‫المخط‬ ‫واجبات‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫من‬ : 1 - ‫جمع‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫بيانات‬ . 2 - ‫جمع‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫سيقام‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫السكني‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫عن‬ ‫البيانات‬ . 3 - ‫تحليل‬ ‫السابقة‬ ‫البيانات‬ . 4 - ‫وضع‬ ‫تحق‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫متطلبات‬ ‫و‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫إمكانيات‬ ‫ضمن‬ ً‫ا‬‫مثالي‬ ً‫ا‬‫توازن‬ ‫يحقق‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫النواحي‬ ‫يق‬ ‫الجمالية‬ ‫و‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ .
‫المؤثرة‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫في‬ ‫مواقع‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫سكنية‬ ‫تجمعات‬ ‫لتكون‬ ‫المواقع‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫في‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫ألهم‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫يأتي‬ ‫مستقبلية‬ . .1 ‫الطبوغرافية‬ ‫العوامل‬ : ‫و‬ ‫التحتية‬ ‫البنية‬ ‫و‬ ‫الممرات‬ ‫انحدار‬ ‫فدرجة‬ ،‫األرض‬ ‫بطبوغرافية‬ ‫الدراسة‬ ‫لمنطقة‬ ‫العام‬ ‫ط‬َ‫ط‬‫المخ‬ ‫يتأثر‬ ‫استخدامات‬ ‫التسو‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫ميول‬ ‫نسب‬ ‫و‬ ‫األرض‬ ‫طبوغرافية‬ ‫على‬ ‫تعتمد‬ ‫األشكال‬ ‫وتكوين‬ ‫المباني‬ ‫ومناسيب‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫المشكلة‬ ‫ية‬ ‫للسطح‬ . ‫نتمكن‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫التضاريس‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫تكون‬ ‫التي‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫للمناطق‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫تعد‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫أبنية‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫ف‬ ً‫ا‬‫انحدار‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫الميول‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫مع‬ ‫التعامل‬ ‫من‬ ‫يمنعنا‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫ولكن‬ ،‫عليها‬ ‫معقولة‬ ‫اقتصادية‬ ‫كلفة‬ ‫حاالت‬ ‫ي‬ ‫للمشروع‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫الكلفة‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫مع‬ ،‫خاصة‬ . .2 ‫المياه‬ ‫نماذج‬ : ‫للشرب‬ ‫الصالحة‬ ‫بالمياه‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫تزويد‬ ‫إمكانية‬ ‫في‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجوفية‬ ‫و‬ ‫السطحية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫يؤثر‬ ‫المساحات‬ ‫ري‬ ‫و‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫على‬ ‫ستقام‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الخضراء‬ . ‫المشروع‬ ‫إلمداد‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫الكلفة‬ ‫في‬ ‫توفير‬ َّ‫م‬َ‫ث‬ ‫من‬ ‫و‬ ‫المناطق‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالمياه‬ ‫المجاورة‬ . ‫كما‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫في‬ ‫السطحية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫توافر‬ ‫أن‬ ( ‫أنهار‬ – ‫بحيرات‬ - )... ، ‫يؤثر‬ ‫الف‬ ‫توزيع‬ ‫طريقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫و‬ ‫عاليات‬ ‫في‬ ‫المعمارية‬ ‫و‬ ‫العمرانية‬ ‫النشاطات‬ ‫الموقع‬ . .3 ‫طبيعة‬ ‫التربة‬ : ‫تؤثر‬ ‫للم‬ ‫المناسبة‬ ‫األساسات‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫و‬ ‫األراضي‬ ‫باستقرار‬ ‫لعالقتها‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫تخطيط‬ ‫في‬ ‫التربة‬ ‫نوعية‬ ‫إنشاء‬ ‫و‬ ‫باني‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫و‬ ‫الصحي‬ ‫الصرف‬ ‫غيرها‬ ‫و‬ ‫النباتات‬ ‫زراعة‬ . ‫التربة‬ ‫عينات‬ ‫تؤخذ‬ ‫الحفر‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫األساسات‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫المفترضة‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫و‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫البناء‬ ‫إلمكانية‬ ‫التربة‬ ‫تحمل‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫لتحديد‬ ‫المسموح‬ .
‫المؤثرة‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫في‬ ‫مواقع‬ ‫الوحدات‬ ‫السكنية‬ .4 ‫العوامل‬ ‫المناخية‬ : ‫يوصف‬ ‫درج‬ ‫و‬ ‫اتجاهاتها‬ ‫و‬ ‫الرياح‬ ‫سرعة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الغيوم‬ ‫تكاثف‬ ‫و‬ ‫الرطوبة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫درجات‬ ‫حول‬ ‫ببيانات‬ ‫المناخ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫و‬ ‫الشمسي‬ ‫السطوع‬ ‫غيرها‬ . .5 ‫الموقع‬ ‫في‬ ‫التلوث‬ : ‫التلو‬ ‫مظاهر‬ ‫عن‬ ً‫ا‬‫بعيد‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ،‫سكني‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫عند‬ ‫مراعاتها‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االعتبارات‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫من‬ ‫البصري‬ ‫ث‬ ‫الحد‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫ال‬ ‫و‬ ً‫ا‬‫كبير‬ ‫التلوث‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫كان‬ ‫حال‬ ‫في‬ ً‫ال‬‫بدي‬ ‫آخر‬ ً‫ا‬‫موقع‬ ‫نختار‬ ‫قد‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫والبيئي‬ ‫السمعي‬ ‫و‬ ‫الضارة‬ ‫آثاره‬ ‫من‬ . .6 ‫المواصالت‬ ‫و‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫أسلوب‬ : ‫اعت‬ ‫أهم‬ ‫من‬ ،‫اإلقليمية‬ ‫و‬ ‫المحلية‬ ‫المواصالت‬ ‫بشبكة‬ ‫ارتباطه‬ ‫إمكانية‬ ‫و‬ ‫السيارات‬ ‫بطرق‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫تخديم‬ ‫إن‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫بارات‬ ً‫ا‬‫سكني‬ ً‫ا‬‫تجمع‬ ‫ليكون‬ ‫الموقع‬ . ‫رب‬ ‫صعوبة‬ ‫و‬ ‫المجاورة‬ ‫السكنية‬ ‫التجمعات‬ ‫عن‬ ‫النسبي‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫فإن‬ ‫المحلية‬ ‫بالطرق‬ ‫طه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫صعوبة‬ ‫و‬ ‫تخديم‬ ‫طرقات‬ ‫بإنشاء‬ ‫للمشروع‬ ‫االقتصادية‬ ‫الكلفة‬ ‫زيادة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ‫اإلقليمية‬ ‫و‬ ‫للتنفيذ‬ ‫ألولية‬ . .7 ‫التاريخية‬ ‫العوامل‬ : ‫الم‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التنظيمية‬ ‫الدراسات‬ ‫وضع‬ ‫فعند‬ ،‫فيها‬ ‫تاريخية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أثرية‬ ٍ‫مبان‬ ‫بوجود‬ ‫المواقع‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫تتمتع‬ ‫عدم‬ ‫و‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫حافظة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫المجاورة‬ ‫الفراغات‬ ‫تشويه‬ . .8 ‫االجتماعية‬ ‫العوامل‬ : ‫معه‬ ‫المتفاعلين‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ومستخدميه‬ ‫المختار‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العالقة‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫تتم‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫اختيار‬ ‫عند‬ ( ‫يعي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫شون‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ما‬ ‫و‬ ‫خالله‬ ‫من‬ ‫يمرون‬ ‫أو‬ ‫يعملون‬ .) ‫الطب‬ ‫و‬ ‫الجنس‬ ‫و‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫في‬ ‫للموقع‬ ‫المتوقعون‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫يختلف‬ ‫قات‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫مستخدمي‬ ‫احتياجات‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫ليالئم‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫يصمم‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ط‬ّ‫المخط‬ ‫على‬ ‫و‬ ‫غيرها‬ ‫و‬ ‫االجتماعية‬
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Lecture 8.pdf