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fØ;kRed vuqla/kku dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk]
vko';drk] mís'; ,oa {ks=
fØ;kRed vuqla/kku ,oa ekSfyd
vuqla/kku esa vUrj
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku
M‚- LVhQu ,e- dksjs ds vuqlkj& ÞfØ;kRed vuqlaèkku og çfØ;k gS] ftlds
}kjk vuqlaèkkudÙkkZ viuh leL;kvksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u djus dk ç;kl djrs
gSa rkfd os muds fu.kZ;ksa rFkk dk;ks± dks mfpr fn'kk çnku dj ldsa] mUgsa
lqèkkjk tk lds rFkk mudk ewY;kadu laHko gks ldsAÞ
viuh
leL;kvksa
dk
oSKkfud
vè;;u
vius
fu.kZ;ksa
rFkk dk;ks±
dks mfpr
fn'kk
leL;kvksa
esa lqèkkj
dk;ks± dk
ewY;kadu
oSKkfud n`f’Vdks.k
1- fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ifjfLFkfrxr “kks/k gS ,oa ekSds Ikj
leL;k dh igpku dj de le; esa lek/kku [kkstus dh dksf”k”k
gSA
2-leL;k dk :i ladqfpr gksrk gS d{kk] fo’k;] fo|ky; vkfn
rd gh lhfer gksrk gSA
3- vukSipkfjd “kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku dh :ijs[kk dk vuqlj.k
yphyk o :ijs[kk ifjorZu“khy gksrh gSaA
4-ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lq/kkj dj csgrj cukus dh lksp fufgr gksrh
gSA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku dh fo”ks’krk,sa
5-U;kn”kZ dk vkdkj NksVk] p;u dh leL;k ugh gksrhA
fo|ky; ds Nk=] f”k{kd] iz”kkld vkfn gh U;kn”kZ gksrs gaSA ogh
tula[;k Hkh gksrh gSA
6-leL;k dh igpku dj ifjdYiuk,sa fodflr dh tkrh gSA
rRi”pkr~ dk;Z;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij ifjdYiukvksa dh tk¡p dh
tkrh gSA
7-f”k{kd }kjk fufeZr ijh{k.kksa o midj.kksa dk mi;ksx ekU;
gksrk gSA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku dh fo”ks’krk,sa
8-ljy lkaf[;dh& izfr”kr] dsUæh; izo`fr ds eki izekfud
fopyu vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
9-dk;Zfof/k gh leL;k lek/kku dk O;kogkfjd :i gksrk gSA
10-“kks/k fu’dZ’k ;k lek/kku leL;k rd gh lhfer gksrs gSaA
lkekU;hdj.k vko”;d ughaA
11-fØ;kRed vuqla/kku vkRe ewY;kadu ijd ¼self
evaluative½ gksrk gSA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku dh fo”ks’krk,sa
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku vko';drk
f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa laca/kh vusd leL;k,a
tSls& vuq'kklughurk] ijh{kk esa
udy] de mifLFkfr] fo|ky; nsjh
ls vkuk] ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;k, esa
de Hkkxhnkjh] vkfn dbZ leL;kvksa
dk lekèkku <wa<us gsrqA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds cgqeq[kh fodkl
gsrqA
fo|kÆFk;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfCèk;ksa
dks fodflr djus gsrqA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku vko';drk
• f'k{kdksa@iz”kldksa dh miyfCèk;ksa dks
fodflr djus gsrqA
• f'k{kdksa @iz”kldksa esa uSfrdrk]
ikjLifjd lg;ksx o vkRefo”okl ds
Lrj dks mUur djus gsrqA
• f'k{k.k@iz”kklu laca/kh vusd leL;k,a
tSls& mi;qDr f'k{k.k fofèk] x`gdk;Z]
ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;k,a] LVkQ dh deh]
vkfn vusd leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj
lekèkku <wa<us gsrqA
• fo|ky; ds leLr dk;ZdÙkkZvksa esa
oSKkfud –f"Vdks.k fodflr djus gsrqA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku vko';drk
• fo|ky; dh ijEijkxr fØ;k i)fr esa
lqèkkj gsrqA
• fo|ky; dh fØ;kvksa ds çHkkoiw.kZ
fu;kstu gsrqA
• fo|ky;h vuq'kklu] iks’kkgkj ] fodkl
,oa izca/ku lehrh] ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;k,a]
iqLrdky; ds mi;ksx] vkfn {ks= dh
vusd leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj
lekèkku <wa<us gsrqA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
oSKkfud
n`f’Vdk.k ds
lkFk
vukSipkfjd o
yfpyh i)fr
viukrs gq,
leL;k dk
O;gokfjd gy
[kkstukA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku
u;s rF;ksa ,oa
lR;ksa dh
LFkkiuk
djuk rFkk u;s
fl)kUrksa dk
izfriknu djuk
mn~ns”;
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
leL;k dk :i
ladqfprA d{kk]
rFkk fo|ky;
rd lhferA
fo|ky; esa
lq/kkj ,oa
ifjorZu gsrq
leL;k dk
p;uA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku
leL;k dk :i
vf/kd O;kid
gksrk gSA ,oa
lkoZHkkSfed
egRo gksrk gSA
bldk Lo:i
lS)kfUrd gksrk
gSA
leL;k,oaegRo
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
U;kn”kZ dk vkdkj
NksVk] p;u dh
leL;k ugha
gksrhA fo|ky; ds
Nk=] f”k{kd]
iz”kkld
vkfn gh U;kn”kZ
gksrs gaSA ogh
tula[;k
Hkh gksrh gSA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku
U;kn”kZ dh leL;k
tfVy gksrh
gSA U;kn”kZ dh
izfof/k;ksa dk Kku
vko”;d gksrk gSA
tul[;ak esa ls
“kq) U;kn”kZ dk
izfof/k;ksa ds
vk/kkj ij p;u
fd;k tkrk gSA
U;kn”kZ
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
iznÙkksa ds
ladyu esa
fujh{k.k izfof/k
rFkk f”k{kd
}kjk fufeZr
ijh{k.kksa dks
iz;qDr fd;k
tkrk gSA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku
iznÙkksa ds ladyu
esa fo”oluh;
oS| rFkk izkekf.kd
ijh{k.kksas dks
iz;qDr fd;k tkrk
gSA visf{kr
ijh{k.k miyC/k u
gksus ij Lo;a
“kks/kkFkhZ fufeZr
djrk gSA mls
izekf.kr djrk gSA
midj.k,oiznÙkLadyu
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
ifjdYiuk dk
fuekZ.k dkj.kksa ds
fo”ys’k.k ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gS
,d gh
le; esa ,d gh
ifjdYiuk dk
lR;kiu fd;k
tkrk gSA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku
ifjdYikukvksa dk
izfriknu iwoZ
“kks/k ds fu’d’kZ]
fl)kUrksa ij rFkk
vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr
gksrk gSA ,d
le; es lHkh
ifjdYiukvksa dk
lR;kiu gksrk gSA
ifjdYiukdkfuekZ.k
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
ljy &izfr”kr]
dsUæh; izo`fr
ds eki vkfn
dk iz;ksxA
ewY;kadu f”k{kd
Lo;a fu.kZ;
ysrk gS leL;k
ds lek/kku esa
dgk¡ rd
lQyrk feyh
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku
mPp lkaf[;dh
izfof/k;ksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
ewY;kadu cká
gksrk gS] fo”ks’kK
fu;qDr fd;s
tkrs gSa] mikf/k
iznku dh tkrh
gSA
lkaf[;dhoewY;kadu
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
1- lkekU;hdj.k
vko”;d ugha
dk;Zfof/k
gh leL;k lek/kku
dk O;kogkfjd :i
gksrk gSA
2- vuqla/kku dh
:ijs[kk yphyh o
ifjorZu“khy gksrh
gSaA rduhdh tk¡p
vko”;d ugha gSA
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku
1- lkekU;hdj.k
vko”;d gSA
2- :ijs[kk tfVy
gksrh gSA ifjorZu
“kh?kz laHko ughaA
fo”ks’k rduhdh
Kku vko”;d
lkekU;hdj.kotfVyrk
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
1- fo|ky; ds
f”k{kd
iz/kkuk/;kid]
izcU/kd ;k
fujh{kd gksrs
gSA
2- fo|ky; ls
izR;{k lEcU/k
fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku
1- mikf/k izkIr
djus okys
2- fo|ky; ls
ijks{k lEcU/k“kks/kdÙkkZ
/kU;okn

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Kriyatmak anusandhan att

  • 1. fØ;kRed vuqla/kku dk vFkZ] ifjHkk"kk] vko';drk] mís'; ,oa {ks= fØ;kRed vuqla/kku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj
  • 2. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku M‚- LVhQu ,e- dksjs ds vuqlkj& ÞfØ;kRed vuqlaèkku og çfØ;k gS] ftlds }kjk vuqlaèkkudÙkkZ viuh leL;kvksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u djus dk ç;kl djrs gSa rkfd os muds fu.kZ;ksa rFkk dk;ks± dks mfpr fn'kk çnku dj ldsa] mUgsa lqèkkjk tk lds rFkk mudk ewY;kadu laHko gks ldsAÞ viuh leL;kvksa dk oSKkfud vè;;u vius fu.kZ;ksa rFkk dk;ks± dks mfpr fn'kk leL;kvksa esa lqèkkj dk;ks± dk ewY;kadu
  • 4. 1- fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ifjfLFkfrxr “kks/k gS ,oa ekSds Ikj leL;k dh igpku dj de le; esa lek/kku [kkstus dh dksf”k”k gSA 2-leL;k dk :i ladqfpr gksrk gS d{kk] fo’k;] fo|ky; vkfn rd gh lhfer gksrk gSA 3- vukSipkfjd “kks/k ,oa vuqla/kku dh :ijs[kk dk vuqlj.k yphyk o :ijs[kk ifjorZu“khy gksrh gSaA 4-ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lq/kkj dj csgrj cukus dh lksp fufgr gksrh gSA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku dh fo”ks’krk,sa
  • 5. 5-U;kn”kZ dk vkdkj NksVk] p;u dh leL;k ugh gksrhA fo|ky; ds Nk=] f”k{kd] iz”kkld vkfn gh U;kn”kZ gksrs gaSA ogh tula[;k Hkh gksrh gSA 6-leL;k dh igpku dj ifjdYiuk,sa fodflr dh tkrh gSA rRi”pkr~ dk;Z;kstuk ds vk/kkj ij ifjdYiukvksa dh tk¡p dh tkrh gSA 7-f”k{kd }kjk fufeZr ijh{k.kksa o midj.kksa dk mi;ksx ekU; gksrk gSA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku dh fo”ks’krk,sa
  • 6. 8-ljy lkaf[;dh& izfr”kr] dsUæh; izo`fr ds eki izekfud fopyu vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 9-dk;Zfof/k gh leL;k lek/kku dk O;kogkfjd :i gksrk gSA 10-“kks/k fu’dZ’k ;k lek/kku leL;k rd gh lhfer gksrs gSaA lkekU;hdj.k vko”;d ughaA 11-fØ;kRed vuqla/kku vkRe ewY;kadu ijd ¼self evaluative½ gksrk gSA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku dh fo”ks’krk,sa
  • 7. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku vko';drk f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa laca/kh vusd leL;k,a tSls& vuq'kklughurk] ijh{kk esa udy] de mifLFkfr] fo|ky; nsjh ls vkuk] ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;k, esa de Hkkxhnkjh] vkfn dbZ leL;kvksa dk lekèkku <wa<us gsrqA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds cgqeq[kh fodkl gsrqA fo|kÆFk;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfCèk;ksa dks fodflr djus gsrqA
  • 8. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku vko';drk • f'k{kdksa@iz”kldksa dh miyfCèk;ksa dks fodflr djus gsrqA • f'k{kdksa @iz”kldksa esa uSfrdrk] ikjLifjd lg;ksx o vkRefo”okl ds Lrj dks mUur djus gsrqA • f'k{k.k@iz”kklu laca/kh vusd leL;k,a tSls& mi;qDr f'k{k.k fofèk] x`gdk;Z] ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;k,a] LVkQ dh deh] vkfn vusd leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj lekèkku <wa<us gsrqA • fo|ky; ds leLr dk;ZdÙkkZvksa esa oSKkfud –f"Vdks.k fodflr djus gsrqA
  • 9. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku vko';drk • fo|ky; dh ijEijkxr fØ;k i)fr esa lqèkkj gsrqA • fo|ky; dh fØ;kvksa ds çHkkoiw.kZ fu;kstu gsrqA • fo|ky;h vuq'kklu] iks’kkgkj ] fodkl ,oa izca/ku lehrh] ikB~;lgxkeh fØ;k,a] iqLrdky; ds mi;ksx] vkfn {ks= dh vusd leL;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj lekèkku <wa<us gsrqA
  • 10.
  • 11. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj oSKkfud n`f’Vdk.k ds lkFk vukSipkfjd o yfpyh i)fr viukrs gq, leL;k dk O;gokfjd gy [kkstukA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku u;s rF;ksa ,oa lR;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuk rFkk u;s fl)kUrksa dk izfriknu djuk mn~ns”;
  • 12. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj leL;k dk :i ladqfprA d{kk] rFkk fo|ky; rd lhferA fo|ky; esa lq/kkj ,oa ifjorZu gsrq leL;k dk p;uA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku leL;k dk :i vf/kd O;kid gksrk gSA ,oa lkoZHkkSfed egRo gksrk gSA bldk Lo:i lS)kfUrd gksrk gSA leL;k,oaegRo
  • 13. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj U;kn”kZ dk vkdkj NksVk] p;u dh leL;k ugha gksrhA fo|ky; ds Nk=] f”k{kd] iz”kkld vkfn gh U;kn”kZ gksrs gaSA ogh tula[;k Hkh gksrh gSA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku U;kn”kZ dh leL;k tfVy gksrh gSA U;kn”kZ dh izfof/k;ksa dk Kku vko”;d gksrk gSA tul[;ak esa ls “kq) U;kn”kZ dk izfof/k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij p;u fd;k tkrk gSA U;kn”kZ
  • 14. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj iznÙkksa ds ladyu esa fujh{k.k izfof/k rFkk f”k{kd }kjk fufeZr ijh{k.kksa dks iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku iznÙkksa ds ladyu esa fo”oluh; oS| rFkk izkekf.kd ijh{k.kksas dks iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA visf{kr ijh{k.k miyC/k u gksus ij Lo;a “kks/kkFkhZ fufeZr djrk gSA mls izekf.kr djrk gSA midj.k,oiznÙkLadyu
  • 15. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj ifjdYiuk dk fuekZ.k dkj.kksa ds fo”ys’k.k ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS ,d gh le; esa ,d gh ifjdYiuk dk lR;kiu fd;k tkrk gSA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku ifjdYikukvksa dk izfriknu iwoZ “kks/k ds fu’d’kZ] fl)kUrksa ij rFkk vuqHkoksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA ,d le; es lHkh ifjdYiukvksa dk lR;kiu gksrk gSA ifjdYiukdkfuekZ.k
  • 16. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj ljy &izfr”kr] dsUæh; izo`fr ds eki vkfn dk iz;ksxA ewY;kadu f”k{kd Lo;a fu.kZ; ysrk gS leL;k ds lek/kku esa dgk¡ rd lQyrk feyh fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku mPp lkaf[;dh izfof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ewY;kadu cká gksrk gS] fo”ks’kK fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSa] mikf/k iznku dh tkrh gSA lkaf[;dhoewY;kadu
  • 17. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj 1- lkekU;hdj.k vko”;d ugha dk;Zfof/k gh leL;k lek/kku dk O;kogkfjd :i gksrk gSA 2- vuqla/kku dh :ijs[kk yphyh o ifjorZu“khy gksrh gSaA rduhdh tk¡p vko”;d ugha gSA fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku 1- lkekU;hdj.k vko”;d gSA 2- :ijs[kk tfVy gksrh gSA ifjorZu “kh?kz laHko ughaA fo”ks’k rduhdh Kku vko”;d lkekU;hdj.kotfVyrk
  • 18. fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ,oa ekSfyd vuqla/kku esa vUrj 1- fo|ky; ds f”k{kd iz/kkuk/;kid] izcU/kd ;k fujh{kd gksrs gSA 2- fo|ky; ls izR;{k lEcU/k fØ;kRed vuqlaèkku ekSfyd vuqla/kku 1- mikf/k izkIr djus okys 2- fo|ky; ls ijks{k lEcU/k“kks/kdÙkkZ