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CS626-449: NLP, Speech and
Web-Topics-in-AI
Pushpak Bhattacharyya
CSE Dept.,
IIT Bombay
Lecture 35: Semantic Relations;
UNL; Towards Dependency Parsing
2
Web at a glance
 Google indexes more than 8 billion
pages
 Dominated by English
 Large part of world is deprived of this
knowledge
3
Search Engines Today
 Keyword based
 Irrelevant results
 Meaning not taken into account
 Language specific
 No search possible across language
 No translation possible
4
Future of the World Wide Web
WWW
User
Translation
interface
User
User
User
Translation
interface
5
Features
 Meaning based
 More relevant results
 Multilingual
 Query in English
 Fetch document in Hindi
 Show it in English
6
Machine Translation
 Translate from one language to other
 Two approaches
 Direct
 One step
 Using Intermediate language
 Two step
7
Interlingua
 Interlingua
 Intermediate language for machine
translation
 Step one
 Convert from source language text to
interlingua
 Step two
 Produce target langauge text from interlingua
 UNL : an interlingua in UNL system
8
Internet for the Masses
Internet
Spanish
interface
English
viewer
Hindi
viewer
English
interface
Spanish
viewer
Hindi
interface
9
A Semantic Graph
in: modifier
a: indefinite
the: definite
student
past tense
agent
bought
object
time
computer
new
June
modifier
The student bought a new computer in June.
10
UNL representation
Ram is reading the newspaper
Representation of Knowledge
11
Knowledge Representation
Ram
read
newspaper
agt obj
UNL Graph - relations
12
Knowledge Representation
Ram(iof>person)
read(icl>interpret)
newspaper(icl>print_media)
UNL Graph - UWs
agt
obj
13
Knowledge Representation
Ram(iof>person)
read(icl>interpret)
newspaper(icl>print_media)
@entry
@present
@progress
@def
Ram is reading the newspaper
UNL graph - attributes
agt
obj
14
The boy who works here went to school
plt
agt
@ entry @ past
school(icl>institution)
go(icl>move)
boy(icl>person
)
work(icl>do
)
here
@ entry
agt
plc
:01
Another Example
15
UNL System
16
The World-wide
Universal Networking Language (UNL) Project
UNL
English Russian
Japanese
Hindi
Spanish
 Language independent meaning representation.
Marathi
17
The UNL System: An Overview
18
Universal Networking
Language
 Universal Words (UWs)
 Relations
 Attributes
 Knowledge Base
19
UNL Graph
obj
agt
@ entry @ past
minister(icl>person)
forward(icl>send)
mail(icl>collection
)
He(icl>person)
@def
@def
gol
He forwarded the mail to the minister.
20
UNL Expression
agt (forward(icl>send).@ entry @ past,
he(icl>person))
obj (forward(icl>send).@ entry @ past,
minister(icl>person))
gol (forward(icl>send ).@ entry @ past,
mail(icl>collection). @def)

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Lec 35______&__&_&___________________.ppt