1. The document discusses key concepts in market segmentation including defining markets and segments, the importance of segmentation, criteria for successful segmentation, and bases used for segmenting consumer and business markets.
2. It also covers strategies for selecting target markets, one-to-one marketing, and how firms implement positioning strategies using product differentiation.
3. The learning outcomes cover topics like steps in the segmentation process, alternatives for selecting targets, and how positioning and differentiation influence customers' perceptions of brands.
This document discusses key aspects of business marketing. It defines business marketing and differentiates business and consumer products. It describes the role of the internet, relationship marketing, and strategic alliances in business marketing. It identifies four major categories of business customers and explains the North American Industry Classification System. It also discusses the differences between business and consumer markets, the seven types of business goods and services, and unique aspects of business buying behavior.
The document summarizes key concepts related to consumer decision making and behavior from a marketing perspective. It discusses the consumer decision making process, which involves need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. It also outlines cultural, social, individual, and psychological factors that influence consumer decisions at each stage of the process.
Topic 9 Comparison Of Financial Statementsguest441011
There are three main types of business activities: service businesses, trading businesses, and manufacturing businesses. Service businesses generate revenue from fees for services provided. Trading businesses earn profits from the sale of finished goods purchased from others. Manufacturing businesses convert raw materials into finished goods and sell those goods to customers. The financial statements for each type of business are presented differently based on their activities.
Topic 1 – Part 2 The Accounting Areas And Professional Bodiesguest441011
The accounting concepts/conventions/principles applied are:
- Entity concept - Accounts are prepared for Farhan's small business separately from his personal affairs.
- Going concern concept - The accounts are prepared on the assumption that the business will continue to operate in the foreseeable future.
- Accrual basis of accounting - Revenues and expenses are recognized in the period earned/incurred rather than when cash is received/paid out.
b. The company recorded its land at cost of RM500,000 in 2010. In 2015, the market value of the land increased to RM800,000 but the company did not revalue the land in its books.
The document discusses strategic planning and marketing plans. It covers 10 learning outcomes related to strategic planning, including understanding the importance of strategic marketing and marketing plans, developing business mission statements, setting objectives, conducting situation analyses, identifying competitive advantages, discussing strategic alternatives and target markets, describing marketing mix elements, and explaining the need for implementation, evaluation and control of marketing plans.
1. The document discusses key concepts in market segmentation including defining markets and segments, the importance of segmentation, criteria for successful segmentation, and bases used for segmenting consumer and business markets.
2. It also covers strategies for selecting target markets, one-to-one marketing, and how firms implement positioning strategies using product differentiation.
3. The learning outcomes cover topics like steps in the segmentation process, alternatives for selecting targets, and how positioning and differentiation influence customers' perceptions of brands.
This document discusses key aspects of business marketing. It defines business marketing and differentiates business and consumer products. It describes the role of the internet, relationship marketing, and strategic alliances in business marketing. It identifies four major categories of business customers and explains the North American Industry Classification System. It also discusses the differences between business and consumer markets, the seven types of business goods and services, and unique aspects of business buying behavior.
The document summarizes key concepts related to consumer decision making and behavior from a marketing perspective. It discusses the consumer decision making process, which involves need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and post-purchase evaluation. It also outlines cultural, social, individual, and psychological factors that influence consumer decisions at each stage of the process.
Topic 9 Comparison Of Financial Statementsguest441011
There are three main types of business activities: service businesses, trading businesses, and manufacturing businesses. Service businesses generate revenue from fees for services provided. Trading businesses earn profits from the sale of finished goods purchased from others. Manufacturing businesses convert raw materials into finished goods and sell those goods to customers. The financial statements for each type of business are presented differently based on their activities.
Topic 1 – Part 2 The Accounting Areas And Professional Bodiesguest441011
The accounting concepts/conventions/principles applied are:
- Entity concept - Accounts are prepared for Farhan's small business separately from his personal affairs.
- Going concern concept - The accounts are prepared on the assumption that the business will continue to operate in the foreseeable future.
- Accrual basis of accounting - Revenues and expenses are recognized in the period earned/incurred rather than when cash is received/paid out.
b. The company recorded its land at cost of RM500,000 in 2010. In 2015, the market value of the land increased to RM800,000 but the company did not revalue the land in its books.
The document discusses strategic planning and marketing plans. It covers 10 learning outcomes related to strategic planning, including understanding the importance of strategic marketing and marketing plans, developing business mission statements, setting objectives, conducting situation analyses, identifying competitive advantages, discussing strategic alternatives and target markets, describing marketing mix elements, and explaining the need for implementation, evaluation and control of marketing plans.
This document provides an overview of marketing and discusses key concepts including:
1. It defines marketing as creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers to benefit an organization.
2. It describes four marketing management philosophies: sales, production, marketing, and societal orientations.
3. It discusses the differences between sales and market orientations, focusing on customers versus goods/services.
Here are the journal entries for the petty cash fund transactions in October:
Oct 1
Petty Cash 130
Cash at Bank 130
(To establish a petty cash fund of RM130)
Oct 31
Petty Cash Expenses
Office Supplies 36.50
Telephone and Fax 21.30
Postage 53.70
Freight-out 8.80
Petty Cash 120.30
(To record petty cash expenses for the month)
Petty Cash 260
Cash at Bank 129.70
(To reimburse the petty cash fund and increase it to RM260)
The document discusses the accounting cycle and related concepts. It covers:
1) Analyzing transactions and their impact on the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity). Transactions are recorded through journal entries.
2) Journal entries record transactions in chronological order and are posted to accounts in the general ledger.
3) A trial balance is prepared by listing account balances from the general ledger to check that total debits equal total credits. It helps identify any errors.
4) Technology has streamlined accounting processes but also introduces new risks around data security and reliability of systems.
Quality Medical Care presentation made to a major Pharm mfgr in 1998 at a national meeting. Purpose is to explain how pharm company could use gov mandates to add value to contracts with MCOs.
The document discusses techniques for analyzing financial statements, including horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis. It provides examples of applying horizontal analysis to compare line items on Home Depot's balance sheet and income statement from 2006 to 2007. Vertical analysis is also demonstrated by expressing line items as a percentage of total assets or total sales. Key points shown include current assets increasing 33.2% and cost of merchandise sold increasing 16.7% based on the horizontal analysis examples.
1. The document discusses accounting for debtors (accounts receivable) including definition, types of debtors, credit control procedures, aging reports, methods of estimating doubtful debts using allowance method and direct write-off method.
2. It provides examples of journal entries for bad debt expense, allowance for doubtful debts, and bad debt recovery.
3. Key aspects covered are calculation of allowance for doubtful debts, entries to write-off bad debts against allowance, and treatment of over/under-provisioning of allowance.
Topic 7 Accounting For Liability And Owner Equityguest441011
This document discusses accounting for liability and owner's equity. It describes current and long-term liabilities, including how to record long-term loans and bonds payable. It also discusses accounting for loans payable by installment, such as mortgages. Finally, it defines owner's equity and factors that affect it, such as additional capital, drawings, and net income or loss.
This document discusses the classification, cost determination, depreciation, and disposal of non-current assets. It covers the classification of tangible and intangible fixed assets. It discusses how to determine the cost of an asset and various depreciation methods like straight-line, reducing balance, and sum of years digit. The document also discusses disposal methods like retirement, sale, and trade-in of assets. It provides examples of calculating gains and losses on disposal. Finally, it discusses the accounting treatment and types of intangible assets like patents, goodwill, trademarks, and franchises.
This document discusses accounting for inventories. It defines inventory and explains the purpose of inventory management is to determine inventory levels and costs. It describes establishing responsibility and segregation of duties for inventory counts. It also discusses periodic and perpetual inventory systems, different inventory valuation methods including FIFO, LIFO, weighted average and lower of cost or market. Journal entries for purchases and sales of inventory are presented. Examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of cost of goods sold and ending inventory balances using different valuation methods.
1. The document discusses different types of business entities including sole traders, partnerships, and companies. It compares sole traders to partnerships and describes the differences between private and public limited companies.
2. The key business activities are described as services, merchandising/trading/retailing, and manufacturing. The costs associated with each are outlined.
3. Setting up a business requires understanding external forces in the political, economic, social, technological, geographical, and competitive environments. A SWOT analysis and establishing objectives are important initial steps. Planning, budgeting, and managing the business are also discussed.
This document discusses airway evaluation, management of intubation, and complications. It outlines indications for intubation including resuscitation, prevention of lung soiling, and respiratory failure. Successful intubation requires a normal anatomy of the mandible, temporomandibular joint, atlanto-occipital joint, and cervical spine. Proper equipment and gadgets are also needed. Tests like the Mallampatti and Wilson scores can predict difficulty, and a history of previous issues is also informative. Securing the airway awake is recommended for expected difficult airways, and maintenance of oxygenation should be the primary aim with backup plans in place for unexpected difficulties.
This document provides an overview of marketing and discusses key concepts including:
1. It defines marketing as creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers to benefit an organization.
2. It describes four marketing management philosophies: sales, production, marketing, and societal orientations.
3. It discusses the differences between sales and market orientations, focusing on customers versus goods/services.
Here are the journal entries for the petty cash fund transactions in October:
Oct 1
Petty Cash 130
Cash at Bank 130
(To establish a petty cash fund of RM130)
Oct 31
Petty Cash Expenses
Office Supplies 36.50
Telephone and Fax 21.30
Postage 53.70
Freight-out 8.80
Petty Cash 120.30
(To record petty cash expenses for the month)
Petty Cash 260
Cash at Bank 129.70
(To reimburse the petty cash fund and increase it to RM260)
The document discusses the accounting cycle and related concepts. It covers:
1) Analyzing transactions and their impact on the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity). Transactions are recorded through journal entries.
2) Journal entries record transactions in chronological order and are posted to accounts in the general ledger.
3) A trial balance is prepared by listing account balances from the general ledger to check that total debits equal total credits. It helps identify any errors.
4) Technology has streamlined accounting processes but also introduces new risks around data security and reliability of systems.
Quality Medical Care presentation made to a major Pharm mfgr in 1998 at a national meeting. Purpose is to explain how pharm company could use gov mandates to add value to contracts with MCOs.
The document discusses techniques for analyzing financial statements, including horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis. It provides examples of applying horizontal analysis to compare line items on Home Depot's balance sheet and income statement from 2006 to 2007. Vertical analysis is also demonstrated by expressing line items as a percentage of total assets or total sales. Key points shown include current assets increasing 33.2% and cost of merchandise sold increasing 16.7% based on the horizontal analysis examples.
1. The document discusses accounting for debtors (accounts receivable) including definition, types of debtors, credit control procedures, aging reports, methods of estimating doubtful debts using allowance method and direct write-off method.
2. It provides examples of journal entries for bad debt expense, allowance for doubtful debts, and bad debt recovery.
3. Key aspects covered are calculation of allowance for doubtful debts, entries to write-off bad debts against allowance, and treatment of over/under-provisioning of allowance.
Topic 7 Accounting For Liability And Owner Equityguest441011
This document discusses accounting for liability and owner's equity. It describes current and long-term liabilities, including how to record long-term loans and bonds payable. It also discusses accounting for loans payable by installment, such as mortgages. Finally, it defines owner's equity and factors that affect it, such as additional capital, drawings, and net income or loss.
This document discusses the classification, cost determination, depreciation, and disposal of non-current assets. It covers the classification of tangible and intangible fixed assets. It discusses how to determine the cost of an asset and various depreciation methods like straight-line, reducing balance, and sum of years digit. The document also discusses disposal methods like retirement, sale, and trade-in of assets. It provides examples of calculating gains and losses on disposal. Finally, it discusses the accounting treatment and types of intangible assets like patents, goodwill, trademarks, and franchises.
This document discusses accounting for inventories. It defines inventory and explains the purpose of inventory management is to determine inventory levels and costs. It describes establishing responsibility and segregation of duties for inventory counts. It also discusses periodic and perpetual inventory systems, different inventory valuation methods including FIFO, LIFO, weighted average and lower of cost or market. Journal entries for purchases and sales of inventory are presented. Examples are provided to illustrate the calculation of cost of goods sold and ending inventory balances using different valuation methods.
1. The document discusses different types of business entities including sole traders, partnerships, and companies. It compares sole traders to partnerships and describes the differences between private and public limited companies.
2. The key business activities are described as services, merchandising/trading/retailing, and manufacturing. The costs associated with each are outlined.
3. Setting up a business requires understanding external forces in the political, economic, social, technological, geographical, and competitive environments. A SWOT analysis and establishing objectives are important initial steps. Planning, budgeting, and managing the business are also discussed.
This document discusses airway evaluation, management of intubation, and complications. It outlines indications for intubation including resuscitation, prevention of lung soiling, and respiratory failure. Successful intubation requires a normal anatomy of the mandible, temporomandibular joint, atlanto-occipital joint, and cervical spine. Proper equipment and gadgets are also needed. Tests like the Mallampatti and Wilson scores can predict difficulty, and a history of previous issues is also informative. Securing the airway awake is recommended for expected difficult airways, and maintenance of oxygenation should be the primary aim with backup plans in place for unexpected difficulties.