INFORMATION ABOUT
B.E.P.
Definition
Cost Volume Profit analysis & Application
Assumption of BEP analysis
Calculation
Method
Formula
Target profit
Margin of safety
Definition
Formula
Limitation of B.E.P.
Basic equation of Marginal Costing
Uses Of CVP Analysis
Limitations Of CVP Analysis
Profit Volume (P/V) Ratio
Marginal costing
Determination Of Marginal Cost
Features of Marginal Costing
CVP Analysis 17th Edition By Azad and Mansoor.pptxazadalisthp2020i
The 17th edition of CVP Analysis provides a concise overview of how costs, volume, and prices influence profitability, offering practical insights and real-world applications for students and professionals in managerial accounting. With updated content and examples, it serves as an essential resource for mastering cost-volume-profit analysis.
the document is on Cost volume profit analysis.
(Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is used to determine how changes in costs and volume affect a company's operating income and net income.)
Marginal costing is a costing technique wherein the marginal cost, i.e. variable cost is charged to units of cost, while the fixed cost for the period is completely written off against the contribution.
To understand the basic concepts of marginal cost and marginal costing.
To understand the difference between the Absorption costing and Marginal Costing.
To learn the practical applications of Marginal costing.
To understand Breakeven charts & Limitation
INFORMATION ABOUT
B.E.P.
Definition
Cost Volume Profit analysis & Application
Assumption of BEP analysis
Calculation
Method
Formula
Target profit
Margin of safety
Definition
Formula
Limitation of B.E.P.
Basic equation of Marginal Costing
Uses Of CVP Analysis
Limitations Of CVP Analysis
Profit Volume (P/V) Ratio
Marginal costing
Determination Of Marginal Cost
Features of Marginal Costing
CVP Analysis 17th Edition By Azad and Mansoor.pptxazadalisthp2020i
The 17th edition of CVP Analysis provides a concise overview of how costs, volume, and prices influence profitability, offering practical insights and real-world applications for students and professionals in managerial accounting. With updated content and examples, it serves as an essential resource for mastering cost-volume-profit analysis.
the document is on Cost volume profit analysis.
(Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is used to determine how changes in costs and volume affect a company's operating income and net income.)
Marginal costing is a costing technique wherein the marginal cost, i.e. variable cost is charged to units of cost, while the fixed cost for the period is completely written off against the contribution.
To understand the basic concepts of marginal cost and marginal costing.
To understand the difference between the Absorption costing and Marginal Costing.
To learn the practical applications of Marginal costing.
To understand Breakeven charts & Limitation
Similar to Lecture 15 CVP analysis_ Breakeven point.pptx (20)
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
2. Learning Outcomes
Comprehend the significance of Break
Even Analysis for a business
Understand the concept and
calculations of Contribution
Understand the concept and
calculations of PV ratio and margin of
safety
3. CVP analysis
• Important tool of profit planning
• Provides information on
• behaviour of cost in relation to volume
• Break even points
• Sensitivity of profits due to change in output
• Amount of profit for projected sales
• quantity of production and sales for targeted
profit
cost volume profit
5. CVP Analysis
The aim of an undertaking is to earn profit. Profit
depends upon a large number of factors, the
most important of which are the costs of the
manufacturer and the volume of sales effected.
6. CVP Analysis
Both these factors are interdependent – volume
of sales depends upon the volume of
production, which in turn is related to costs.
Cost again is the result of the operation of a
number of varying factors such as: 1. Volume
of production, 2. Product mix, 3. Internal
efficiency, 4. Methods of production, 5. Size of
plant, etc.
7. Of all these, volume is perhaps the largest single
factor which influences costs which can basically be
divided into fixed costs and variable costs.
As profits are affected by the interplay of costs and
volume, the management must have, at its
disposal, an analysis that can allow for a
reasonably accurate presentation of the effect of
a change in any of these factors which would
have on profit performance.
CVP Analysis
8. CVP Analysis
• Cost-volume-profit analysis furnishes a picture
of the profit at various levels of activity. This
enables management to distinguish between
the effect of sales volume fluctuations and the
results of price or cost changes upon profits.
This analysis helps in understanding the
behaviour of profits in relation to cost and
sales.
11. • Widely used to study CVP analysis
• Narrow interpretation-
• A system of determination of level of
production/sales at which cost will be equals
to selling price
• Broad interpretation-
• System which determines probable profits at
any level of activity
Break even analysis
12. Poll
• Break-even analysis is also called?
• (a) Business Analysis
• (b) Unit sales
• (c) Cost-Volume-Profit analysis
• (d) None of the above
13. Poll
• Break-even analysis is also called?
• (a) Business Analysis
• (b) Unit sales
• (c) Cost-Volume-Profit analysis
• (d) None of the above
14. ⦁ In economics & business, specifically cost accounting,
the break-even point (BEP) is the point at which cost or
expenses and revenue are equal: there is no net loss or
gain, and one has "broken even".
⦁ Total cost = Total revenue = B.E.P.
Break even point
15. Poll
• The break-even point can be defined as?
• (a) The level of activity at which there is
neither profit nor loss
• (b) The level of activity where cash flow is zero
• (c) The level of activity where profits equal
fixed costs
• (d) The level of activity where variable costs
are covered by sales revenue
16. Poll
• The break-even point can be defined as?
• (a) The level of activity at which there is
neither profit nor loss
• (b) The level of activity where cash flow is zero
• (c) The level of activity where profits equal
fixed costs
• (d) The level of activity where variable costs
are covered by sales revenue
17.
18. In order to calculate how profitable a product will be, we must
firstly look at the Costs Price and Revenue involved.
⦁ There are two basic types of costs a company incurs.
• Variable Costs
• Fixed Costs
⦁ Variable costs are costs that change with changes in
production levels or sales. Examples include: Costs of
materials used in the production of the goods.
⦁ Fixed costs remain roughly the same regardless of
sales/output levels. Examples include: Rent, Insurance and
Wages
BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS terms
19. ⦁ Unit Price:
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neycharged to the customer for each unit of a
⦁ Total Cost:
The sum of the fixed cost and total variable cost for any given level of
production.
(Fixed Cost + Total Variable Cost )
⦁ Total Variable Cost:
The product of expected unit sales and variable unit cost.
(Expected Unit Sales * Variable Unit Cost )
20. ⦁ Total Revenue:
The product of expected unit sales and unit price.
(Expected Unit Sales * Unit Price )
⦁ Profit/ loss
The monetary gain or loss resulting from revenues after
subtracting all associated costs. (Total Revenue - Total Costs)
21. • Contribution margin (CM) is the amount by
which a product's sales exceeds its
variable costs. It is the net amount
available to cover the fixed costs and
target profit.
• Total Contribution Margin = Sales - Total
Variable Costs
or
• TC= S-VC
Contribution
22.
23. ⦁ For example, suppose that your fixed costs for producing
100,000 product were 30,000 Rs a year.
⦁ Your variable costs are 2.20 R.s materials, 4.00 R.s labor, and
0.80 Rs overhead, for a total of 7.00 R.s per unit.
⦁ If you choose a selling price of 12.00 Rs for each product, then:
⦁ BEP= TFC/S-VC
⦁ 30,000(TFC) divided by [12.00(P) - 7.00(V)] equals 6000 units.
⦁ This is the number of products that have to be sold at a selling
price of 12.00 Rs before your business will start to make a profit.
EXAMPLES
24. Poll
• The break-even point in units is represented
by the equation?
• (a) Fixed costs / Variable costs
• (b) Fixed costs / selling price per unit
• (c) (Sales revenue - Fixed costs) / Contribution
per unit
• (d) Fixed costs / Contribution per unit
25. Poll
• The break-even point in units is represented
by the equation?
• (a) Fixed costs / Variable costs
• (b) Fixed costs / selling price per unit
• (c) (Sales revenue - Fixed costs) / Contribution
per unit
• (d) Fixed costs / Contribution per unit
26. Poll
• A company has fixed costs of Rs. 50,000 and
variable costs per unit of output of Rs. 8. If its
sole product sells for Rs. 18, what is the break-
even quantity of output?
• (a) Rs. 2,500
• (b) Rs. 5,000
• (c) Rs. 1,500
• (d) Rs. 7,500
27. Poll
• A company has fixed costs of Rs. 50,000 and
variable costs per unit of output of Rs. 8. If its
sole product sells for Rs. 18, what is the break-
even quantity of output?
• (a) Rs. 2,500
• (b) Rs. 5,000
• (c) Rs. 1,500
• (d) Rs. 7,500
28. Practical Example
• Total fixed cost= 12000
• Selling price= Rs12 per unit
• Variable cost = Rs9 per unit
Solution:
(i) Contribution= S-V= 12-9= Rs.3 per unit
(ii) P/V ratio= C/S*100= 3/12*100= 25%
(iii) Break even point (in units) = F/C
= 12000/3= 4000 units
Break even point (in rupees) = F/C*sales
=12000/3*12 = Rs. 48000
29. ⦁ Margin of safety represents the strength of the
business.
⦁ It measures difference between total sales and break
even sales
⦁ It enables a business to know what is the exact
amount it has gained or lost and whether they are
over or below the break even point.
⦁ Margin of safety = profit / PV ratio OR
⦁ Margin of safety = actual sales – BEP sales
⦁ Margin of safety% = (current output -
breakeven output)/current output × 100
MARGIN OF SAFETY
32. Example
• Suppose company’s break even point sales are
800 rs but company has sold 1000rs product
so margin of safety is-
A. 1800
B. 200
C. 800
D. 1000
33. Example
• Suppose company’s break even point sales are
800 rs but company has sold 1000rs product
so margin of safety is-
A. 1800
B. 200
C. 800
D. 1000
34. Other Example
• A company earned profit of 30000 during 2020
and VC is 8 and selling price is 10 per unit find out
MoS
• margin of safety = profit / PV ratio
• PV ratio= contribution/sale *100
• Contribution= selling price – variable cost
• =10-8= 2
• PV ratio= 2/10*100= 20
• Margin of safety = 30000/20%= 150000
35. Margin of Safety
Margin of safety indicates soundness of a business.
When margin of safety is large, it means the
business can still make profits even after a serious
fall in prices. Higher level of safety margin
indicates low fixed costs.
36. Practical Example
Company X Company Y
Actual Sales 1,20,000 60,000
Less: Break even
point
40,000 40,000
Margin of safety 80,000 20,000
Margin of safety
(% of sales)
80,000/1,20,00
0*100
20,000/60,000*1
00
=66 2/3% =33 1/3 %
Which company is considered to be sound ????
37. Profit-Volume (P/V) Ratio
The profit volume ratio better known as contribution
margin to sales ratio expresses the relationship of
contribution to sales.
This ratio is also known as marginal income ratio, or
variable profit ratio. P/V ratio, usually expressed as a
percentage, is the rate at which profits increase with the
increase in volume.
When P/V ratio is high it indicates the high profit margin.
A low P/V ratio indicates low profit margin. In the cases
of low margin, the company has to either increase the
selling price to improve the PV ratio or increase the sales
turnover to earn satisfactory profit in the business. The
situation of high PV ratio is called profitable situation.
38. Profit-Volume (P/V) Ratio
The formulae for P/V ratio are:
P/V ratio = Contribution/Sales
Or
P/V ratio =Sales value - Variable cost/Sales
value
39. • By transposition, we have:
(i) C = S*P/V ratio
(ii) S = C/P/v ratio
(iii)It can also be calculated as change in
contribution to change in sales.
P/V ratio = Change in Contribution/Change in
sales
40. Practical Example of P/V ratio
• Sales=Rs. 10,000
• Variable cost= Rs. 8000
• Thus, P/V ratio= C/S
(i) S-V/S= 10000-8000/10,000 *100= 20%
(ii) C= S*P/V ratio
C= 10,000*20%= 2000
The other formula to calculate P/V ratio=
Change in contribution/ Change in sales
41. Poll
• Determine P/V ratio if Sales is Rs
80,000 and Variable cost is Rs 60,000.
a) 40%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) None of the above
42. Poll
• Determine P/V ratio if Sales is Rs
80,000 and Variable cost is Rs 60,000.
a) 40%
b) 25%
c) 50%
d) None of the above
43. Importance of P/V Ratio
• It is one of the most imp ratio which indicates rate
at which profit is being earned.
• A high ratio indicates high profitability and vice
versa
P/V ratio can be improved by:
1. Increasing the selling price per unit.
2. Reducing direct and variable costs by effectively
utilizing men, machines and materials.
3. Switching the product to more profitable terms
by showing a higher P/V ratio.
44. • Determine P/V ratio if Sales per unit is
Rs 10 and Variable cost per unit is Rs 7.
a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 45%
d) 30%
45. • Determine P/V ratio if Sales per unit is
Rs 10 and Variable cost per unit is Rs 7.
a) 25%
b) 50%
c) 45%
d) 30%