This document discusses the tradition of wooden coffins in Southeast Asia. It originated in prehistoric times and was found in places like Vietnam, southern China, and several Southeast Asian islands and highlands. The tradition spread through these regions from the late metal age to early centuries AD. Wooden coffins served religious and social functions for communities and indicated the status of the deceased. Specific examples discussed include those practiced by ethnic groups in Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The tradition continues today in some areas with adaptations to modern materials.
The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand whose origins trace back to Polynesian settlers who arrived in great canoes in the 13th century. Maori culture is expressed through intricate art forms including wood carvings, weaving, and tattooing which illustrate myths and mark important life events. Their oral traditions and performances of song, dance, and war cries help preserve cultural identity. While Maori traditions have evolved, a spiritual and social code called tapu continues to influence their way of life.
Kata Tjuta is a group of 36 rock domes located in central Australia near Uluru that are considered sacred by the local Anangu people. The domes are made of sedimentary conglomerate rock that is over 500 million years old. The Anangu are the traditional owners of the land and believe that Kata Tjuta is the home of the snake Wanambi according to their legends. Kata Tjuta is now protected as part of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, where rangers care for the landscape and work to conserve the local environment and culture.
The document provides an overview of Philippine history from prehistory to the pre-colonial era. It discusses theories about how the first humans arrived in the Philippines via land bridges. It describes the Austronesian migration and the establishment of barangay societies with leaders called datus. The economies were based on agriculture, trade, and industry. Societies had social hierarchies and engaged in practices like secondary burials. Indigenous religious beliefs included animism and some later adopted Islam. The document outlines the spread of Islam in Mindanao through Muslim traders and missionaries in the 13th-15th centuries.
This document discusses the origins and history of the Filipino people through various theories and groups. It covers:
1) Five theories on the origin of the Philippines - the land bridge, big bang, biblical, Darwinian, and continental drift theories.
2) The legendary beginnings of Filipino ancestors from the myth of Malakas and Maganda.
3) The major racial groups - Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays.
4) The major ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines like Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, and others.
5) Core cultural values of Filipinos like family ties, respect for elders, loyalty, sensitivity
The document provides information on the music of Palawan Province in the Philippines. It discusses the geographical context of Palawan and its indigenous peoples, including the Batak, Palaweños, Palawano, and Tagbanwa groups. It then describes the musical forms of the region, such as bagit, kulial (songs), tultul (epic chant), and ulit (shamanic chant). Musical instruments mentioned include the aruding, babarak, suling, basal, and kusyapiq. The document also discusses the musical context and role of music in rituals, such as epic chanting that can last for several nights. It provides examples of funeral rites among
Philippine history chapter 3 pre colonialLeame Mazo
Early Filipinos originated from mainland Southeast Asia, arriving over land bridges during the Ice Age. They lived as hunter-gatherers until developing agriculture around 10,000 BC. Their culture was influenced by traders from India, China, the Malay Archipelago, and Arabia. Pre-colonial Philippine society was organized into autonomous barangays led by datus. Social classes included datus, maharlikas, timawas, and alipins. Religion centered on animistic beliefs and ancestor worship. Filipino communities practiced trade, agriculture, and established ethnic traditions that survive today.
- The document provides historical and socio-cultural context about Occidental Mindoro province in the Philippines, including its geography, people, and the Mangyan indigenous groups.
- The Mangyans have distinct musical and literary traditions including songs, instruments, and scripts. However, they face issues of marginalization, lack of land rights, and pressures from development projects.
- Their culture and livelihoods based on swidden farming are threatened without secure land tenure and greater access to education and political participation. Conservation efforts require a balanced approach that preserves heritage while improving living standards.
The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand whose origins trace back to Polynesian settlers who arrived in great canoes in the 13th century. Maori culture is expressed through intricate art forms including wood carvings, weaving, and tattooing which illustrate myths and mark important life events. Their oral traditions and performances of song, dance, and war cries help preserve cultural identity. While Maori traditions have evolved, a spiritual and social code called tapu continues to influence their way of life.
Kata Tjuta is a group of 36 rock domes located in central Australia near Uluru that are considered sacred by the local Anangu people. The domes are made of sedimentary conglomerate rock that is over 500 million years old. The Anangu are the traditional owners of the land and believe that Kata Tjuta is the home of the snake Wanambi according to their legends. Kata Tjuta is now protected as part of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, where rangers care for the landscape and work to conserve the local environment and culture.
The document provides an overview of Philippine history from prehistory to the pre-colonial era. It discusses theories about how the first humans arrived in the Philippines via land bridges. It describes the Austronesian migration and the establishment of barangay societies with leaders called datus. The economies were based on agriculture, trade, and industry. Societies had social hierarchies and engaged in practices like secondary burials. Indigenous religious beliefs included animism and some later adopted Islam. The document outlines the spread of Islam in Mindanao through Muslim traders and missionaries in the 13th-15th centuries.
This document discusses the origins and history of the Filipino people through various theories and groups. It covers:
1) Five theories on the origin of the Philippines - the land bridge, big bang, biblical, Darwinian, and continental drift theories.
2) The legendary beginnings of Filipino ancestors from the myth of Malakas and Maganda.
3) The major racial groups - Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays.
4) The major ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines like Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, and others.
5) Core cultural values of Filipinos like family ties, respect for elders, loyalty, sensitivity
The document provides information on the music of Palawan Province in the Philippines. It discusses the geographical context of Palawan and its indigenous peoples, including the Batak, Palaweños, Palawano, and Tagbanwa groups. It then describes the musical forms of the region, such as bagit, kulial (songs), tultul (epic chant), and ulit (shamanic chant). Musical instruments mentioned include the aruding, babarak, suling, basal, and kusyapiq. The document also discusses the musical context and role of music in rituals, such as epic chanting that can last for several nights. It provides examples of funeral rites among
Philippine history chapter 3 pre colonialLeame Mazo
Early Filipinos originated from mainland Southeast Asia, arriving over land bridges during the Ice Age. They lived as hunter-gatherers until developing agriculture around 10,000 BC. Their culture was influenced by traders from India, China, the Malay Archipelago, and Arabia. Pre-colonial Philippine society was organized into autonomous barangays led by datus. Social classes included datus, maharlikas, timawas, and alipins. Religion centered on animistic beliefs and ancestor worship. Filipino communities practiced trade, agriculture, and established ethnic traditions that survive today.
- The document provides historical and socio-cultural context about Occidental Mindoro province in the Philippines, including its geography, people, and the Mangyan indigenous groups.
- The Mangyans have distinct musical and literary traditions including songs, instruments, and scripts. However, they face issues of marginalization, lack of land rights, and pressures from development projects.
- Their culture and livelihoods based on swidden farming are threatened without secure land tenure and greater access to education and political participation. Conservation efforts require a balanced approach that preserves heritage while improving living standards.
The document discusses the Mangyan people who are indigenous groups living in Mindoro, Philippines. It describes their socio-historical and cultural context, including their musical forms and traditions. The Mangyan face issues of marginalization and threats to their culture from loss of land and lack of access to education and healthcare.
This document summarizes Polynesian migrations and settlement patterns from approximately 1600 BC to 1000 AD. It notes that the Lapita culture spread from Papua New Guinea to islands in Melanesia and Polynesia between 1600-1200 BC. Subsequent migrations saw settlers voyage from Samoa and Tonga to discover and inhabit more eastern islands from 300 BC. Islands like Easter Island, Hawaii, and New Zealand saw voyagers arrive and establish settlements between 300 AD to 1000 AD, originating from central and eastern Polynesia. Theories of migration are tested through archaeological evidence, linguistics, and oral traditions including genealogies passed down.
TOPIC 2 Pre-history Peopling of the Philippines.pptxBinibini Cmg
There are several theories regarding the peopling of the Philippines. One is that the first inhabitants were Negritos who arrived around 30,000 years ago, crossing land bridges from mainland Asia. Subsequent waves brought Austronesian peoples like the Indonesians and Malays, introducing technologies like farming and metallurgy. Modern genetic studies suggest at least 5 migrations dating back 70,000 years, with the current population resulting from mixing between these groups and indigenous Negritos and Australo-Melanesians. While debated, the Austronesian expansion theory postulates the Philippines were populated by migrations originating from Taiwan around 3,000 BCE.
The document discusses theories about the origins and early inhabitants of the Philippines based on biblical stories, scientific evidence, and legends. It describes how the first people arrived around 25,000 years ago during the Stone Age and lived as hunter-gatherers. Subsequent waves of migration brought Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays who settled different areas and had varying levels of technological development. While their origins are still debated, most early Filipinos shared a common base culture that was influenced by their environment.
1) The document summarizes a field trip report on the Margalla Hills region, describing 5 stops that examined the local geology.
2) At the stops, the author observed rolling hill topography formed by stream erosion, remnants of the Indus River consisting of sand and mud layers, and outcrops of the Ghandghar Range extension and Muree Formation displaying various rock types and dips.
3) The final stop examined Margalla Hills limestone, identifying its lithology, fossils, age, and stratigraphic contacts.
Distribution of upper paleolithic cultures.pptxMonika Kargeti
The Upper Paleolithic period in india, which lasted from around 40,000 to 10,000 yrs ago , characterised by significant advancements in human culture and technology. This era saw the emergence of modern human behaviour , including the development of sophisticated tools, art, and symbolic expression. The Upper Paleolithic culture in india was marked by the presence of various archaeological sites that provide valuable insights into the lives of early humans during this period.
It is an introduction to Archaeology and the recovery of social history of India through Archaeological sources. In this presentation i only sad about Prehistoy, Protohistory and Early History of India through Archaeological sources. I hope it will help you all to know more about archaeology and early history of India.
The document provides information about several Southeast Asian countries. It begins with brief overviews of the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, and Malaysia. It then discusses the cultures, histories, and languages of Indonesia, Vietnam, Brunei, Cambodia, and Myanmar. Key facts such as national costumes, currencies, and greetings are presented for each country. The document aims to introduce some basic aspects of several Southeast Asian nations.
The National Museum of Australia's First Australians Gallery aims to tell the stories and experiences of Australia's Indigenous peoples. It explores how the gallery presents information and ideas to help visitors appreciate and understand this important part of Australian history and culture. The unit provides learning outcomes related to time, continuity, change and culture for students to achieve by exploring the gallery's exhibits, images and concepts.
The document discusses the music of the indigenous peoples of Palawan Province in the Philippines, describing various musical forms like kulial songs, epics, and instruments including the aruding, babarak, suling, and kusyapiq. Ritual music is explored, such as epic chanting that can embody heroic beings and shamanic chants performed during spiritual voyages. Comparisons are made between the music of groups in Mindoro and Palawan.
The document provides information on the geography, climate, topography, and early history of the Philippines. It discusses:
1) The Philippines' location in Southeast Asia, with over 7,000 islands spanning around 1,900 km north to south and 1,100 km east to west.
2) The country's climate, which experiences southwest and northeast monsoons, and intertropical convergence zone bringing rain.
3) Evidence that the archipelago was formed over millions of years from the Mesozoic to Cenozoic eras due to continental drift and emergence from the sea.
4) Archaeological findings showing the earliest inhabitants were Homo erectus around 500,000 years ago, followed
Archaeological perspectives of the transition from prehistory to history in Eastern Thailand were
still previously relatively poorly understood. Archaeological sites in the east, known only Khok-Phanom-Di and
Nong-Nor which were renowned prehistoric shell mound sites in Eastern Thailand and in the historical record
were often mentioned as Sri Mahosot, as well as the ancient city of the Dvaravati. Documented transition from
Late Prehistory to Early History was missing due to a lack of research. The prehistoric communities were not
only located on coastal areas but were also located in caves, under scarp sheds, and on hills surrounded by
mangrove forests. The transition from Late Prehistory to Early History in Eastern Thailand can be proved by a
relationship between people and things to sustain life, leaving artifacts. Therefore, this paper presents
Prehistoric trade and exchange system which adapted to the habitat change and allowed access to raw
materials.
This document provides information about Region X or Northern Mindanao in the Philippines. It includes the provinces of Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, and Misamis Oriental. It discusses the geography, history, culture, attractions and festivals of the region. Key details include the varied topography of plains, forests, mountains and coastal areas which support agriculture. The region has a mix of historical, natural and man-made attractions such as beaches, mountains and waterfalls.
This document discusses geotourism in Australia and China. It provides background on Angus Robinson, chair of the Geotourism Standing Committee of the Geological Society of Australia. It then discusses key geotourism locations in Australia like Jenolan Caves and differences between geotourism development in Australia and China. It outlines Australia's National Landscapes Program and describes some iconic landscapes. It also discusses geotrails and examples from Tasmania, Queensland, and other states. Important fossil sites and geological similarities/differences between the two countries are mentioned.
December 2015 Around the World Brochure Masha Levin
This document is a brochure advertising a 24-day around the world expedition by private jet organized by National Geographic Expeditions. The itinerary includes visits to iconic places like Machu Picchu, Easter Island, Angkor Wat, the Serengeti, Petra, and the Taj Mahal across 4 continents. National Geographic experts in fields like anthropology, history, and photography will accompany each departure to provide insights into the local cultures and sites. Proceeds from the expeditions help support National Geographic's nonprofit programs in conservation, exploration, and education.
Development And Application Of Geographic Information SystemCecilia Lucero
The document discusses the issue of plastic pollution in oceans, noting that plastic production has increased dramatically in recent decades while recycling rates remain low, resulting in huge amounts of plastic waste entering oceans that harm wildlife and ecosystems through ingestion, entanglement, and toxic breakdown over hundreds of years. It outlines the scale of the problem and some of the devastating consequences of plastic pollution in oceans for marine life.
The document provides information on several heritage sites in Davao del Sur province in the Philippines, including the Ballistic Island, where a Spanish fortress was built, and the Bauing Japanese Tunnel, a 300-meter tunnel dug by Japanese prisoners of war during World War 2 that has since been converted into a hotel-resort. It also outlines a heritage site plan to further enhance the Japanese Tunnel property by developing it into a family resort and restaurant called "D' Japanese Tunnel Family Resort and Restaurant" to attract more tourists and better preserve the historical location.
The document discusses the relationship between art and religion. It provides examples of how various art forms developed from and were influenced by different religious beliefs and practices in the Philippines. Specifically, it notes that sculpture was used to help spread Christianity, and statues of religious figures were made from wood and ivory. Architecture is also discussed, with examples of religious structures like churches and mosques. Traditional folk arts incorporated religious symbols and motifs, such as the anting-anting amulets and designs in weaving that referenced beliefs about nature. Different festivals also featured folk art forms like parol lanterns and masks. Overall, the document examines how art and religion have been interconnected in Philippine culture and history.
This document provides information about the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) in the Philippines. It discusses the history and creation of ARMM, which includes the provinces of Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. Brief descriptions are given for each province. Key tourist attractions are highlighted for each province, such as the Pink Mosque in Maguindanao, Mount Ragang in Lanao del Sur, Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park in Sulu, and Sheik Karim Al Makhdum Mosque in Tawi-Tawi. Finally, famous festivals in ARMM are listed, including Kalilang Sa R
The document discusses the Mangyan people who are indigenous groups living in Mindoro, Philippines. It describes their socio-historical and cultural context, including their musical forms and traditions. The Mangyan face issues of marginalization and threats to their culture from loss of land and lack of access to education and healthcare.
This document summarizes Polynesian migrations and settlement patterns from approximately 1600 BC to 1000 AD. It notes that the Lapita culture spread from Papua New Guinea to islands in Melanesia and Polynesia between 1600-1200 BC. Subsequent migrations saw settlers voyage from Samoa and Tonga to discover and inhabit more eastern islands from 300 BC. Islands like Easter Island, Hawaii, and New Zealand saw voyagers arrive and establish settlements between 300 AD to 1000 AD, originating from central and eastern Polynesia. Theories of migration are tested through archaeological evidence, linguistics, and oral traditions including genealogies passed down.
TOPIC 2 Pre-history Peopling of the Philippines.pptxBinibini Cmg
There are several theories regarding the peopling of the Philippines. One is that the first inhabitants were Negritos who arrived around 30,000 years ago, crossing land bridges from mainland Asia. Subsequent waves brought Austronesian peoples like the Indonesians and Malays, introducing technologies like farming and metallurgy. Modern genetic studies suggest at least 5 migrations dating back 70,000 years, with the current population resulting from mixing between these groups and indigenous Negritos and Australo-Melanesians. While debated, the Austronesian expansion theory postulates the Philippines were populated by migrations originating from Taiwan around 3,000 BCE.
The document discusses theories about the origins and early inhabitants of the Philippines based on biblical stories, scientific evidence, and legends. It describes how the first people arrived around 25,000 years ago during the Stone Age and lived as hunter-gatherers. Subsequent waves of migration brought Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays who settled different areas and had varying levels of technological development. While their origins are still debated, most early Filipinos shared a common base culture that was influenced by their environment.
1) The document summarizes a field trip report on the Margalla Hills region, describing 5 stops that examined the local geology.
2) At the stops, the author observed rolling hill topography formed by stream erosion, remnants of the Indus River consisting of sand and mud layers, and outcrops of the Ghandghar Range extension and Muree Formation displaying various rock types and dips.
3) The final stop examined Margalla Hills limestone, identifying its lithology, fossils, age, and stratigraphic contacts.
Distribution of upper paleolithic cultures.pptxMonika Kargeti
The Upper Paleolithic period in india, which lasted from around 40,000 to 10,000 yrs ago , characterised by significant advancements in human culture and technology. This era saw the emergence of modern human behaviour , including the development of sophisticated tools, art, and symbolic expression. The Upper Paleolithic culture in india was marked by the presence of various archaeological sites that provide valuable insights into the lives of early humans during this period.
It is an introduction to Archaeology and the recovery of social history of India through Archaeological sources. In this presentation i only sad about Prehistoy, Protohistory and Early History of India through Archaeological sources. I hope it will help you all to know more about archaeology and early history of India.
The document provides information about several Southeast Asian countries. It begins with brief overviews of the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, and Malaysia. It then discusses the cultures, histories, and languages of Indonesia, Vietnam, Brunei, Cambodia, and Myanmar. Key facts such as national costumes, currencies, and greetings are presented for each country. The document aims to introduce some basic aspects of several Southeast Asian nations.
The National Museum of Australia's First Australians Gallery aims to tell the stories and experiences of Australia's Indigenous peoples. It explores how the gallery presents information and ideas to help visitors appreciate and understand this important part of Australian history and culture. The unit provides learning outcomes related to time, continuity, change and culture for students to achieve by exploring the gallery's exhibits, images and concepts.
The document discusses the music of the indigenous peoples of Palawan Province in the Philippines, describing various musical forms like kulial songs, epics, and instruments including the aruding, babarak, suling, and kusyapiq. Ritual music is explored, such as epic chanting that can embody heroic beings and shamanic chants performed during spiritual voyages. Comparisons are made between the music of groups in Mindoro and Palawan.
The document provides information on the geography, climate, topography, and early history of the Philippines. It discusses:
1) The Philippines' location in Southeast Asia, with over 7,000 islands spanning around 1,900 km north to south and 1,100 km east to west.
2) The country's climate, which experiences southwest and northeast monsoons, and intertropical convergence zone bringing rain.
3) Evidence that the archipelago was formed over millions of years from the Mesozoic to Cenozoic eras due to continental drift and emergence from the sea.
4) Archaeological findings showing the earliest inhabitants were Homo erectus around 500,000 years ago, followed
Archaeological perspectives of the transition from prehistory to history in Eastern Thailand were
still previously relatively poorly understood. Archaeological sites in the east, known only Khok-Phanom-Di and
Nong-Nor which were renowned prehistoric shell mound sites in Eastern Thailand and in the historical record
were often mentioned as Sri Mahosot, as well as the ancient city of the Dvaravati. Documented transition from
Late Prehistory to Early History was missing due to a lack of research. The prehistoric communities were not
only located on coastal areas but were also located in caves, under scarp sheds, and on hills surrounded by
mangrove forests. The transition from Late Prehistory to Early History in Eastern Thailand can be proved by a
relationship between people and things to sustain life, leaving artifacts. Therefore, this paper presents
Prehistoric trade and exchange system which adapted to the habitat change and allowed access to raw
materials.
This document provides information about Region X or Northern Mindanao in the Philippines. It includes the provinces of Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental, and Misamis Oriental. It discusses the geography, history, culture, attractions and festivals of the region. Key details include the varied topography of plains, forests, mountains and coastal areas which support agriculture. The region has a mix of historical, natural and man-made attractions such as beaches, mountains and waterfalls.
This document discusses geotourism in Australia and China. It provides background on Angus Robinson, chair of the Geotourism Standing Committee of the Geological Society of Australia. It then discusses key geotourism locations in Australia like Jenolan Caves and differences between geotourism development in Australia and China. It outlines Australia's National Landscapes Program and describes some iconic landscapes. It also discusses geotrails and examples from Tasmania, Queensland, and other states. Important fossil sites and geological similarities/differences between the two countries are mentioned.
December 2015 Around the World Brochure Masha Levin
This document is a brochure advertising a 24-day around the world expedition by private jet organized by National Geographic Expeditions. The itinerary includes visits to iconic places like Machu Picchu, Easter Island, Angkor Wat, the Serengeti, Petra, and the Taj Mahal across 4 continents. National Geographic experts in fields like anthropology, history, and photography will accompany each departure to provide insights into the local cultures and sites. Proceeds from the expeditions help support National Geographic's nonprofit programs in conservation, exploration, and education.
Development And Application Of Geographic Information SystemCecilia Lucero
The document discusses the issue of plastic pollution in oceans, noting that plastic production has increased dramatically in recent decades while recycling rates remain low, resulting in huge amounts of plastic waste entering oceans that harm wildlife and ecosystems through ingestion, entanglement, and toxic breakdown over hundreds of years. It outlines the scale of the problem and some of the devastating consequences of plastic pollution in oceans for marine life.
The document provides information on several heritage sites in Davao del Sur province in the Philippines, including the Ballistic Island, where a Spanish fortress was built, and the Bauing Japanese Tunnel, a 300-meter tunnel dug by Japanese prisoners of war during World War 2 that has since been converted into a hotel-resort. It also outlines a heritage site plan to further enhance the Japanese Tunnel property by developing it into a family resort and restaurant called "D' Japanese Tunnel Family Resort and Restaurant" to attract more tourists and better preserve the historical location.
The document discusses the relationship between art and religion. It provides examples of how various art forms developed from and were influenced by different religious beliefs and practices in the Philippines. Specifically, it notes that sculpture was used to help spread Christianity, and statues of religious figures were made from wood and ivory. Architecture is also discussed, with examples of religious structures like churches and mosques. Traditional folk arts incorporated religious symbols and motifs, such as the anting-anting amulets and designs in weaving that referenced beliefs about nature. Different festivals also featured folk art forms like parol lanterns and masks. Overall, the document examines how art and religion have been interconnected in Philippine culture and history.
This document provides information about the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) in the Philippines. It discusses the history and creation of ARMM, which includes the provinces of Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. Brief descriptions are given for each province. Key tourist attractions are highlighted for each province, such as the Pink Mosque in Maguindanao, Mount Ragang in Lanao del Sur, Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park in Sulu, and Sheik Karim Al Makhdum Mosque in Tawi-Tawi. Finally, famous festivals in ARMM are listed, including Kalilang Sa R
Rangkuman analisis prestasi lulusan ujian bulanan tahun 2013 di Sekolah Menengah Teknik Gerik. Kebanyakan mata pelajaran mencatat kadar lulus melebihi 90% kecuali Bahasa Inggeris dan Kejuruteraan Elektrik.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kebudayaan prasejarah akhir yang muncul pada Zaman Logam dan selepasnya, dengan tempoh waktu yang bertumpang tindih dengan kebudayaan pada Zaman Proto-sejarah atau awal sejarah. Beberapa kebudayaan prasejarah akhir yang disebutkan antara lain kebudayaan Megalitik, Kubur Batu Kepingan, Pengkebumian Perahu, Pengkebumian Tempayan, Keranda Kayu Balak, dan Kebudayaan Dongson.
2. Pengenalan
Merupakan kebudayaan prasejarah lewatMerupakan kebudayaan prasejarah lewat
Wujud pada Zaman LogamWujud pada Zaman Logam
Ditemui di beberapa tempat di kawasan AsiaDitemui di beberapa tempat di kawasan Asia
Tenggara terutamanya di kawasanTenggara terutamanya di kawasan
pedalaman yang berbatu kapur.pedalaman yang berbatu kapur.
Diamalkan oleh sejenis masyarakat iaituDiamalkan oleh sejenis masyarakat iaitu
masyarakat pedalaman.masyarakat pedalaman.
3. Asal-usul dan penyebaran
Mungkin bermula di Vietnam Utara atauMungkin bermula di Vietnam Utara atau
selatan Chinaselatan China
Mungkin tersebar ke luar daripada indukMungkin tersebar ke luar daripada induk
semenjak zaman logam lewat – penghujungsemenjak zaman logam lewat – penghujung
millenium sebelum masihi atau awal masihi.millenium sebelum masihi atau awal masihi.
Tersebar melalui 2 jalan;Tersebar melalui 2 jalan;
A) melalui kepulauanA) melalui kepulauan
B) melalui tanah besarB) melalui tanah besar
4. Fungsi
Merupakan wadah kepada beberapaMerupakan wadah kepada beberapa
bentuk pemikiran dan worldviewbentuk pemikiran dan worldview
mereka – pengabdian kepada Tuhan,mereka – pengabdian kepada Tuhan,
tafsiran terhadap pelbagai benda alamtafsiran terhadap pelbagai benda alam
di sekelilingdi sekeliling
Lambang status seseorang danLambang status seseorang dan
keluargakeluarga
5. SulawesiSulawesi
• Diamalkan oleh masyarakat suku kaumDiamalkan oleh masyarakat suku kaum
Toradja di Tana Toradja (Sulsel)Toradja di Tana Toradja (Sulsel)
• Merupakan bawaan tradisi dari BorneoMerupakan bawaan tradisi dari Borneo
dan mungkin Pantai Timur Borneo (+/-dan mungkin Pantai Timur Borneo (+/-
Sabah)Sabah)
• Amalan diteruskan sehingga pada hari iniAmalan diteruskan sehingga pada hari ini
• Ada beberapa jenis motif – kerbau,Ada beberapa jenis motif – kerbau,
perahu, tongkongan, babiperahu, tongkongan, babi
6.
7.
8. Bentuk amalan
Pengebumian sekunderPengebumian sekunder
Dilakukan selepas beberapa tahun atauDilakukan selepas beberapa tahun atau
mengikut tempoh kemampuan ahli keluargamengikut tempoh kemampuan ahli keluarga
untuk mengadakan upacarauntuk mengadakan upacara
Satu keranda untuk satu keluarga atauSatu keranda untuk satu keluarga atau
sekurang-kurangnya beberapa orangsekurang-kurangnya beberapa orang
Pengebumian ini sememangnyaPengebumian ini sememangnya
melambangkan status simati danmelambangkan status simati dan
keluarganya.keluarganya.
9.
10.
11. Masih diteruskan sehingga pada hari iniMasih diteruskan sehingga pada hari ini
tetapi dengan menggunakan jenis kayu yangtetapi dengan menggunakan jenis kayu yang
lain kerana kekurangan bahanlain kerana kekurangan bahan
Selalunya gunakan batang pokok nangka –Selalunya gunakan batang pokok nangka –
urat yang halus dan mudah diukirurat yang halus dan mudah diukir
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. ThailandThailand
Di kawasan tanah tinggi pedalaman ThailandDi kawasan tanah tinggi pedalaman Thailand
bersempadan dengan Burma.bersempadan dengan Burma.
Antara contoh tapak ialah di Phang Ma Pha –Antara contoh tapak ialah di Phang Ma Pha –
Mae Hong Son ProvinceMae Hong Son Province
20. • Highland Pang Mapha is a small district in Mae HongHighland Pang Mapha is a small district in Mae Hong
Son Province, Northwestern Thailand. This area is aSon Province, Northwestern Thailand. This area is a
borderland between Thailand and Myanmar. Pangborderland between Thailand and Myanmar. Pang
Mapha has great biological and cultural diversity. ItsMapha has great biological and cultural diversity. Its
population comprises various ethic groups whopopulation comprises various ethic groups who
migrated to this area over the past few decadesmigrated to this area over the past few decades
including Shan (Tai), Karen, Lahu, Lisu, Hmong, andincluding Shan (Tai), Karen, Lahu, Lisu, Hmong, and
Lua. Pang Mapha has a long been the target ofLua. Pang Mapha has a long been the target of
several government modernizing policies which haveseveral government modernizing policies which have
been forced by international donor agencies includingbeen forced by international donor agencies including
opium eradication, elimination of shifting agriculture,opium eradication, elimination of shifting agriculture,
and forest degradation.and forest degradation.
21.
22. • This area has been unknown to Thai archaeologistsThis area has been unknown to Thai archaeologists
and the general public since an Americanand the general public since an American
archaeologist, Chester Gorman, excavated Spiritarchaeologist, Chester Gorman, excavated Spirit
Cave in a search for the origin of agriculture inCave in a search for the origin of agriculture in
Southeast Asia in 1969. In 2002, the HighlandSoutheast Asia in 1969. In 2002, the Highland
Archaeology Project, a multidisciplinary researchArchaeology Project, a multidisciplinary research
involving archaeology, physical anthropology, andinvolving archaeology, physical anthropology, and
dendrochronology, began long term research in Pangdendrochronology, began long term research in Pang
Mapha, Mae Hong Son Province and will continueMapha, Mae Hong Son Province and will continue
working in this area through 2006. The project hasworking in this area through 2006. The project has
contributed a body of knowledge to the archaeologycontributed a body of knowledge to the archaeology
of Thailand and Southeast Asia.of Thailand and Southeast Asia.
23. • From a local community perspective, thisFrom a local community perspective, this
project has increased the experience of Thaiproject has increased the experience of Thai
archaeologists working closely with multi-archaeologists working closely with multi-
ethnic communities who do not shareethnic communities who do not share
languages and cultures with the majoritylanguages and cultures with the majority
“Thai” ethnic group. The research results“Thai” ethnic group. The research results
form an important knowledge-base for localform an important knowledge-base for local
communities to use in managing their culturalcommunities to use in managing their cultural
resources such as using the archaeologicalresources such as using the archaeological
sites as learning centers for school childrensites as learning centers for school children
as well as tourist attractions.as well as tourist attractions.
24.
25.
26. • Recently, globalization, especially tourism, has made aRecently, globalization, especially tourism, has made a
strong impact on Thailand’s economy. Local governmentstrong impact on Thailand’s economy. Local government
policy is to promote the natural and archaeologicalpolicy is to promote the natural and archaeological
resources of this area for tourism. This mountainous arearesources of this area for tourism. This mountainous area
has become increasingly popular for eco-tourism andhas become increasingly popular for eco-tourism and
adventure tourism among the Thai and foreigners. Amongadventure tourism among the Thai and foreigners. Among
the major attractions are caving, rock climbing, andthe major attractions are caving, rock climbing, and
archaeological sites discovered by the Highlandarchaeological sites discovered by the Highland
Archaeology project. Tourism in Pang Mapha has createdArchaeology project. Tourism in Pang Mapha has created
a number of problems as most of archaeological sites area number of problems as most of archaeological sites are
the burial sites and temples, which are “unownedthe burial sites and temples, which are “unowned
heritage”. Most tribal groups believe that the sites are lociheritage”. Most tribal groups believe that the sites are loci
of tribal spirits. In the past couple years, someof tribal spirits. In the past couple years, some
communities have forbidden archaeologists to work incommunities have forbidden archaeologists to work in
sites found in their villages because they are afraid thatsites found in their villages because they are afraid that
someone in the villages will die; however, this attitude issomeone in the villages will die; however, this attitude is
rapidly changing due to tourism.rapidly changing due to tourism.
27.
28.
29. SabahSabah
Tertumpu di bahagian pantai timur Sabah – di
daerah Kinabatangan dan Lahad Datu
Didukung oleh masyarakat Dusun Sungai
dan Subpan
Tradisi semenjak 1000 tahun dahulu atau
lebih dan berterusan sehingga ke hari ini.
30. Tapak pertaburanTapak pertaburan
Kinabatangan – Gua Gomantong, Batu Tulug,
Batu Supu, Miasias, Sarupi, Batu Timbang,
Tongod
Segama – Batu balos, Tapadong
Madai, Baturong, Sipit, Segarong dan
Melanta Tutup.
Terdapat lebih daripada 1000 keranda kayu
balak telah ditemui setakat ini.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48. KaltimKaltim
Masih belum dikaji sepenuhnya.
Hanya Karina Ariffin yang pernah
membuat reconnaissance setakat ini.
Mempunyai kaitan yang rapat dengan
keranda-keranda yang terdapat di
Sabah khususnya dari segi bentuk dan
cara perletakan.
Mungkin sezaman dengan Sabah
53. Southern ChinaSouthern China
• The Hanging CoffinThe Hanging Coffin
First appearing during the Spring and Autumn PeriodFirst appearing during the Spring and Autumn Period
(722-481BC), hanging coffin is a unique funeral and(722-481BC), hanging coffin is a unique funeral and
sacrifice custom of the minority groups in southernsacrifice custom of the minority groups in southern
China. People put the bodies of their ancestors intoChina. People put the bodies of their ancestors into
wooden coffins that were later placed in caves ofwooden coffins that were later placed in caves of
precipitous cliffsides.precipitous cliffsides.
• Most coffins were made with one whole piece ofMost coffins were made with one whole piece of
wood into various shapes. It was said that thewood into various shapes. It was said that the
hanging coffins could prevent bodies from beinghanging coffins could prevent bodies from being
taken by beasts and also bless the soul eternally.taken by beasts and also bless the soul eternally.
54. • Famous Hanging Coffin Sites:Famous Hanging Coffin Sites:
• While hanging coffins can be found in manyWhile hanging coffins can be found in many
places in China, the strange thing is all ofplaces in China, the strange thing is all of
them only existed for a certain period inthem only existed for a certain period in
history. Those in Wuyi Mountain are the firsthistory. Those in Wuyi Mountain are the first
appear in China, as early as in the Zhouappear in China, as early as in the Zhou
Dynasty (1027-777BC) while those inDynasty (1027-777BC) while those in
Gongxian County of Southwest china'sGongxian County of Southwest china's
Sichuan province are the most recent, whichSichuan province are the most recent, which
also marked the end of the hanging coffinalso marked the end of the hanging coffin
customcustom
55. DistributionDistribution
A) Hanging Coffins in Gongxian County
• Location: Gongxian County of Yibin, Sichuan
Province
B) Hanging Coffins in Longhu Shan (Dragon
Tiger Mountain)
• Route: Within the Longhu Shan (Dragon Tiger
Mountain) Scenic Area, 20 kilometers
southwest of Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province.
56. C) Hanging Coffins in Wuyi MountainC) Hanging Coffins in Wuyi Mountain
• Location:Within the Wuyishan ScenicLocation:Within the Wuyishan Scenic
Area of Fujian ProvinceArea of Fujian Province
57. Guiyang's Cave BurialGuiyang's Cave Burial
On top of a nameless mountain, at leastOn top of a nameless mountain, at least
200 coffins, surrounded by vibrant200 coffins, surrounded by vibrant
shrubs, lie in a giant cavern about 40shrubs, lie in a giant cavern about 40
meters tall, 70 meters wide and moremeters tall, 70 meters wide and more
than 100 meters in depth. Here, life andthan 100 meters in depth. Here, life and
death coexist in great harmony.death coexist in great harmony.
58. ……cont…cont…
In Gaopo, which is located in a high and coldIn Gaopo, which is located in a high and cold
mountainous area, the highest point reachesmountainous area, the highest point reaches
1,712.1 meters, and the northern part is1,712.1 meters, and the northern part is
higher than the southern part, as the northernhigher than the southern part, as the northern
area consists mainly of high mountains andarea consists mainly of high mountains and
mesas. The area boasts of typical karstmesas. The area boasts of typical karst
topography, and caverns of various sizes cantopography, and caverns of various sizes can
be seen everywhere. According to the locals,be seen everywhere. According to the locals,
the cave burial custom dates back to 600the cave burial custom dates back to 600
years ago, and cave burials abound there.years ago, and cave burials abound there.
59.
60. As revealed in a survey by a scholar in 1981,As revealed in a survey by a scholar in 1981,
there are eight cave burial sites, butthere are eight cave burial sites, but
researchers believe the real number is farresearchers believe the real number is far
more.more.
"Since these burial sites are ages old, and the"Since these burial sites are ages old, and the
custom is no longer popular at present, manycustom is no longer popular at present, many
sites have been forgotten. Up to now, theresites have been forgotten. Up to now, there
are two sites that have been kept intact: oneare two sites that have been kept intact: one
is the Jiading cave burial site, and the other,is the Jiading cave burial site, and the other,
the Shaping cave burial site," said thethe Shaping cave burial site," said the
researchers.researchers.