Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Latest News on PM 2.5 — Implications for Public Health
presented by Dr John Froines (South California Particle Centre)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Aequorin assays in primary endothelial cells using the amax nucleofector tech...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This document summarizes a study presenting results from assays measuring intracellular calcium increase in primary endothelial cells using the photoprotein Aequorin. Specifically:
1) Primary human microvascular endothelial cells from lung (HMVEC-L) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were transiently transfected with Aequorin using nucleofection technology.
2) The transfected cells were treated with various histamine receptor agonists and Aequorin signal in response to changes in intracellular calcium was measured. Strong signals were observed for histamine and other agonists in both cell types.
3) Kinetics of the Aequorin response to different agonists was examined, demonstrating the ability to
The document summarizes a presentation on complementary medicine in women's health. It defines complementary medicine as practices not generally considered conventional medicine and provides examples like acupuncture, yoga, and herbal products. It then reviews National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine research on topics including menopause, soy supplements, and mind-body therapies for hot flashes. In conclusion, it acknowledges contributions to national surveys on complementary and alternative medicine use.
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - The Hong Kong Review of...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
The Hong Kong Review of Air Quality Objectives
presented by Prof. TW Wong
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
18 self developed pesticides without renewal of technical registrationsCCM Intelligence
There were 18 self-developed pesticides in China that had their technical registrations expire as of November 2013, including 5 fungicides, 5 insecticides, 5 herbicides, and 3 growth regulators. Several of these pesticides were developed by research institutes and universities but then faced issues renewing their registrations when cooperating with companies for commercialization.
This document is a collection of humorous mistranslations and misspellings from signs and notices in various Chinese cities. It includes unintentionally amusing phrases like "Order From Building?", "Children made in China", "Cut The Foot", "What's That?", "MEAT!", "Dying? Corporation?", "'Rope' NOT 'Rape'", and "'Special Dish?'" The author compiled these examples of "Chinglish" to show that even in mistakes, there can be lessons learned and opportunities to find humor.
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - WHO Guidelines & HowCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
WHO Guidelines & How
presented by Ross Anderson (St George's, University of London)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - U.S. Politics and Laws as...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
U.S. Politics and Laws as Drivers for Air Quality Management (AQM)
presented by John G Watson (Desert Research Institute)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Aequorin assays in primary endothelial cells using the amax nucleofector tech...PerkinElmer, Inc.
This document summarizes a study presenting results from assays measuring intracellular calcium increase in primary endothelial cells using the photoprotein Aequorin. Specifically:
1) Primary human microvascular endothelial cells from lung (HMVEC-L) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were transiently transfected with Aequorin using nucleofection technology.
2) The transfected cells were treated with various histamine receptor agonists and Aequorin signal in response to changes in intracellular calcium was measured. Strong signals were observed for histamine and other agonists in both cell types.
3) Kinetics of the Aequorin response to different agonists was examined, demonstrating the ability to
The document summarizes a presentation on complementary medicine in women's health. It defines complementary medicine as practices not generally considered conventional medicine and provides examples like acupuncture, yoga, and herbal products. It then reviews National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine research on topics including menopause, soy supplements, and mind-body therapies for hot flashes. In conclusion, it acknowledges contributions to national surveys on complementary and alternative medicine use.
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - The Hong Kong Review of...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
The Hong Kong Review of Air Quality Objectives
presented by Prof. TW Wong
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
18 self developed pesticides without renewal of technical registrationsCCM Intelligence
There were 18 self-developed pesticides in China that had their technical registrations expire as of November 2013, including 5 fungicides, 5 insecticides, 5 herbicides, and 3 growth regulators. Several of these pesticides were developed by research institutes and universities but then faced issues renewing their registrations when cooperating with companies for commercialization.
This document is a collection of humorous mistranslations and misspellings from signs and notices in various Chinese cities. It includes unintentionally amusing phrases like "Order From Building?", "Children made in China", "Cut The Foot", "What's That?", "MEAT!", "Dying? Corporation?", "'Rope' NOT 'Rape'", and "'Special Dish?'" The author compiled these examples of "Chinglish" to show that even in mistakes, there can be lessons learned and opportunities to find humor.
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - WHO Guidelines & HowCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
WHO Guidelines & How
presented by Ross Anderson (St George's, University of London)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - U.S. Politics and Laws as...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
U.S. Politics and Laws as Drivers for Air Quality Management (AQM)
presented by John G Watson (Desert Research Institute)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Air Pollution can be FixedCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Air Pollution can be Fixed
presented by Mr Anders Wijkman (European Parliament and Tällberg Foundation)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Progress in Emission Inve...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Progress in Emission Inventories of Pearl River Delta Region
presented by Dr Allen Zheng (South China University of Technology)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - The Beijing Olympics Expe...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
The Beijing Olympics Experience
presented by Prof. Zhu Tong (College of Environmental Studies and Engineering, Peking University)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - The Bangkok ExperienceCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
The Bangkok Experience
presented by Prof. Nuntavarn Vichit-Vadakan
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - The Economics of Managi...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
The Economics of Managing Damaging Pollutants from Marine Sources
presented by Terry Barket (University of Cambridge and Cambridge Econometrics)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Science to Policy - pre...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Science to Policy
presented by Ross Anderson (St George's, University of London)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Application of Studies ...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Application of Studies on Health Effects of Air Pollution in Hong Kong
presented by Dr CM Wong (Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Patterns of Respiratory...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Patterns of Respiratory Illness in Hong Kong, presented by Dr WM Chan (Hong Kong Thoracic Society)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 Energy Conference No. 10- China Overview and NDRC Outli...Civic Exchange
Mr. Andrew Lawson of Civic Exchange summarized the picture of solar, wind and hydro-power generation across China, with reference to the NDRC Outline for the PRD 2008-2020.
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Keynote Address Presen...Civic Exchange
Keynote address for one-day public forum to focus the air pollution debate on health-based facts and science. What policies do the government and the public need to adopt to protect public health for this and future generations? This event has been co-organized by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust and Civic Exchange
http://www.dialogue.org.hk
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Air Pollution can be FixedCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Air Pollution can be Fixed
presented by Mr Anders Wijkman (European Parliament and Tällberg Foundation)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Progress in Emission Inve...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Progress in Emission Inventories of Pearl River Delta Region
presented by Dr Allen Zheng (South China University of Technology)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - The Beijing Olympics Expe...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
The Beijing Olympics Experience
presented by Prof. Zhu Tong (College of Environmental Studies and Engineering, Peking University)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - The Bangkok ExperienceCivic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
The Bangkok Experience
presented by Prof. Nuntavarn Vichit-Vadakan
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - The Economics of Managi...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
The Economics of Managing Damaging Pollutants from Marine Sources
presented by Terry Barket (University of Cambridge and Cambridge Econometrics)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Science to Policy - pre...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Science to Policy
presented by Ross Anderson (St George's, University of London)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Application of Studies ...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Application of Studies on Health Effects of Air Pollution in Hong Kong
presented by Dr CM Wong (Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Patterns of Respiratory...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Patterns of Respiratory Illness in Hong Kong, presented by Dr WM Chan (Hong Kong Thoracic Society)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange - 2009 Energy Conference No. 10- China Overview and NDRC Outli...Civic Exchange
Mr. Andrew Lawson of Civic Exchange summarized the picture of solar, wind and hydro-power generation across China, with reference to the NDRC Outline for the PRD 2008-2020.
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Keynote Address Presen...Civic Exchange
Keynote address for one-day public forum to focus the air pollution debate on health-based facts and science. What policies do the government and the public need to adopt to protect public health for this and future generations? This event has been co-organized by The Hong Kong Jockey Club Charities Trust and Civic Exchange
http://www.dialogue.org.hk
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Civic Exchange - 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Latest News on PM 2.5 — Implications for Public Health
1. Latest news on PM 2.5 – Implications for Public
Health
Southern California Particle Center
Director: John R. Froines, Ph.D.
• University of California, Los Angeles
• University of Southern California
• University of California, Irvine
• Michigan State University
• University of Wisconsin-Madison
• University of Tsukuba, Japan
2. Early evidence for PM2.5 related
health effects-1997
• Series of studies that reported associations between
daily changes in PM and daily mortality
• Harvard Six Cities and American Cancer Society
prospective cohort studies
• Utah valley studies
• Health endpoints: respiratory hospitalizations, lung
function and respiratory symptoms, school absences,
and mortality including lung cancer
• Annual mean Standards: U.S Federal 15 ug/m3; State
of California 12 ug/m3; WHO 10 ug/m3
3. PM 2.5 impact-increase in relative risk
For every Increase of 10ug/m3
1. Short-term exposure and mortality:
0.4% to 1.5% increase in risk
2. Long-term exposure and mortality:
6% to 17% increase in risk
3. Cardiovascular mortality:
Short term 0.6% to 1.8% increase in risk
Popeand Dockery, J.Air&Wastemanagement Association,56,709-742
Pope and Dockery, J.Air&WasteManageAssoc,56,709-
742
4. 2008 California Air Resources Board Analysis-New
estimates of PM2.5 premature relative risk
5. Summary: Health effects associated with
PM exposure to traffic related pollutants
• Effects on CNS and autonomic nervous
system
• Low birth weight/preterm babies
• Increase in asthma and other respiratory
disease in children and adults
• Decrease in lung development and
function in children
• Atherosclerosis exacerbation in adults
• Cancer
6. Conclusions
There’s been progress evaluating PM effects for different
time-scales of exposure and in the exploration of the
shape of the concentration-response function.
There is emerging evidence of PM-related
cardiovascular health effects and a growing knowledge
of mechanistic pathways
Associations identified between adverse health
outcomes and traffic density
Increased emphasis on role of ultrafine particles.
Significant role of vapor condensation and semi-volatile
particles and evidence for a key role of vapors
7. Mitochondria: An Important Subcellular Target
of PM and a Source of ROS Generation
Mag. x 6000 Mag. x 21000 Mag. x 6000 Mag. x
P 21000
P M
Untreated
Fine
M M
P
M
UFP
P
Coarse
M
M
M
M
P P
Mitochondria are redox active
organelles RAW 264.7
Li, N., Sioutas S, Cho A, Schmitz D, Misra C, Sempf J, Wang M, Oberly T, Froines J, Nel A (2003). "Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Induce Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial
Damage." Environmental Health Perspectives 111(4): 455-460.
8. How small are these particles?
coarse: 2.5-10 um
fine: <2.5
ultrafine: <0.1
Human Hair PM10 PM0.1 PM2.5
(60 µm diameter) (10 µm) (0.1 µm) (2.5 µm)
9. Pathways of Oxidative Stress
High Low
GSH/GSSG GSH/GSSG
Ratio Ratio
oxidative stress
Level of
Cell response pathway: Normal Anti- Inflammation Toxicity
oxidant
Defense
Dose dependent induction of Dose
antioxidant enzymes-UF
Source: Xiao, et al. 2003
10. Mobile Source Studies
•Particle mass remains relatively
constant with distance from
freeway; size distribution
changes considerably.
•Zhu et al, Aerosol Science and
Technology, 38,2004; Zhu et al,
Atmospheric Env, 36, 2002
•Concentrations of nanoparticles
(<20 nm) are much higher in
winter than summer, suggesting
that these particles are volatile,
formed by condensation of
organic vapors.
•Volatile vs non-volatile particle
12. Distribution of DTT based redox
activity
DTT activity Particle fraction Volatile fraction Ratio
(Particle/vapor)
(nmoles (nmoles
DTT/min/m 3 ) DTT/min/m 3 )
RIV041607 No data * 0.155
RIV042507 0.514 0.160 3.21
RIV050707 0.769 0.284 2.71
RIV102507 1.239 0.159 7.79
• DTT based redox activity higher in particle
phase.
13. Distribution of electrophiles based on GAPDH
inhibition and inhibition of PTP1B
EC for inhibition Particle fraction Volatile fraction Ratio
(Particle/vapor)
GAPDH m3 m3
RIV041607 Not available 0.50 ND
RIV042507 88.32 0.42 210.3
*
RIV050707 4.13 0.16 25.8
RIV102507 2.88 0.17 16.9
PTP 1B inhibition Particle fraction Volatile fraction Ratio
(Particle/vapor)
RIV041607 ND 0.17 NA
RIV042507 ND 0.18 NA
RIV050707 ND 0.09 NA
• Values are concentrations of air mass equivalents, in m3, needed to
inactivate GAPDH by 50%.
• Smaller values are more potent. ND: not
• GAPDH data show higher levels of electrophiles in vapor phase
compared to particles.
• Electrophiles in vapor phase inhibit two thiol enzymes, GAPDH and
PTP1B.
14. Aortic atherosclerotic
lesions
Aortic lesion area (µm2/section) 70000
P<0.0001
P= 0.002
60000 P= 0.02
P= 0.02
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
NE FA FP UFP
Condition Source:
15. Results: More asthma within 150 m of
major roads
2.5
Asthma Odds Ratio
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
<75 75-150 150-300 >300
Distance to Major Road (meters)
McConnell, et. al. AJRCCM 2005;2:A522
16. Residential Proximity to Freeway Truck
Traffic and Preterm & LBW babies
Infants born between 1997-2000 in Los Angeles County, Ritz et al.,
17. Does PM Affect other Organ
Systems?
Lung
10
ng 13C/g organ
Liver
per µg/m3
8
*
*
6 1.5
µg 13C/gram
Lung
4 1.0 *
*
Organ
*
2 * * * Olfactory
0.5 *
* * * Cerebellum
0 0.0
Cerebrum
0.5 10 24 0.5 10 24 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Hours after Exposure Days after Exposure
Brain Inflammation Markers
Tissue from Mice Exposed at BH2 2002
Control UF F+UF
TNF! (ng/mL) 2.0 ±0.1 2.2±0.1 2.5±0.2
IL-1! (ng/mL) 1.6±0.2 2.7±0.3* 2.0±0.4*
NFkB (units x 10-3) 8.5±4.4 11.0±1.6** 10.7±3.0**
Sources: Campbell et al, Neurotoxicology, 2005; Oberdorster et al., EHP, 2005