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LEUCEMIILE ACUTE
BOALA MALIGNA: definitie
 Anomalie fenotipica
 Monoclonalitate
HEMATOIEZA NORMALA
 Procesul de formare a elementelor
celulare din sange
Celula stem multipotenta:
- autoreplicare
- migrare in sange periferic
- diferentiere ( angajare )
CFU = Unitati Formatoare de
Colonii( CS angajate )
Linia mieloida Linia
limfoida
HEMATOIEZA NORMALA
Care este suportul genetic al procesului de
diferentiere ?
rearanjament genic
=> diferentiere
CFU = Unitati Formatoare de
Colonii( CS angajate )
Linia mieloida Linia
limfoida
Studiul celulelor hematopoietice:
 Examen citologic si histologic
 Imunofenotipare
 Biologie moleculara
Patologia maligna hematologica:
clasificare
SINDROAME
LIMFOPROLIFERATIVE
SINDROAME
MIELOPROLIFERATIVE
SINDROAME
LIMFOPROLIFERATIVE
SINDROAME
MIELOPROLIFERATIVE
Acute:
-LAM
Cronice
- PV
- TE
-_LGC
- MMM
Acute:
-LAL
Cronice
- LLC
- HCL
- LNH
- BH
- BW
- MM
Leucemii Acute : Definitie
 Leucemiile acute ( LA) sunt un grup heterogen de
boli maligne ale celulelor stem hematopoietice
nediferentiate sau partial diferentiate.
 Incidenta – 3-5 cazuri / 100 000 loc/ an
- pred. sex masculin
 Varsta mediana: 62-65 ani pentru LAM
30-40 ani pentru LAL
Factori de risc pentru aparitia
leucemiilor acute
 Radiatiile ionizante
 Substante chimice si medicamente
 Hipoplazia medulara
 Factori genetici
 Agenti virali
Radiatiile Ionizante:
 Expunere accidentala
 Expunere profesionala
 Expunere terapeutica
Factori de risc pentru aparitia
leucemiilor acute
 Radiatiile ionizante
 Substante chimice si medicamente
 Hipoplazia medulara
 Factori genetici
 Agenti virali
Substante chimice si medicamente:
 Benzen
 Arsenic
 Fenilbutazona
 Cloramfenicol
 Agenti alchilanti
 Inhibitori de topoisomeraza II
Factori de risc pentru aparitia
leucemiilor acute
 Radiatiile ionizante
 Substante chimice si medicamente
 Hipoplazia medulara
 Factori genetici
 Agenti virali
Hipoplazia medulara
 Anemia aplastica dobandita
 Anemia Fanconi
 Hemoglobinuria paroxistica nocturna
Factori de risc pentru aparitia
leucemiilor acute
 Radiatiile ionizante
 Substante chimice si medicamente
 Hipoplazia medulara
 Factori genetici
 Agenti virali
Factori genetici:
 Sindromul Down
 Sindromul Fanconi
 Sindromul Bloom
 Sindromul Klinefelter
 Telangiectazia ereditara ataxica
Factori de risc pentru aparitia
leucemiilor acute
 Radiatiile ionizante
 Substante chimice si medicamente
 Hipoplazia medulara
 Factori genetici
 Agenti virali
Agenti virali
 HTLV1( retrovirus )=> Limfomul / Leucemie
cu celule T al adultului
Patogeneza leucemiilor acute:
 Transformare maligna clonala
 Proliferarea unei populatii celulare imature si fara
functie fiziologica
Hematopoieza leucemica:
- monoclonala
- blocare in maturatie / diferentiere
- necontrolabila
Mecanismul transformarii leucemice:
1. ONCOGENE CELULARE
Factori de crestere extracelulari sis
Tirozin-kinaze membranare fms, kit, erb-B
Transductori de semnal intracelular:
a.) leaga GTP
b.)Serina / Treonina kinaza
c.) nuclear – factori de transcriptie
-receptori pt vit. / hormoni
- tirozin- kinaza
H-ras, K-ras, N-ras
raf, mos
jun, fos, myc, myb, ets,
erb-A, RARA-
abl
2. GENE SUPRESOARE DE TUMORA p53, Rb
3. INHIBITORI DE APOPTOZA bcl-2
Rezultatul expansiunii populatiei
leucemice:
 Infiltrare leucemica medulara=>
insuficienta medulara
 Infiltratie leucemica in tesuturi si organe
LEUCEMII ACUTE: tablou clinic
 Sindrom anemic
 Sindrom infectios
 Sindrom hemoragipar: - cutanat
- mucos
- visceral
 Alte manifestari: - hipertrofie de organe
- hipertrofie gingivala
- neurologice
- tumori mediastinale
Hipertrofie gingivala – LAM 5
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
Criterii FAB:
1. Examen citologic ( SP / MO )
2. Examen citochimic standard
3. Citochimia ultrastructurala
4. Examenul markerilor de suprafata si
intracitoplasmatici = citometrie in flux
5. Citogenetica si biologie moleculara
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
1. Examen citologic :
- recunoasterea celulelor blastice
- numararea blastilor in MO .
> 20 % = leucemie acuta
< 20 % = sindrom mielodisplazic
Leucemie acuta M1
Leucemie acuta limfoblastica
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
2. Examen citochimic :
- PAS
- Negru Sudan
- Mieloperoxidaze
- Esteraza
- TDT
Blasti PAS +
Blasti MPOX +
Blasti Esterazo +
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
3. Citochimia ultrastructurala:
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
4. Examenul markerilor de suprafata si
intracitoplasmatici ( imunofenotipare )
foloseste Ac. Monoclonali
Anticorpi Monoclonali
Citometria in flux
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
4. Examenul markerilor de suprafata si
intracitoplasmatici ( imunofenotipare )
foloseste Ac. Monoclonali
- LAL B - CD 10; CD 19; CD 20; CD 22
- LAL T - CD 1; CD 2; CD 3: CD 4; CD5;
CD 7 ; CD 8
- LAM - CD13; CD33
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
5. Examenul citogenetic si biologie moleculara
- citogenetica clasica
Examen citogenetic
Examen citogenetic
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
5. Examenul citogenetic si biologie moleculara
- citogenetica clasica in LA
t 8:14 (q24:q32) = LAL 3
t 15:17 (q22:q21) = LAM3
t 8:21 (q22:q22) =LAM 2
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
5. Examenul citogenetic si biologie moleculara
- reactia de hibridizare fluorescenta in situ (
FISH )
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
5. Examenul citogenetic si biologie moleculara
- PCR ( reactia in lant cu polimeraza )
- RT- PCR
- secventializarea ADN
Examene de biologie moleculara = structura genei
LEUCEMII ACUTE: diagnostic
criterii FAB
5. Examenul citogenetic si biologie moleculara
- PCR ( reactia in lant cu polimeraza )
- RT- PCR
- secventializarea ADN
Avantaje:
- identifica celulele nediferentiate
- demonstreaza caracterul clonal al proliferii
- studiul bolii minime reziduale
CLASIFICAREA LEUCEMIILOR ACUTE:
 Leucemii acute limfoblastice (LAL )
 Leucemii acute mieloide (LAM )
CLASIFICAREA LEUCEMIILOR ACUTE:
 Leucemii acute limfoblastice (LAL )
Citologic: L1
L2
L3
Imunofenotipic:
LAL comuna ( CALLA +)
LAL B ( Burkitt like)
LAL T
LAL null
Genetic :
CLASIFICAREA LEUCEMIILOR ACUTE:
 Leucemii acute mieloida ( LAM ):
- LA mieloida cu diferentire minima(LAM-M0 )
- LA mieloida fara maturatie (LAM-M1 )
- LA mieloida cu maturatie (LAM-M2 )
- LA promielocitara (LAM-M3 / LAP )
- LA mielo- monocitara (LAM-M4 )
- LA monocitara (LAM-M5 )
- Eritroleucemia (LAM-M6 )
- LA megacariocitara (LAM-M7 )
Leucemia acuta promielocitara - particularitati:
- citologice  corpi AUER
- biologice => CID
- citogenetic => t 15:17 (q22:q21) => onc PML / RAR alfa
TRATAMENTUL LEUCEMIILOR ACUTE:
 Principii:
 Criterii de remisiune completa:
- < 5% blasti in MO
- sange periferic normal
- absenta altor determinari de boala
 Remisiune moleculara
TRATAMENTUL LEUCEMIILOR ACUTE:
 Tratamentul LA are 2 faze:
1. Faza de inductie: chimioterapie agresiva
pentru obtinerea RC.
LAL: VCR, Cortizon, FRB, L-ASP, CFA,
MTX, ARA-C
LAM: FRB, ARA-C
2. Faza de postinductie are 2 etape:
- intretinere
- intensificare ( consolidare )
TRATAMENTUL LEUCEMIILOR ACUTE:
 Terapie speciala:
 Terapie ajutatoare:
- terapia suportiva - substitutie – ME
- MG
- MT (afereza Tb)
- terapia infectiilor
- factori de crestere
- reechilibrare H-E si metabolica
- psihoterapia
- izolare
TRATAMENTUL LEUCEMIILOR ACUTE:
 Transplantul de celule stem hematopoietice (CSH):
- in functie de sursa de CSH :
=> allotransplant
=> autotransplant
- in functie de modalitatea de recoltare a CSH:
=> CSH (CD 34 + ) din maduva osoasa
=> CSH (CD 34 + ) din sangele periferic
prin citafereza
=> CSH ( CD 34 + ) din cordonul ombilical
TRATAMENTUL LEUCEMIILOR ACUTE:
 Transplantul de celule stem hematopietice -
rezultate: Supravietuire libera de boala
(Leukemia free survival) la 3 ani.
Transplant CSH Chimioterapie
LAL
prima RC 30-60 % 20-70 %
a doua RC 30-50 % 10 %
LAM
prima RC 40-60 % 10-50 %
a doua RC 30 % 10 %

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