This document discusses major aspects of rural land resources in Malaysia. It covers the main rural sectors of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture. It describes the soil resources in Malaysia, including the different soil types and their distribution. It discusses land resource use in Malaysia and the competing demands between agriculture, forestry and other land uses. The objectives are to provide an overview of rural sectors, soil resources, themes of rural land management and basic management strategies.
This document summarizes soil and land resources in Jordan. It describes 4 main agro-ecological systems: 1) Jordan Rift Valley which contains most arable land, 2) Highlands with diverse soil types, 3) Marginal lands which are mostly rangeland, and 4) Badia desert zone. Each area faces challenges like soil degradation, overexploitation, and desertification. The Ministry of Agriculture leads conservation efforts through projects to improve rangelands, combat desertification, and develop soil maps. Other agencies conduct related research. Overall, sustainable management of Jordan's soil resources is important amidst population growth, limited land, and climate threats.
The document summarizes soil and land resources in Jordan. It describes 4 main agro-ecological zones: 1) Jordan Rift Valley which contains most arable land but faces salinization issues; 2) Highlands with diverse soil but increased erosion; 3) Marginal lands experiencing desertification; 4) Badia zone characterized by saline soils with little vegetation. Major challenges are soil degradation through erosion, salinization, pollution. The Ministry of Agriculture leads conservation efforts through projects on rangelands, forests, combating desertification. Continued soil mapping and sustainable management of resources is needed.
This document summarizes land use and soil challenges in Jordan. It outlines that over 91% of Jordan's land is rangeland, with agriculture making up just 5.7% of total land area. The document then describes different agro-zones in Jordan and issues they face like soil degradation, erosion, and salinity. It notes that the steppe and badiah areas used for rangeland also experience desertification, plant cover deterioration, and soil erosion. The document concludes by outlining some of Jordan's priorities and main obstacles to sustainable soil management, which include limited water resources, lack of integrated land and water management across sectors, and financial and skills shortages.
Wetlands in Bangladesh encompass a wide verity of dynamic ecosystems ranging from mangrove forest (about 577, 100 ha), natural lakes, man-made reservoir (Kaptai lake), freshwater marshes (about 400 haors), oxbow lakes (about 54488 ha, locally known as baors), freshwater depressions (about 1,000 beels), fish ponds and tanks (about 147, 000 ha), estuaries and seasonal inundated extensive floodplains (Akonda, 1989; cited in Akbar Ali Khan 1993 and DoF 1985).
Hill area Development programme-NILGIRIS districtRavi Varma reddy
The document discusses hill area development programs in India. It defines hill areas as high lands above 7,000 feet excluding mountains. Around 10.7% of India's land area is classified as hills. The key objectives of hill area development programs are promoting basic livelihoods and sustainable use of land, mineral, water and forest resources. Programs are implemented through various five-year plans with a focus on ecology preservation, infrastructure development, and people's participation. The Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu is used as a case study, outlining programs implemented there in sectors like soil conservation, forestry, rural development and public health.
This document summarizes soil and land resources in Jordan. It describes 4 main agro-ecological systems: 1) Jordan Rift Valley which contains most arable land, 2) Highlands with diverse soil types, 3) Marginal lands which are mostly rangeland, and 4) Badia desert zone. Each area faces challenges like soil degradation, overexploitation, and desertification. The Ministry of Agriculture leads conservation efforts through projects to improve rangelands, combat desertification, and develop soil maps. Other agencies conduct related research. Overall, sustainable management of Jordan's soil resources is important amidst population growth, limited land, and climate threats.
The document summarizes soil and land resources in Jordan. It describes 4 main agro-ecological zones: 1) Jordan Rift Valley which contains most arable land but faces salinization issues; 2) Highlands with diverse soil but increased erosion; 3) Marginal lands experiencing desertification; 4) Badia zone characterized by saline soils with little vegetation. Major challenges are soil degradation through erosion, salinization, pollution. The Ministry of Agriculture leads conservation efforts through projects on rangelands, forests, combating desertification. Continued soil mapping and sustainable management of resources is needed.
This document summarizes land use and soil challenges in Jordan. It outlines that over 91% of Jordan's land is rangeland, with agriculture making up just 5.7% of total land area. The document then describes different agro-zones in Jordan and issues they face like soil degradation, erosion, and salinity. It notes that the steppe and badiah areas used for rangeland also experience desertification, plant cover deterioration, and soil erosion. The document concludes by outlining some of Jordan's priorities and main obstacles to sustainable soil management, which include limited water resources, lack of integrated land and water management across sectors, and financial and skills shortages.
Wetlands in Bangladesh encompass a wide verity of dynamic ecosystems ranging from mangrove forest (about 577, 100 ha), natural lakes, man-made reservoir (Kaptai lake), freshwater marshes (about 400 haors), oxbow lakes (about 54488 ha, locally known as baors), freshwater depressions (about 1,000 beels), fish ponds and tanks (about 147, 000 ha), estuaries and seasonal inundated extensive floodplains (Akonda, 1989; cited in Akbar Ali Khan 1993 and DoF 1985).
Hill area Development programme-NILGIRIS districtRavi Varma reddy
The document discusses hill area development programs in India. It defines hill areas as high lands above 7,000 feet excluding mountains. Around 10.7% of India's land area is classified as hills. The key objectives of hill area development programs are promoting basic livelihoods and sustainable use of land, mineral, water and forest resources. Programs are implemented through various five-year plans with a focus on ecology preservation, infrastructure development, and people's participation. The Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu is used as a case study, outlining programs implemented there in sectors like soil conservation, forestry, rural development and public health.
This document outlines Bangladesh's national land use policy. It discusses the context of limited land resources in Bangladesh given the large population. The policy aims to control the decreasing rate of agricultural land and unplanned urban growth. It proposes zoning different types of land use and protecting areas like forests, wetlands, and coastal regions. The policy also addresses issues like housing expansion, industrialization, and preventing the misuse of acquired land. It emphasizes collecting land data and ensuring land is used for its highest purpose. The overall goal is to balance development needs with sustainable land and environmental protection.
This document provides an introduction to rural land resources and rural land resource management. It begins by defining "rural" and identifying the characteristics of rural areas. It then explains the concepts of rural land resources and their functions. The document outlines the objectives and contents of the lecture, which will introduce basic concepts of rural land resources and aspects of rural land resource management. It will address critical issues of rural land resources and the objectives and strategies of rural land management.
This document describes Agro Ecological Subregion 9.2 - Rohilkhand, Avadh and south Bihar Plains. It covers an area of 7.24 million hectares across Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The region has a hot dry subhumid climate with annual rainfall of 700-1000mm. Soils are deep and loamy with moderate fertility. Common crops include rice, wheat, pulses and sugarcane. The region faces challenges of low productivity, small land holdings, and dependence on monsoon rainfall. Various government schemes aim to improve soil and water conservation, irrigation, and farmer incomes.
This document discusses soil conservation in Pakistan. It begins by defining soil and describing Pakistan's soil inventory. It then discusses land capability classes and current land use trends. Some major soil problems in Pakistan are identified as water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, waterlogging, and nutrient deficiencies. Strategies are suggested to address each problem, such as protecting vegetation, controlling grazing, improving drainage, using balanced fertilizers, and protecting agricultural land from urban expansion.
The document discusses natural resources and their management. It notes that natural resources are stocks that exist in the environment that are scarce and economically useful. It outlines three key concerns around natural resource management: overuse of renewable resources, depletion of nonrenewable resources, and overburdening of the environment's capacity to absorb pollution. The document then provides examples and context around forests, minerals, fossil fuels, and their importance. It discusses challenges like deforestation and outlines frameworks and guidelines around sustainable management of natural resources in the ASEAN region.
This document discusses natural resources and their management. It covers several key topics:
1. Natural resources include materials found in nature that are scarce and economically useful, either in their raw state or after minimal processing.
2. Sustainable management of natural resources is important to avoid overusing renewable resources or depleting nonrenewable resources without sufficient replacement. Pollution must also be managed to avoid damaging the environment.
3. Forests, water, land, and minerals are some of the natural resources discussed in the Philippines context, along with challenges around their management and the push for more sustainable practices.
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to define the issues and roadblocks facing the growth and development of hill settlements in India and suggests strategies to make them rational and supportive of sustainability
Status of soil information and soil management in Syria by Ali AbdullaFAO
The document discusses the status of soil information and soil management in Syria. It covers several topics:
- The importance of agriculture to Syria's economy and food security.
- The challenges facing Syrian land resources, including drought, climate change, degradation, and overgrazing.
- An overview of Syria's major ecosystems, soil types, forests, and pastures.
- The need to identify optimal land uses and management practices through collecting soil, water, climate and other data.
- Recommendations to establish agro-ecological zoning, identify degraded areas for rehabilitation, develop land use plans, and improve land information systems.
The document discusses soil priorities and available soil information for Indonesia at the national and regional levels. At the national level, key priorities include peat soil distribution, erosion, and degradation from mining. Soil maps at scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:1,250,000, and 1:50,000 are available digitally, along with reports and derivative maps. Regionally, priorities include peat soils, nutrients, and erosion, while maps at 1:1,000,000 and 1:1,250,000 scales and reports in local languages are available. The document provides an overview of soil data and issues for Indonesia to inform an atlas.
Environmental resources and prospective agriculture in madhesh region Sujit Thakur
This document summarizes the environmental resources and prospects for agriculture in Madhesh region of Nepal. It discusses the physical setting of the region, biological resources like forests and wildlife, land and human resources, water resources including irrigation infrastructure, environmental concerns like degradation of farmland and water-related issues, and the context of climate change. The key points are that Madhesh region covers 23% of Nepal's land but faces high population pressure, deforestation has been a major issue, irrigation systems need rehabilitation, and climate change poses risks for agriculture in the region.
land resources of india+land utilisation.pptxLavVicky
it is about land resources and land utilisation pattern in india with the recent data on the same.classification of land resources and explanation for the different land types.
This document discusses the challenges of adopting a landscape management approach (LSM) for implementing India's Greening India Mission (GIM). It outlines some key challenges, including limited guidance in the GIM guidelines on achieving multiple objectives and managing trade-offs. There are also methodological challenges in selecting appropriate scales, integrating diverse data, addressing complexity and uncertainty, and defining and measuring landscape indicators. Integrating economic analysis and linking projects to decision-making are also challenges. Overall, while LSM is seen as important for GIM, there remain significant challenges to adopting this approach that need to be addressed.
This document outlines Bangladesh's national land use policy. It discusses the context of limited land resources in Bangladesh given the large population. The policy aims to control the decreasing rate of agricultural land and unplanned urban growth. It proposes zoning different types of land use and protecting areas like forests, wetlands, and coastal regions. The policy also addresses issues like housing expansion, industrialization, and preventing the misuse of acquired land. It emphasizes collecting land data and ensuring land is used for its highest purpose. The overall goal is to balance development needs with sustainable land and environmental protection.
This document provides an introduction to rural land resources and rural land resource management. It begins by defining "rural" and identifying the characteristics of rural areas. It then explains the concepts of rural land resources and their functions. The document outlines the objectives and contents of the lecture, which will introduce basic concepts of rural land resources and aspects of rural land resource management. It will address critical issues of rural land resources and the objectives and strategies of rural land management.
This document describes Agro Ecological Subregion 9.2 - Rohilkhand, Avadh and south Bihar Plains. It covers an area of 7.24 million hectares across Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. The region has a hot dry subhumid climate with annual rainfall of 700-1000mm. Soils are deep and loamy with moderate fertility. Common crops include rice, wheat, pulses and sugarcane. The region faces challenges of low productivity, small land holdings, and dependence on monsoon rainfall. Various government schemes aim to improve soil and water conservation, irrigation, and farmer incomes.
This document discusses soil conservation in Pakistan. It begins by defining soil and describing Pakistan's soil inventory. It then discusses land capability classes and current land use trends. Some major soil problems in Pakistan are identified as water erosion, wind erosion, salinity, waterlogging, and nutrient deficiencies. Strategies are suggested to address each problem, such as protecting vegetation, controlling grazing, improving drainage, using balanced fertilizers, and protecting agricultural land from urban expansion.
The document discusses natural resources and their management. It notes that natural resources are stocks that exist in the environment that are scarce and economically useful. It outlines three key concerns around natural resource management: overuse of renewable resources, depletion of nonrenewable resources, and overburdening of the environment's capacity to absorb pollution. The document then provides examples and context around forests, minerals, fossil fuels, and their importance. It discusses challenges like deforestation and outlines frameworks and guidelines around sustainable management of natural resources in the ASEAN region.
This document discusses natural resources and their management. It covers several key topics:
1. Natural resources include materials found in nature that are scarce and economically useful, either in their raw state or after minimal processing.
2. Sustainable management of natural resources is important to avoid overusing renewable resources or depleting nonrenewable resources without sufficient replacement. Pollution must also be managed to avoid damaging the environment.
3. Forests, water, land, and minerals are some of the natural resources discussed in the Philippines context, along with challenges around their management and the push for more sustainable practices.
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to define the issues and roadblocks facing the growth and development of hill settlements in India and suggests strategies to make them rational and supportive of sustainability
Status of soil information and soil management in Syria by Ali AbdullaFAO
The document discusses the status of soil information and soil management in Syria. It covers several topics:
- The importance of agriculture to Syria's economy and food security.
- The challenges facing Syrian land resources, including drought, climate change, degradation, and overgrazing.
- An overview of Syria's major ecosystems, soil types, forests, and pastures.
- The need to identify optimal land uses and management practices through collecting soil, water, climate and other data.
- Recommendations to establish agro-ecological zoning, identify degraded areas for rehabilitation, develop land use plans, and improve land information systems.
The document discusses soil priorities and available soil information for Indonesia at the national and regional levels. At the national level, key priorities include peat soil distribution, erosion, and degradation from mining. Soil maps at scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:1,250,000, and 1:50,000 are available digitally, along with reports and derivative maps. Regionally, priorities include peat soils, nutrients, and erosion, while maps at 1:1,000,000 and 1:1,250,000 scales and reports in local languages are available. The document provides an overview of soil data and issues for Indonesia to inform an atlas.
Environmental resources and prospective agriculture in madhesh region Sujit Thakur
This document summarizes the environmental resources and prospects for agriculture in Madhesh region of Nepal. It discusses the physical setting of the region, biological resources like forests and wildlife, land and human resources, water resources including irrigation infrastructure, environmental concerns like degradation of farmland and water-related issues, and the context of climate change. The key points are that Madhesh region covers 23% of Nepal's land but faces high population pressure, deforestation has been a major issue, irrigation systems need rehabilitation, and climate change poses risks for agriculture in the region.
land resources of india+land utilisation.pptxLavVicky
it is about land resources and land utilisation pattern in india with the recent data on the same.classification of land resources and explanation for the different land types.
This document discusses the challenges of adopting a landscape management approach (LSM) for implementing India's Greening India Mission (GIM). It outlines some key challenges, including limited guidance in the GIM guidelines on achieving multiple objectives and managing trade-offs. There are also methodological challenges in selecting appropriate scales, integrating diverse data, addressing complexity and uncertainty, and defining and measuring landscape indicators. Integrating economic analysis and linking projects to decision-making are also challenges. Overall, while LSM is seen as important for GIM, there remain significant challenges to adopting this approach that need to be addressed.
36,778 sq. ft. building; Zoning: SE (Suburban Employment): The (SE) District allows numerous commercial site uses; Passenger elevator; Private and common restrooms; Fully sprinkled; Data center with a grounded floor and a specialized HVAC system; 60 KVA back-up generator; Building/pylon signage; Potential to purchase adjacent parcels; Sale Price: $4,413,360
Expressways of India: A Comprehensive Guidenarinav14
India’s expressway network is a testament to the nation’s dedication to improving infrastructure and connectivity. These high-speed corridors facilitate seamless travel across vast distances, reducing travel time and fuel consumption
Why is Revit MEP Outsourcing considered an as good option for construction pr...MarsBIM1
Outsourcing MEP modeling services require effective collaboration and coordination amongst multiple engineering trades. The engineers and the designers often change the details of the MEP projects, but the work of Revit MEP drafting services is having the master plan and model of the complete project. To have proper coordination and installation, there is a need to execute the project effectively. Hence, the work of Revit family creation facilitates the MEP engineers.
Selling your home can be easy. Our team helps make it happen.Eric B. Slifkin, PA
Why hire one realtor when you can hire a team for the exact cost? Our team ensures better service, communication, and efficiency, which can make all the difference in finding your perfect home or securing the right buyer. See how we market homes for sellers.
Signature Global TITANIUM SPR | 3.5 & 4.5BHK High rise Apartments in Gurgaonglobalsignature2022
Signature Global TITANIUM SPR launched a high rise apartments in Gurgaon . In this project Signature Global offers 3.5 & 4.5 BHK high rise Apartment at sector 71 Gurgaon SPR Road. Signature Global Titanium SPR is IGBC Gold certified, a testament to our commitment to sustainability.
The SVN® organization shares a portion of their new weekly listings via their SVN Live® Weekly Property Broadcast. Visit https://svn.com/svn-live/ if you would like to attend our weekly call, which we open up to the brokerage community.
Listing Turkey - Piyalepasa Istanbul CatalogListing Turkey
We are working around the clock to transform a long-time dream into reality. As a result, Piyalepasa Istanbul will be the largest privately developed urban regeneration project in Turkey.
THE NEIGHBORHOOD WE HAVE BEEN LONGING FOR IS COMING TO LIFE
The good old days of the Piyalepasa neighborhood are being brought back to life with Piyalepasa Istanbul houses, residences, offices, hotels and a pedestrianized shopping avenue.
The wide streets of this 82.000 square meter development conveniently face the main boulevard in a prime Beyoglu location. “Piyalepaşa İstanbul” stands out as the only project designed to offer a neighborhood lifestyle, complete with its grocers, bagel sellers and greengrocer. Piyalepasa Istanbul has all the values to make it an authentic neighborhood, our very own community.
A NEIGHBORHOOD FULL OF LIFE, IN THE HEART OF THE CITY!
“Piyalepaşa İstanbul” is a “mixed-use” concept containing all the elements for a vibrant social life with houses, residences, offices, hotels and high street shopping.
“Piyalepaşa İstanbul” will take the liveliness of Istanbul into its heart. The elegant sparkle of Nisantasi, the young and colorful Besiktas, the variety and multicultural heritage of Istiklal Street will all be contained within the streets of this neighborhood.
“Piyalepaşa İstanbul” bears traces of the most beautiful examples of Turkish architecture from the Seljuks to the Ottomans and from Anatolia to Rumelia. With its graded facades, wide eaves, bay windows, pools, and interior courtyard systems, it offers a new living space without disrupting the city’s silhouette and neighborhood.
“Piyalepaşa İstanbul” is the new attraction of this splendid city.
TO BE AT THE CENTER OF ISTANBUL… THIS IS REAL LUXURY!
With its proximity to D-100 highway, connecting roads and tunnels, “Piyalepaşa İstanbul” is only minutes away from Kabatas, Besiktas, the Golden Horn and Karakoy.
“Piyalepaşa İstanbul” is close to the prestigious new Istanbul Court House, a major hospital, the Perpa trade center and the city’s most lively neighborhoods. With its shuttle service to Okmeydani Metrobus station, Sishane and the Court House subway stations, “Piyalepaşa İstanbul” will provide you with the most convenient transport connections.
https://listingturkey.com/property/piyalepasa-istanbul/
Eco Green Builders in Sydney By Marvel HomesMarvel Homes
Marvel Homes is dedicated to revolutionizing the construction industry with cutting-edge, eco-friendly practices. We specialize in designing and building energy-efficient, sustainable homes and commercial spaces that minimize environmental impact. Our projects feature renewable energy solutions, superior insulation, and innovative green technologies. Committed to reducing carbon footprints, Eco Green Builders combines expertise, innovation, and a passion for sustainability to create spaces that are as environmentally responsible as they are beautifully crafted. Join us in building a greener, more sustainable future.
https://marvelhomes.com.au/our-services/
Gianluigi Torzi | Managing Director and Head of Capital MarketsGianluigi Torzi
Gianluigi Torzi is a prominent figure in the financial industry, known for his strategic leadership as Managing Director and Head of Capital Markets for the Middle East and Africa. Gianluigi Torzi extensive experience in investment banking equips him with the skills to navigate complex financial landscapes and deliver exceptional results for clients
🌟 Find Your Balance with Oree Reality
Happy International Yoga Day! 🌿 At Oree Reality, we believe in the harmony of mind, body, and home. Just as yoga brings balance and peace, finding the perfect home can do the same for your life.
Experience Premier Urban Lifestyle at Kohinoor Satori, Mahalungegraphicparadice786
Experience a harmonious blend of luxury and tranquility at Kohinoor Satori Apartments, situated in the rapidly developing locality of Mahalunge, Pune. These thoughtfully designed residences are crafted to offer a premium living experience, merging modern aesthetics with functional elegance.
Our mail-id-directsite369@gmail.com
Our Website- https://kohinoor.directsite.in/pune/kohinoor-satori-mahalunge/
Andhra Pradesh, known for its strategic location on the southeastern coast of India, has emerged as a key player in India’s industrial landscape. Over the decades, the state has witnessed significant growth across various sectors,
LECTURE 2&3 - Major Areas of Rural Land Resources.ppt
1. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
1
Major Aspects of Rural
Land Resources
SGH 2573
2. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
2
Objectives of Topic
• To discuss on the following topics:
* Brief outline of major rural sectors
* General soil resources in Malaysia
* Major themes of rural land resources
management and their rationales
* Basic management strategies of rural
land resources management
3. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
3
Expected study outcomes:
• Can recall the major rural sectors
• Understand and can describe basic
aspects of soil resources in Malaysia
• Can explain the major themes of rural land
resources management
• Able to explain the basic management
strategies of rural land resources
management
4. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
4
Contents
Soil distribution in
Peninsular Malaysia
Malaysian soil survey
Land Resource Use
PART 1
Main Rural
Sectors
• Agriculture
• Forestry
• Fisheries & Aquaculture
• Rural Tourism
PART 2
Soil
Resources in
Malaysia
5. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
5
Optimum land use, productivity
& sustainability
The people and socio-economic
benefits
Natural resource-based
industries
Institutions, policies, and market
Contents
Rural Land Resource
Management Strategies
What and why planning
Broad principles of
planning
Planning approaches
PART 3
Main Themes
of RLRM
PART 4
Planning Mechanism for
Rural Land Resources
6. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
6
Keywords: Rural sectors, soil resources,
soil survey, optimum land use, productivity,
sustainability, management strategies, planning
8. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
8
Agriculture
• The principle source of living
• About 900 million poor people living in rural areas in
the world
• Population grows, incomes improved, dietary
patterns shift, demand for food and other agricultural
products increases
• Natural-resource base underpinning agricultural
production diminishes
• Agriculture employs nearly one-half of the labor force
in developing countries
9. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
9
Forestry
• Over 90% of the 1.2 billion people living in extreme
poverty depend on forests for some part of their livelihoods
• Home to at least 80% of the worlds remaining terrestrial
biodiversity and are a major carbon sink that regulates the
global climate
• Also help to maintain the fertility of the soil, protect
watersheds and reduce the risk of natural disasters such
as floods and landslides
• Forest product industry is a source of economic growth
and employment
• Global forest products traded internationally in the order of
US$270 billion, of which developing countries account for
20%.
10. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
10
• Forest contributions:
* Socio-economic
* Environmental protection
* Biodiversity conservation
• Based on sustainable concept
* Forest Policy and Legislation
* Securing the Permanent Reserved Forest
* Integrated Forest Planning and Management
* Harvesting control
* Research and development
* Institutional frameworks
Forest Management in Malaysia
11. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
11
Fisheries & Aquaculture
• ≈ 150 million people rely on fisheries & aquaculture
• > 20% of world’s 38 mil. full-time fishers earn < US$1 per
day
• World fish export was US$ 58 billion in 2002
• ½ of global fish trade comes from developing countries
• Global consumption 1992-2002 increased by 21%
• ≈ 25% of world's marine fish stocks over-exploited & 50%
fully exploited
• Over-fishing, increasing degradation of coastal, marine and
freshwater ecosystems and habitats due to growing coastal
populations
• Aquaculture production grew ≈ 9% per year since 1970
• Aquaculture provides 30% of the world’s fish supply
• Challenges to sustainable use of aquatic resources and
environments.
12. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
12
Village and Countryside
• Purely and remotely rural to somewhat a blend of
small community settlements with some basic facilities
• ‘Kampung’ or Felda type often used in the Malaysian
context to describe unique blend of rural living
• of living environment is characterized by basically
communities that carry out primary and basic
economic activities such as those in agriculture,
forestry, fishery, mining, and rural industries
• blends the population’s social, economic, and political
activities has a very close relationship with rural land
resources
14. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
14
Soils distribution in Peninsular Malaysia
Soil types Spatial distribution
Sedentary soils: (1) Undulating land to rolling and hilly
terrain (34.2%); (2) steep hills and
mountains (37.4%)
Reworked soils Intermediate and higher terraces and
pediment (3.3%)
Alluvial soils Low lying coastal and riverine flood
plains (17.8%).
Organic soils Lowlands, adjacent to the coast (6.0%)
Disturbed urban
and mining land
Urban areas (1.3%)
15. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
15
Major Soil Subdivisions in Peninsular Malaysia
Soil type Subdivision
Sedentary
1. developed on igneous & high grade metamorphic rocks
2. developed on sedimentary & low grade metamorphic
rocks
Reworked
3. developed on older alluvium
4. lateritic soils
Alluvial
5. recent riverine alluvium soils
6. subrecent riverine alluvium soils
7. sandy coastal soils
8. acid sulphate soils
9. non-sulfidic marine clay soils
Organic
10. shallow organic soils
11. deep organic soils
Others 12. urban and mined land
16. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
16
FAO and Soil Taxonomy systems
The
Seven
Major
Groups
> ½ of the main soil series from Acrisol
group
Other common soil groups: Fluvisol,
Ferralsol and Gleysol
17. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
17
Coastal plain & low
terraces 0 – 20 m
Flood plain & low terraces
0 – 80 m
Intermediate & higher
terraces 0 – 80 m
Rolling & low hilly land 50 –
170 m
Hills & mountains >170 m
General physiography
Physiographic distribution
of Malaysian soils
18. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
18
Malaysian soil survey
In 1950’s reconnaissance soil survey at → soil
maps were produced at 1:250,000 and 1:500,000
Early 1960’s semi-detailed maps at 1:25,000 and
1:50,000 scales
Semi-detailed soil maps completed for about 60%
of the peninsula
Used to identify new areas for agricultural
development
In 1967general Land Capability Classification
(LCC) was developed at 1:250,000 scale
Identifies potential uses: mining, agriculture,
forestry, catchment/game/recreation.
19. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
19
Land Use Capability Classification System (Economic
Planning Unit, 1967)
Class
I
High potential for mining
Class
II
Suitable for wide range of agricultural crops
Class
III
Suitable for a restricted range of agricultural
crops
Class
IV
Suitable for productive forest
Class
V
No mineral/agriculture/forest potential. Suitable
for catchment, game, recreation etc.
20. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
20
Soil series
• Basic soil units – soil series
• More than 250 series already registered
• Differentiated based on parent materials,
major characteristics, landscape, & mode
of formation
• Broad groups: mineral soils, organic soils,
other soils
• Mineral soils: sedentary, reworked, alluvial
• Organic soils: classified according to depth
of organic materials
21. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
21
Basic unit of soil analysis – soil profile
Soil is described by
its texture,
structure, colour,
depth and profile,
chemical & biological
characteristics
Texture: sand, silt,
and clay
Structure: based on
particle size
22. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
22
Textural class by USDA classification
Identification textural class
is based on composition of
sand, silt, and clay
Clayey soils have largest
proportion of clay
Sandy soils have largest
proportion of sand
Silty soils have largest
proportion of silt
Loam soils have equal
proportions of silt, sand,
and clay
23. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
23
Latosol & podzol on sedimentary rocks
Latosol & podzol on igneous rocks
Lithosol & latosol on steep mountains (agric. x)
Latosol & podzol on older/sub recent alluvial
Latosol on basic & intermediate igneous rocks
Laterite on igneous/sedimentary rocks
Low humic gley on coastal/flood plains
Estuaries & coastal soils (limited for agriculture)
Podzol on swampy coastal deposits
Mineral alluvial organic peaty soils (agriculture x)
Disturbed soils (agriculture x)
Legend:
24. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
24
Textural class Examples of soil series
Clay
Silt
Loam
Sand
Silty clay
Sandy clay
Loamy silty clay
Loamy clay
Clay loam
Sandy clayey loam
Sandy loam
Loamy sand
Segamat, Selangor, Prang, Kuantan, Klau
-
Sogomana
Sg. Buloh, Pasir Mas
Durian, Batu Anam, Sitiawan
Harimau, Munchong
Senai, Kulai
Jerangau
Bungor, Malacca
Renggam
Serdang
Holyrood, Tampoi, Ulu Tiram
Common textural classes in Peninsular Malaysia
25. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land Resources 25
Land Resource Use in Malaysia
Total land of Malaysia: 32.98 million ha.
About 15.56 million ha. potentially arable:
* Peninsular – 8.10 mil. ha.
* Sarawak – 5.31 mil. ha
* Sabah – 2.15
Main competing sectors: agriculture, forestry,
residential, industrial, wildlife, recreational and
water catchments
26. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land Resources 26
Class I through V land ≈ 13.2 million ha.
* 6.4 million ha. (45%) for agriculture
* 5.8 million ha. (43%) for forestry
(≈ 2.44 million ha. uncultivated suitable soils)
* 1.0 million ha. (12%) for other uses
(including mining and urban uses)
Keen competition for resource use in the future
Land Resource Use in Malaysia (contd.)
27. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
27
Rural Land Resource Use in Peninsular Malaysia
Sector
(‘000 ha)
1966 1974 1984 1990 1995
Rubber 1,777.8 1,941.5 1,717.0 1,517.4 1,373.6
Oil palm 99.4 485.4 879.9 1,744.7 1,906.9
Cocoa 0.5 13.1 48.0 149.1 76.4
Paddy 40.0 428.7 424.2 488.4 496.4
Fish pond 0.6 0.9 - 19.3 13.9
Forest 7,870.4 7,247.3 - 6,110.6 5,991.4
Source: Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia, 1995.
28. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
28
Relatively very limited land
resources for agriculture
More limited land resources
for aquaculture and fishery
Critical needs for sustainable
land resources for forestry
Almost depleted land
resources for further rural
development schemes
Existing land resources
under previous land
schemes/rural development
must be maintained
Allocation of rural land resources
29. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
29
Major Land Cover Changes in Peninsular Malaysia
188.7
217.6
240.1
467.4
Others
221.6
174.9
114.6
82.7
Urban & infra
93.8
88.4
89.0
51.4
Mining
7627.8
7918.2
8820.9
9629.1
Forest, scrubs & swamps
4901.8
4663.5
3816.5
2861.2
Agriculture
1990
1984
1974
1966
Land cover categories
(x 000 ha)
(Source: Mohamad and Siew, 1994)
31. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
31
area coverage is rapidly increasing in size; >2% per year of
the specific agricultural area
2
area coverage is increasing in size; 0-2% per year of the
specific agricultural area
1
area coverage remains almost stable as a percentage of the
specific agricultural area
0
area coverage is decreasing in size; 0-2% per year of the
specific agricultural area
-1
area coverage is rapidly decreasing in size; >2% per year of
the specific agricultural area
-2
Note: Landuse areal trends. The changes in areal extent of the agricultural
activities are represented by one of the following five classes:
32. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
32
Landuse intensity trends. A change in the intensity of landuse is expressed
through changes in inputs, management or number of harvests over
approximately the last 10 years. Only changes within the same agricultural
area are to be considered.
-2 a major decrease in landuse intensity
-1 a moderate decrease in landuse intensity
0 no major changes in inputs, management level, etc.
1
moderate increase, e.g. from no or low external input to
some fertilizers/pesticides; from manual labour to animal
traction.
2
major increase, e.g. from manual labour to mechanization,
from low external inputs to high external inputs etc.
34. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
34
Issues to answer:
* What are the themes of land resources
management?
* What are rationales of these themes?
* What are the basic management
strategies or rural land resources
management?
35. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
35
Main Themes of RLRM
• There are many
• Four major ones are:
* Optimum land use, productivity &
sustainability
* The people and socio-economic benefits
* Natural resource-based industries
* Institutions, policies, and market
36. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
36
Rationales
• Balancing rural-urban competition
• Alleviating natural resource degradation
(e.g., land and water)
• Sustainable development
• Income and profit maximization
• Poverty eradication & economic well-being
• Industrialized society
• Social & political stability
37. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
37
• Agricultural and aquacultural land uses are sensitive to soil
& water qualities
• Forest is vitally important to maintain the ecological balance
• Tourism depends on the quality of the resources and
environment
• Urban is more tolerable to soil adversities and capable of
self-creating landscape modification
Rural land uses are more vulnerable to land resource
qualities
Land resources should be allocated to take into account of
these basic characters
Balancing rural-urban competition
38. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
38
• Main “culprits” of rural land use is erosion
and contamination
• Erosion 17-25 ton/ha/year (Claude, 2004)
• Rural land must be managed according to
World Soil Charter – 13 principles
• Soil contamination reduce the stock for
natural-based activities
• Management based on environmental,
economic, and market principles
Alleviating natural resource degradation
39. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
39
Environmental issues are gaining importance since 1990's
EIA is mandatory to anyone who intends to develop lands
commercially, including large scale agriculture development
Mitigating measures to overcome the anticipated problems
must be proposed
Future main challenges:
(1) Alternatives to burning for land clearing operation
(2) Minimizing pollution due to inappropriate use of
agrochemicals
E.g. Environmental Conservation
40. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
40
Sustainability
• Land use planning: right choice of land use
type (single or multiple use). E.g.
* slope >18.5o → forest
* slope <18.5 → perennial crops
• Environmental management: preservation of
the natural resources (e.g. soil & water) and
prevention from degradation
• Good management practices. E.g. terracing,
cover crop, rotation, etc.
• Institutional framework. E.g. agencies, R&D
• Legal framework and law enforcement
41. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
41
The People and Socio-Economic Benefits
• Eradication of poverty
• Employment generation
• Education and social mobility
• Rural income stability
• Local trade and business
• International trade and business
42. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
42
Natural resource-based industries
• Advancement of rural areas (infrastructure
and facilities)
• Supply of primary commodities to rural
industries
• Value-added economic goods for the
economy
• Transfer of know-how and technologies
43. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
43
Institutions, Policies, and Market
• Formal & informal organisations
• Social co-ordination
• Market processes & regulations,
privatisation & government control
44. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
44
• Technical
• Administrative
• Political
• Societal
Basic Management Strategies
45. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
45
Basic Management Strategies (contd.)
• Soil inventory (survey, capabilitity analysis,
and mapping) – JUPEM, DoA, DoF, etc
• Use allocation (agriculture, aquaculture
and fishery, forestry, rural tourism)
• Sectoral management strategies – MoA
Technical:
46. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
46
• Land policies and administration (law,
rules, regulations, framework, procedures,
methods)
• Institutional set-up, management, and
networking
Basic Management Strategies (contd.)
Administrative:
47. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
47
• Voting mass
• The government
• International co-operation
Basic Management Strategies (cont.)
Political:
48. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
48
• Roles of informal, non-governmental
institutions
• Shift from state-dominated to a market-
oriented economy
• Reliance on market dynamics, economic
instruments, and private ownership
Basic Management Strategies (cont.)
Societal:
49. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
49
Part 4
Planning Mechanisms for Rural Land
Resources
50. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
50
Issues to Answer:
• What is rural land resource planning?
• Why is rural land resource planning needed?
• What are the broad principles of planning?
• What are planning approaches and basics?
51. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
51
What & Why Planning
• to "devise detailed methods for doing,
arranging and making something".
• More specific definitions:
With reference to rural land resources,
conceptualize your understanding about
“planning”
52. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
52
Why Rural Land Resource Planning?
• To create new development
• To improve the existing development
• To optimize rural land resources
• To integrate resources for production of
economic commodities
53. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
53
Broad principles of Rural Land
Resource Planning
• Rural land resource use and conservation need
planning
• Rural land resource planning must be part of
rural planning as a whole
• Rural land resource planning must be based on
sound economic principles, on top of those of
environmental, technical, and social
• Rural land resource planning must be
institutionalized
• Rural land resource planning needs political
governance
54. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
54
Planning Approaches and Basics
• Planning in general
* A continuous process…why?
* Needs sufficient supply of survey data
* For management purposes
* Planning sequence: assessment, alternative
considerations, plan formulation, monitoring,
evaluation
55. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
55
Planning Approaches
• Top-down: the political champions
institutions regional local site
• Bottom-up approach: reverse of ‘top-down’
• Iterative approach: vertical (top-bottom,
bottom-up) horizontal (processes)
• Flexible approach: sensitive to changing
circumstances, conditions, situations, and
requirements.
56. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
56
Top-down Approach
• The political master identifies development
issues, sets objectives, strategies,
programs, and approaches
• Institutional division of roles, functions,
and responsibilities identified
• Delegation of work and reporting
• Monitoring and evaluation
• Other strategic planning tasks
57. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
57
Bottom-up Approach
• Local communities are involved in the planning
process
• Needs for support or participation.
• Ways to involve local citizens:
• existing farmers' organizations
• Task committees
• Villagers and communities for planning community
forests, pasture, roads, and other infrastructural
needs
• Plans must be useful, workable, well-understood
and accepted at grass-root level
• Policies, strategies, programs & projects are
created at top-level decision-making
58. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
58
Iterative Approach
• Start with studies, assessments,
alternative considerations and revisions
• Preliminary or interim report prepared by
based on results and reports of each
‘team’
• Review and revision period begins
• Process may be repeated several times to
find the best results.
59. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
59
Flexible Approach
• A plan is a starting point
• Should be kept under constant monitoring and adjustment
• Reasons:
* Unpredictable things during project life
=> new problems and, thus, new policies and techniques
* Rural land resource management is complex: social,
economical, cultural, legal, institutional, and physical
problems
=> original strategies and goals need to be revised
=> learning by doing is very important
• Flexibility: leaving rooms for future adjustment, modification,
or revision
• Monitoring & evaluation process should be built into the plan
• Planned targets should be progressive, i.e. smaller at the very
beginning and gradually expanding with experience.
60. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
60
Planning in Malaysia
An Overview
»Economic Planning Unit
61. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
61
Rural Land Resource Planning Example 1: Land
use and cropping systems
• Draw up plan: how to properly use and protect farm
* farmer’s interest…which crop?
* soil & land capability: physical feature (soils,
slope, capability); use conditions (present/
proposed)
* enterprise system…linear programming
* husbandry & soil conservation: conservation
treatment (existing, proposed), timing
* analysis: costs, benefits, etc
• Make decision and implementation plan
62. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
62
Rural Land Resource Planning Example 2: Watershed
protection and rehabilitation
• Forest protection and rehabilitation. Fire lookout towers, firebreaks, fire
suppression crews and equipment, warning systems, education meetings,
and forest patrol needs, etc. For watershed rehabilitation, a reforestation
plan including goals, schedule, species, techniques, nurseries, and roads,
etc. is usually required.
• Pasture improvement and protection. Reseeding, fencing, rotational
grazing, control of the number of animals, supply of water and sheds, etc.
• Gully control, stream protection and landslide rehabilitation. Vegetative
and structural means. Check dams, submerged dams, spur dikes, rip-
rapping, diversions, channel clearing or reshaping, reseeding, stream buffer
strips.
• Road erosion control. The required work may consist of hydro-seeding,
retaining walls, wattling and staking, cross drains and culverts and their
proper maintenance.
• Other protection and rehabilitation work. Mining control, mined area
rehabilitation, pollution control, stabilization of housing sites on slopes as
required.
63. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
63
• Irrigation and water harvesting. Rainfall and crop patterns, water
requirements, source areas, water delivery, storage & distribution.
• Road development and improvement (new, existing, additional, and
maintenance). Drainage, road re-grading, surfacing, slope
stabilization, maintenance.
• Housing and building construction (new & improvement of existing
ones). Settlement, land allocation schemes, standards for planning
and designing, selection of safe sites, review of housing standards
(practical and economical points of view), housing improvement
(kitchens, toilets, roofs). Other construction (markets, schools,
clinics, etc).
• Other development plans. Other development plans may be
required such as establishing small power plant, cottage industry,
agro-industry, etc. In each case competent authorities or experts
should be consulted.
Rural Land Resource Planning Example 3:
Rural & integrated watershed development
64. 11/16/2022 Major Aspects of Rural Land
Resources
64
References
• Kumari, K. (no. date). Is Malaysian forest policy and legislation conducive to multiple-
use forest management? Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global
Environment (CSERGE), University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
• Claude, Bernard (2004). IAEA/RCA Regional Report TC Project for East Asia and the
Pacific Restoration of Soil Fertility and Sustenance of Agricultural Productivity
(RAS/5/39). Part II: Soil Erosion, Sedimentation, and Associated Pesticide
Contamination.Grand Maya Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, 5-9 July.
• Ismail Awang, Dato’. (no date). Sustainable Forest Management in Malaysia - The
Way Forward
at: http://www.mtc.com.my/publication/speech/sustainable.htm as on 20/12/2006
• FAO Corporate Document Repository. Available at:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/v7850e/V7850e11.htm as on 20/12/2006.