Design and Innovation are something that we are passionate about. We enjoy creating new spaces and we get carried away by new ideas. https://eahomedesign.com/
We always ensure the maximum possible levels of customer satisfaction by accomplishing the tasks in the most expert way. Call Macaw Construction now for dependable work!
Factors that Indicate your Kitchen Needs a RemodelingKitchen Emporium
As every accessory in your kitchen is used more than any other items in the house, their condition is definitely going to deteriorate with time. So, when your kitchen starts to look old, handles come out, and it gets cramped, then be confirmed that your kitchen requires a makeover. You may see the below slides to find the factors that indicate your kitchen needs a remodeling.
Quality combined with functionality of design and creativity has helped us produce our highly acclaimed Bedroom range. Our Bedroom collection is designed to cater for all tastes, habits and desires.
Your content is king, but don’t just rely on writing good articles. You need a plan for how you’re going to promote them so that people will find out about your amazing work! https://liannamarketing.com/services/
Commercial Painting Services is your go-to company in Detroit, Michigan, and the Surrounding Metro Detroit Areas for all your Commercial / Industrial Pressure Washing Needs. https://www.commercialpaintingservices.com/industrial-pressure-washing-detroit-mi/
We always ensure the maximum possible levels of customer satisfaction by accomplishing the tasks in the most expert way. Call Macaw Construction now for dependable work!
Factors that Indicate your Kitchen Needs a RemodelingKitchen Emporium
As every accessory in your kitchen is used more than any other items in the house, their condition is definitely going to deteriorate with time. So, when your kitchen starts to look old, handles come out, and it gets cramped, then be confirmed that your kitchen requires a makeover. You may see the below slides to find the factors that indicate your kitchen needs a remodeling.
Quality combined with functionality of design and creativity has helped us produce our highly acclaimed Bedroom range. Our Bedroom collection is designed to cater for all tastes, habits and desires.
Your content is king, but don’t just rely on writing good articles. You need a plan for how you’re going to promote them so that people will find out about your amazing work! https://liannamarketing.com/services/
Commercial Painting Services is your go-to company in Detroit, Michigan, and the Surrounding Metro Detroit Areas for all your Commercial / Industrial Pressure Washing Needs. https://www.commercialpaintingservices.com/industrial-pressure-washing-detroit-mi/
Why Build Websites Using WordPress.pptxMarcusColin
I’ve been working with computers, software, and websites for a very long time. I wrote my first computer program in 1980 using punch-cards and batch jobs sent to a mainframe. https://www.websitesabq.com/why-build-websites-using-wordpress/
Martina's Art Collection At Worldwide Gallery- Insel Island ArtworkMarcusColin
A place where you can buy and collect Martina's Artwork.The gallery is available worldwide to admire rare art by award-winning women artists. https://www.inselisland.com/martina
It's a good idea to read as much information about depression as you can. It's possible that your loved one does not even know that they are suffering from depression. https://www.mindsum.app/
Worldwide DPhil is known as a research Degree which means there will be no study or exams, just the final Thesis Defense, our Study program is 100% online, your supervisor will be supporting 100% https://www.ous.edu.eu/Diplomas/Doctorate-of-Philosophy
Tablet Repair By Techy we specialize in fixing Cracked Screens, Battery, Charge Ports and other electronic issues with your Tablet Lifetime Warranty and Fast Repair Services. https://techycompany.com/tablet-repair
fix2U’s I Phone Screen Replacement.pptxMarcusColin
iPhone screen repair is one of our most popular repairs. If your iPhone has been dropped and the glass has broken, we can repair it. https://www.fix2u.com/iphone-repair/
Learn More About Our iPhone Repair.pptxMarcusColin
iPhone screen repair is one of our most popular repairs. If your iPhone has been dropped and the glass has broken, we can repair it. https://www.fix2u.com/iphone-repair/
The iPhone Screen replacement service that comes to you and fixes your iPhone screen on the spot! Same-day service and great prices. https://www.fix2u.com/iphone-screen-replacement/
Our Trustee loans are similar to a future investment or bond with a future term benefit.A Trustee Loan is a loan issued to a person who holds an asset on behalf of another. https://www.bisonfinancials.com/trustee-loans/
iPhone screen repair is one of our most popular repairs. If your iPhone has been dropped and the glass has broken, we can repair it. https://www.fix2u.com/iphone-screen-replacement/
I’ve been working with computers, software, and websites for a very long time. I wrote my first computer program in 1980 using punch-cards and batch jobs sent to a mainframe. https://www.websitesabq.com/why-build-websites-using-wordpress/
Do you want to boost your physical strength and fitness levels? Learn more about Freak'n Fit's team and how we can help you reach your goals. https://freaknfit.com/about/
Acupuncture is a safe, natural alternative in helping with chronic and acute pain, anxiety, sleeping issues, colds, flus, and so much more. https://acuquerque.com/
Essential details about seatarra ingredient allianceMarcusColin
SeatarraIngredient Alliance has been keeping up with the industrial standards and offering pet food ingredients globally in scalable quantities. https://seatarra.blogspot.com/2022/01/essential-details-about-seatarra.html
SONY is one of the popular Television brands in the market. Usually, a Sony TV comes with a remote control. https://myuniversalremotecodes.com/sony-tv-universal-remote-codes/
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Why Build Websites Using WordPress.pptxMarcusColin
I’ve been working with computers, software, and websites for a very long time. I wrote my first computer program in 1980 using punch-cards and batch jobs sent to a mainframe. https://www.websitesabq.com/why-build-websites-using-wordpress/
Martina's Art Collection At Worldwide Gallery- Insel Island ArtworkMarcusColin
A place where you can buy and collect Martina's Artwork.The gallery is available worldwide to admire rare art by award-winning women artists. https://www.inselisland.com/martina
It's a good idea to read as much information about depression as you can. It's possible that your loved one does not even know that they are suffering from depression. https://www.mindsum.app/
Worldwide DPhil is known as a research Degree which means there will be no study or exams, just the final Thesis Defense, our Study program is 100% online, your supervisor will be supporting 100% https://www.ous.edu.eu/Diplomas/Doctorate-of-Philosophy
Tablet Repair By Techy we specialize in fixing Cracked Screens, Battery, Charge Ports and other electronic issues with your Tablet Lifetime Warranty and Fast Repair Services. https://techycompany.com/tablet-repair
fix2U’s I Phone Screen Replacement.pptxMarcusColin
iPhone screen repair is one of our most popular repairs. If your iPhone has been dropped and the glass has broken, we can repair it. https://www.fix2u.com/iphone-repair/
Learn More About Our iPhone Repair.pptxMarcusColin
iPhone screen repair is one of our most popular repairs. If your iPhone has been dropped and the glass has broken, we can repair it. https://www.fix2u.com/iphone-repair/
The iPhone Screen replacement service that comes to you and fixes your iPhone screen on the spot! Same-day service and great prices. https://www.fix2u.com/iphone-screen-replacement/
Our Trustee loans are similar to a future investment or bond with a future term benefit.A Trustee Loan is a loan issued to a person who holds an asset on behalf of another. https://www.bisonfinancials.com/trustee-loans/
iPhone screen repair is one of our most popular repairs. If your iPhone has been dropped and the glass has broken, we can repair it. https://www.fix2u.com/iphone-screen-replacement/
I’ve been working with computers, software, and websites for a very long time. I wrote my first computer program in 1980 using punch-cards and batch jobs sent to a mainframe. https://www.websitesabq.com/why-build-websites-using-wordpress/
Do you want to boost your physical strength and fitness levels? Learn more about Freak'n Fit's team and how we can help you reach your goals. https://freaknfit.com/about/
Acupuncture is a safe, natural alternative in helping with chronic and acute pain, anxiety, sleeping issues, colds, flus, and so much more. https://acuquerque.com/
Essential details about seatarra ingredient allianceMarcusColin
SeatarraIngredient Alliance has been keeping up with the industrial standards and offering pet food ingredients globally in scalable quantities. https://seatarra.blogspot.com/2022/01/essential-details-about-seatarra.html
SONY is one of the popular Television brands in the market. Usually, a Sony TV comes with a remote control. https://myuniversalremotecodes.com/sony-tv-universal-remote-codes/
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Initially, people were just
comfortable with the dull, old-
fashioned kitchen layouts. Kitchens
were just for cooking, or so they
argued. Over the years, so much has
changed, almost everything.
Nowadays, homeowners prefer
modern and sophisticated kitchen
designs.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. You have no reason to be left
behind. If you need a touch of
class to your kitchen, we are
here for you. Simply make the
critical decision, that of
remodeling your kitchen and
giving it a new touch of class
and elegance then leave the rest
to our professionals.