Kaelan Wong
Professor Gina Gemmel
English 161
December 12, 2017
Social Media’s Victory in the 2016 Presidential Election
There has been a lot of talk since the 2016 presidential election because of how unique it
was compared to all the previous ones. Only recently has social media started to play a
significant role in political campaigns, which can clearly be seen with Donald trump’s campaign
in the 2016 election. This paper examines articles written by Michael Barbaro and Christine
Lagorio-Chafkin for the New York Times alongside academic journals written by Gunn Enli and
Frida Ghitis for the European Journal of Communications and the World Politics Review,
respectively. Regarding social media, many tend to focus on its rise in popular culture, the
following of people of people that it tends to bring, and its use by the candidate or its political
party. Although there are people who argue that Trump’s political views and ideologies are what
gave him an advantage, Trump’s social media is what led him to victory.
For one thing, it is clear that social media is generally on the rise in society, today. A
majority of researchers would agree that the rise of social media has been prominent in these past
few years. Michael Barbaro, author of “Pithy, Mean, and Powerful: Donald Trump Mastered
Twitter for 2016,” states how social media is free and can relay information to the public in a
quick way. Barbaro points out how this can be useful, especially as it slowly substitutes for
“costly, conventional” methods. As an example, Barbaro mentions how rival campaigns
acknowledge the advantage Trump has because of his millions of Twitter followers and how he
gets more mentions and retweets compared to other candidates. Gunn Enli, author of “Twitter as
Student 2
Arena for the Authentic Outsider: Exploring the Social Media Campaigns of Trump and Clinton
in the 2016 US Presidential Election,” takes this further, believing that social media can easily
reach the masses and serve as a main source of information. Enli reminds us that new platforms
have emerged while existing ones have expanded. Christin Lagorio-Chafkin, author of “Reddit
and the God Emperor of the Internet,” has a more specific focus on social media, claiming that
Reddit has become one of the most significant websites on the internet. Lagorio-Chafkin
observes how Trump’s subreddit “The_Donald” has gained around 300,000 members (It has
over half a million now as of October 2017). On the other hand, Frida Ghitis, author of “Trump’s
Victory Was Aided by Russia’s Weaponized Social Media Campaign,” takes on a different
focus: WikiLeaks. Arguably a type of social media, WikiLeaks grew to a significant size such
that it could be used to weaponize information. While all four authors believe that social media is
on the rise, Barbaro and Enli focused on Twitter’s rise. On the other hand, Lagorio-Chafkin puts
his focus on Reddit’s ...
The document analyzes political polarization on Twitter during Brazil's 2018 presidential election. It finds evidence of "asymmetric polarization", where the right-wing network was more centralized around partisan media compared to the more diverse left-wing network. The study used social network analysis of Twitter data to map the information flows and identify influential accounts and media outlets during key moments of the election campaign.
Internet subcultures like trolls, gamergaters, hate groups, conspiracy theorists, hyper-partisan news outlets, and politicians take advantage of vulnerabilities in the current media ecosystem to manipulate news frames and propagate their ideas. They use techniques like memes, bots, and strategic amplification on social media to increase the visibility of their messages. Factors like lack of trust in the media, decline of local news, and the attention economy make the media vulnerable to such manipulation. The outcomes can include increased misinformation, distrust of the media, and further radicalization.
Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 ElectionAjay Ohri
This document discusses fake news and its potential impact on the 2016 US presidential election. It begins with background on the definition and history of fake news, noting its long existence but arguing it is growing as an issue today due to lower barriers to media entry, the rise of social media, declining trust in mainstream media, and increasing political polarization. It then presents new data on fake news consumption prior to the 2016 election, finding that fake news was widely shared on social media and heavily tilted towards supporting Trump. While estimates vary, the average American may have seen or remembered one or a few fake news stories. Education level, age, and total media consumption were associated with more accurate assessment of true vs. fake news headlines.
The document discusses how hashtags on social media have been used to promote political campaigns, commemorate significant events, and support social movements. It provides examples of how hashtags like #Romnesia, #Debate, and #JapanQuake spread information about political elections, natural disasters, and the #HeForShe gender equality campaign launched by Emma Watson. Hashtags have become an influential tool for spreading news and ideas on social media faster than traditional news outlets. They help organize related posts and make information easily searchable.
Kim, M.J., & Park, H. W. (2012). Measuring Twitter-Based Political Participat...Han Woo PARK
Kim, M.J., & Park, H. W. (2012). Measuring Twitter-Based Political Participation and Deliberation in the South Korean Context by Using Social Network and Triple Helix Indicators. Scientometrics. 90 (1), 121-140.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11192-011-0508-5#page-1
Drafted first chapter of Welcome to the Fifth Estate by Geoff Livingston before editorial review. This document discusses Fifth Estate, Long Tail and social media control theories.
IntroductionAccording to Robert E. Dento and Gray C. Woodward.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction
According to Robert E. Dento and Gray C. Woodward (1998), two of the most famous contributor to the political communication studies in America, said that political communication mainly refers the way in which senders to transfer the political messages to the receivers. The methods of sending the message, which will effect a region’s political environment, normally include political speeches, news media coverage, and ordinary citizen’s talk. The concentrations usually focus on the discussions of who has the authority to sanction, to allocation of public resources, who has the authority to make decision, as well as social meaning like what makes someone an American. As a result, it is obviously to see that the nature of political communication is not only the source of a message, but it is the transformation of political content and purpose to citizens. Therefore, the purpose of political communication strategy can be defined as to influence public knowledge, beliefs, and action on political matter. (McNair B, 2003)
However, due to the progress of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the 20th century, the traditional mass media, which includes TV shows, newspapers and magazines, and radio, is losing its place to the latest type of media, such as the Internet and real-time communication tools in the area of political communication. For example, in February, 2011, the Americans had closed the video station, the ‘ Voice of America’, which has been conducted for more than half century. It used to be regarded as a powerful mass media in political communication tool. But, does it mean that the American government has weakened its use of mass media in political communication? The answer is no. When the announcement of shutting down the ‘Voice of America’, Hillary Clinton, the Secretary of State, has given a freestyle presentation at George Washington University, and it was published on the Internet, synchronously. the event itself indicates that the American government has realized that the powerful capability of newly mass media. (Platform Magazine, 2015) and the government is getting ready to use this tool to reinforce it political status.
Consequently, this essay will discuss how the new mass media affects American political communication strategy in election, as well as the practice of strategies. At the same time, the three discussion points will be analyzed in the following part.
The characteristics of newly mass media in Election
The concept relates to the emergence of ‘newly mass media’ results form the development of ICTs. The ICTs enables some real-time communication tool, such as Facebook, Twitter and Youtube, to become a critical platform for citizens to express their political issues. Consequently, as a government, which is famous by its democratic social media, it was announced by Hillary that the US would spend 2.5 billion in the enhancement of “internet democracy”. Thus, the year of 2011 is regarded as .
The New Era of News: How Social Media is Impacting The U.S Presidential ElectionMadison Marcello
Social media has become a primary source of news for many Americans, especially millennials. It has changed how political campaigns operate and how voters receive information about candidates. Millennials now make up a significant portion of eligible voters, and their views are influenced by political discussions on social media. However, there is a lack of certainty about the factual accuracy of news shared on social media platforms. The 2016 presidential election has highlighted the large role social media now plays in how voters learn about candidates and political issues.
The document analyzes political polarization on Twitter during Brazil's 2018 presidential election. It finds evidence of "asymmetric polarization", where the right-wing network was more centralized around partisan media compared to the more diverse left-wing network. The study used social network analysis of Twitter data to map the information flows and identify influential accounts and media outlets during key moments of the election campaign.
Internet subcultures like trolls, gamergaters, hate groups, conspiracy theorists, hyper-partisan news outlets, and politicians take advantage of vulnerabilities in the current media ecosystem to manipulate news frames and propagate their ideas. They use techniques like memes, bots, and strategic amplification on social media to increase the visibility of their messages. Factors like lack of trust in the media, decline of local news, and the attention economy make the media vulnerable to such manipulation. The outcomes can include increased misinformation, distrust of the media, and further radicalization.
Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 ElectionAjay Ohri
This document discusses fake news and its potential impact on the 2016 US presidential election. It begins with background on the definition and history of fake news, noting its long existence but arguing it is growing as an issue today due to lower barriers to media entry, the rise of social media, declining trust in mainstream media, and increasing political polarization. It then presents new data on fake news consumption prior to the 2016 election, finding that fake news was widely shared on social media and heavily tilted towards supporting Trump. While estimates vary, the average American may have seen or remembered one or a few fake news stories. Education level, age, and total media consumption were associated with more accurate assessment of true vs. fake news headlines.
The document discusses how hashtags on social media have been used to promote political campaigns, commemorate significant events, and support social movements. It provides examples of how hashtags like #Romnesia, #Debate, and #JapanQuake spread information about political elections, natural disasters, and the #HeForShe gender equality campaign launched by Emma Watson. Hashtags have become an influential tool for spreading news and ideas on social media faster than traditional news outlets. They help organize related posts and make information easily searchable.
Kim, M.J., & Park, H. W. (2012). Measuring Twitter-Based Political Participat...Han Woo PARK
Kim, M.J., & Park, H. W. (2012). Measuring Twitter-Based Political Participation and Deliberation in the South Korean Context by Using Social Network and Triple Helix Indicators. Scientometrics. 90 (1), 121-140.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11192-011-0508-5#page-1
Drafted first chapter of Welcome to the Fifth Estate by Geoff Livingston before editorial review. This document discusses Fifth Estate, Long Tail and social media control theories.
IntroductionAccording to Robert E. Dento and Gray C. Woodward.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction
According to Robert E. Dento and Gray C. Woodward (1998), two of the most famous contributor to the political communication studies in America, said that political communication mainly refers the way in which senders to transfer the political messages to the receivers. The methods of sending the message, which will effect a region’s political environment, normally include political speeches, news media coverage, and ordinary citizen’s talk. The concentrations usually focus on the discussions of who has the authority to sanction, to allocation of public resources, who has the authority to make decision, as well as social meaning like what makes someone an American. As a result, it is obviously to see that the nature of political communication is not only the source of a message, but it is the transformation of political content and purpose to citizens. Therefore, the purpose of political communication strategy can be defined as to influence public knowledge, beliefs, and action on political matter. (McNair B, 2003)
However, due to the progress of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the 20th century, the traditional mass media, which includes TV shows, newspapers and magazines, and radio, is losing its place to the latest type of media, such as the Internet and real-time communication tools in the area of political communication. For example, in February, 2011, the Americans had closed the video station, the ‘ Voice of America’, which has been conducted for more than half century. It used to be regarded as a powerful mass media in political communication tool. But, does it mean that the American government has weakened its use of mass media in political communication? The answer is no. When the announcement of shutting down the ‘Voice of America’, Hillary Clinton, the Secretary of State, has given a freestyle presentation at George Washington University, and it was published on the Internet, synchronously. the event itself indicates that the American government has realized that the powerful capability of newly mass media. (Platform Magazine, 2015) and the government is getting ready to use this tool to reinforce it political status.
Consequently, this essay will discuss how the new mass media affects American political communication strategy in election, as well as the practice of strategies. At the same time, the three discussion points will be analyzed in the following part.
The characteristics of newly mass media in Election
The concept relates to the emergence of ‘newly mass media’ results form the development of ICTs. The ICTs enables some real-time communication tool, such as Facebook, Twitter and Youtube, to become a critical platform for citizens to express their political issues. Consequently, as a government, which is famous by its democratic social media, it was announced by Hillary that the US would spend 2.5 billion in the enhancement of “internet democracy”. Thus, the year of 2011 is regarded as .
The New Era of News: How Social Media is Impacting The U.S Presidential ElectionMadison Marcello
Social media has become a primary source of news for many Americans, especially millennials. It has changed how political campaigns operate and how voters receive information about candidates. Millennials now make up a significant portion of eligible voters, and their views are influenced by political discussions on social media. However, there is a lack of certainty about the factual accuracy of news shared on social media platforms. The 2016 presidential election has highlighted the large role social media now plays in how voters learn about candidates and political issues.
The document discusses media bias and whether it truly exists. It argues that while both liberals and conservatives claim bias in the media, the bias may be more of a myth perpetuated by political leaders to convince their followers. It aims to analyze cable news and talk shows to determine if provable bias exists or if the perception of bias depends on one's political viewpoint. It also discusses how context and a communicator's situation can influence the understanding and perception of messages.
This document provides a literature review and background on a content analysis of Donald Trump's Twitter use leading up to the 2016 Super Tuesday primaries. It discusses how strategic issues management and agenda setting theories apply to political communication on social media. Politicians can use social media to inform the public of their stances on issues and intentionally set the agenda for their campaign and time in office. The analysis will examine Trump's tweets between February 1-March 1, 2016 to understand how he uses Twitter as a form of political communication.
1) Social media is hurting society by devaluing face-to-face interaction and personal relationships as people develop a habit of constantly checking social media. It also allows for anonymous bullying online.
2) While social media enables greater civic engagement like supporting causes, it also helps groups like ISIS plan attacks. It threatens privacy as user data is collected and used for targeted advertising.
3) Social media is negatively impacting industries like journalism as people get news and media for free online instead of paying for publications. It also enables new forms of anonymous bullying in schools.
Social Media and PoliticsLearning objectivesLearning objec.docxjensgosney
Social Media and Politics
Learning objectives
Learning objectives include an understanding of the following:
· The role of social media in democracy
· The role of social media in advancing political reforms
· How social media create polarization
Introduction
Social Media are now a central component of democracy. The media are increasingly associated with political organizing, elections campaigns, accountability, and generally a more engaged citizenry. Social media are a dominant platform through which everyday citizens can share, organize, and communicate their ideas. People regularly use the media to acquire information about leaders and public policy related areas like the environment, education, health and so on. Many public offices now have websites that include social media functions in their communication with the public. Collectively, social media provide a public sphere where individuals can interact with likeminded people on political issues and provide criticism and support for leaders. However, while social media platforms make many issues accessible to increasingly large groups, the media have the potential to create polarization. Specifically, many blogs are quite subjective while some forms of media promote hatred and intolerance. Additionally, it is also difficult to examine the extent to which social media really alters public opinion as more research is needed. Lastly, questions remain on how much time users are prepared to devote their time on the social media for political problems.
Social Media and Elections
Popular social networks have transformed the use of the internet as a political tool for democratic transitions. Barack Obama’s historic in 2008 win was attributed to a new media strategy inspired by popular networks such as MySpace and Facebook. The campaign’s website My.BarackObama.com, allows supporters to join local groups, create events, sign up for updates and set up personal fund-raising pages. The campaign was spearheaded by Chris Hughes, a co-founder of Facebook. The social networks helped Obama raise more than two million donations of less than $200 each (Stelter, 2008). This success was based on huge investments on social media. The campaign spent $3 million on online advertising that targeted potential voters and online tools providing details of voting locations (Stelter, 2008).
Similarly, social media was extensively used in Canada’s 2011 elections. The elections were dubbed the “social media elections” or “election 2.0.” Harris (2011) observed that the social media served as “a one-stop shopping for parodies, speech remixes, gotcha moments, unconventional ads, and attacks so fiery, they risk scorching your computer monitor.” Two "vote mob" videos simultaneously held spots in the Top 10 on YouTube. A satirical video juxtaposing a Harper speech with an address by Star Wars' evil Emperor Palpatine drew more than 114,000. The University of Guelph's "vote mob" videos were viewed more than 33,000 .
The document discusses how Donald Trump's presidential campaign has been shaped by media coverage. It argues that Trump receives disproportionately more media attention than other candidates due to his inflammatory rhetoric. While most coverage has been negative due to racist, sexist, and xenophobic comments, the attention has still helped fuel his campaign by increasing his name recognition. Social media also plays a major role, as Trump is highly active on Twitter and controversial tweets can go viral quickly. The document concludes that as long as Trump continues making offensive statements, media will continue giving him extensive coverage, aiding his campaign.
The document summarizes a social network analysis of the 2016 US presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump on Twitter. It introduces the purpose of analyzing their social media networks to understand their reach and how it impacts their campaigns. It then briefly reviews literature on previous research analyzing the role of social media in elections from 2004 to 2010. The research questions aim to study how information flows through each candidate's network and whether people with more connections act as influencers. Data was collected from Twitter using hashtags and analyzed using tools like NodeXL and Gephi.
The document analyzes the social networks of 2016 US presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump on Twitter. It finds that:
1. Donald Trump's network contained 3 communities - one for Trump supporters (green), one for Hillary Clinton supporters (blue), and one for Ted Cruz supporters (red).
2. Users with high betweenness centrality, like 'ibegoodnow' and 'thegreatfeather', may act as influential spreaders of information.
3. The clusters for Trump and Cruz were connected through multiple users, indicating they belong to the same party, whereas Clinton was only connected through one user.
The document discusses concerns about media bias and its influence on public opinion. It argues that many political figures have claimed major media outlets have a liberal bias, which could manipulate the American public and influence them to support Democratic policies and candidates. While media organizations have historically leaned liberal, the document asserts they should report news objectively without an ideological slant, as bias can seep into coverage in ways that sway the public. Overall, the text examines debates around alleged media bias and its potential effects on shaping political views.
The document discusses the rise of social media and its intersection with politics and public opinion. It notes that social media use has grown dramatically in recent years and is now a major part of political communication. Politicians and publics now engage with each other through platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. However, scholars are still working to understand the complex social media ecosystem and its effects. While social media was important in events like the Arab Spring, it can also potentially threaten democracy in some cases. The presenter aims to explore these issues.
The document discusses the rise of social media and its intersection with politics and public opinion. It notes that social media use has grown dramatically in recent years and is now a major part of political communication. Politicians and publics now engage with each other through platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. However, scholars are still working to understand the complex social media ecosystem and its effects. While social media was important in events like the Arab Spring, it can also potentially threaten democracy in some cases. The presenter aims to explore these issues.
The document summarizes a presentation about trends in media coverage of Hillary Clinton around the 2014 midterm elections. It analyzes coverage of Clinton in traditional news sources and online from October 21st to November 18th. The analysis found that 70% of articles mentioned Clinton as a potential 2016 presidential candidate. Coverage focused on her campaigning before the election and her status afterward. Liberal sources were generally more favorable in tone while conservative sources campaigned against a 2016 Clinton run. The document recommends developing relationships with allied reporters, connecting campaign messages to economic concerns, and monitoring online conversations to address issues before they spread.
What does it mean to live in a post-truth world? Is a post-truth world functional? This slide set discusses the centrality of truth to our institutions and its crucial significance for education
Social media, especially Twitter, played a major role in how information was shared about the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings. Twitter allowed eyewitnesses like Globe reporters at the scene to live tweet updates. The number of tweets from the Globe and its followers increased dramatically that day. Hashtags like #PrayForBoston and #BostonMarathon were widely used on over 180 million tweets from 95 cities expressing fear, sympathy and support. However, 29% of tweets contained rumors and fake information, showing the downside of misinformation on social media.
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The document discusses media bias from the perspectives of two articles - one by Xiaoyi Luo from outside the media and one by Paul Farhi from within the media. Both authors aimed to inform readers about media bias and its effects on voters. The document will compare and analyze the two articles rhetorically to better understand how media bias affects elections from different points of view based on research.
This document provides an introduction and background to a book about the impact of social media on political parties and power balances. It discusses debates around social media's revolutionary potential in politics and notes most studies have focused on exceptional cases or US politics. The book aims to examine social media's impact on "normal politics" and power relations between parties using the Netherlands as a comparative case study.
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the heritages mentioned about and how they affect (positively or negatively) the delivery of health care.
2. Identify sociocultural variables within the Irish, Italian and Puerto Rican heritage and mention some examples.
References must be no older than 5 years. A minimum of 700 words is required.
.
1. Compare and contrast DEmilios Capitalism and Gay Identity .docxcroysierkathey
1. Compare and contrast D'Emilio's
Capitalism and Gay Identity
with the
From Mary to Modern Woman
reading. What patterns do you see that are similar to the modern American society? What can be said about global notions of gender in the modern age? Feel free to invoke Foucault.
2. How is the writer's experience important in the story being told in
Middlesex
? Describe your reaction to the reading and invoke some of the concepts discussed in the
Queer Theory
reading to try to make sense of sexuality when it does not match your own conventions. Compare both readings, but go deeper to explore your own stereotypes and socialization.
**PLEASE READ THE READINGS IN ODER TO DO THIS ASSIGNMENT.
.
1.Purpose the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness .docxcroysierkathey
1.
Purpose: the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness around stereotyping and how it can be very hurtful to some people.
2.
Audience: Anyone that uses stereotypical jokes or saying around people that are different than them even without realizing that they are making a stereotypical joke or statement.
3.
Genre: the genre that I will be trying to reach out to in this essay will be informational, reason being is that I mainly look at informational online documentaries and stories.
4.
Stance and tone: I’m just a young man who grew up around a lot of people from different places and have different cultures and never paid attention in my younger years to what was happening from stereotyping others that they are different till recently.
5.
Graphic design
: My essay will be a strict academic essay
.
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.2. Talk about the .docxcroysierkathey
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.
2. Talk about the interconnection between the aesthetic and the technical aspects of the film. This should include at least seven of the following: Editing, Film Structure, Cinematography, Lighting, Colors, Screenwriting, Special effects, Sound and Music.
3. After this course, will you see you favorite film in a different light? Why or why not?
.
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The document discusses media bias and whether it truly exists. It argues that while both liberals and conservatives claim bias in the media, the bias may be more of a myth perpetuated by political leaders to convince their followers. It aims to analyze cable news and talk shows to determine if provable bias exists or if the perception of bias depends on one's political viewpoint. It also discusses how context and a communicator's situation can influence the understanding and perception of messages.
This document provides a literature review and background on a content analysis of Donald Trump's Twitter use leading up to the 2016 Super Tuesday primaries. It discusses how strategic issues management and agenda setting theories apply to political communication on social media. Politicians can use social media to inform the public of their stances on issues and intentionally set the agenda for their campaign and time in office. The analysis will examine Trump's tweets between February 1-March 1, 2016 to understand how he uses Twitter as a form of political communication.
1) Social media is hurting society by devaluing face-to-face interaction and personal relationships as people develop a habit of constantly checking social media. It also allows for anonymous bullying online.
2) While social media enables greater civic engagement like supporting causes, it also helps groups like ISIS plan attacks. It threatens privacy as user data is collected and used for targeted advertising.
3) Social media is negatively impacting industries like journalism as people get news and media for free online instead of paying for publications. It also enables new forms of anonymous bullying in schools.
Social Media and PoliticsLearning objectivesLearning objec.docxjensgosney
Social Media and Politics
Learning objectives
Learning objectives include an understanding of the following:
· The role of social media in democracy
· The role of social media in advancing political reforms
· How social media create polarization
Introduction
Social Media are now a central component of democracy. The media are increasingly associated with political organizing, elections campaigns, accountability, and generally a more engaged citizenry. Social media are a dominant platform through which everyday citizens can share, organize, and communicate their ideas. People regularly use the media to acquire information about leaders and public policy related areas like the environment, education, health and so on. Many public offices now have websites that include social media functions in their communication with the public. Collectively, social media provide a public sphere where individuals can interact with likeminded people on political issues and provide criticism and support for leaders. However, while social media platforms make many issues accessible to increasingly large groups, the media have the potential to create polarization. Specifically, many blogs are quite subjective while some forms of media promote hatred and intolerance. Additionally, it is also difficult to examine the extent to which social media really alters public opinion as more research is needed. Lastly, questions remain on how much time users are prepared to devote their time on the social media for political problems.
Social Media and Elections
Popular social networks have transformed the use of the internet as a political tool for democratic transitions. Barack Obama’s historic in 2008 win was attributed to a new media strategy inspired by popular networks such as MySpace and Facebook. The campaign’s website My.BarackObama.com, allows supporters to join local groups, create events, sign up for updates and set up personal fund-raising pages. The campaign was spearheaded by Chris Hughes, a co-founder of Facebook. The social networks helped Obama raise more than two million donations of less than $200 each (Stelter, 2008). This success was based on huge investments on social media. The campaign spent $3 million on online advertising that targeted potential voters and online tools providing details of voting locations (Stelter, 2008).
Similarly, social media was extensively used in Canada’s 2011 elections. The elections were dubbed the “social media elections” or “election 2.0.” Harris (2011) observed that the social media served as “a one-stop shopping for parodies, speech remixes, gotcha moments, unconventional ads, and attacks so fiery, they risk scorching your computer monitor.” Two "vote mob" videos simultaneously held spots in the Top 10 on YouTube. A satirical video juxtaposing a Harper speech with an address by Star Wars' evil Emperor Palpatine drew more than 114,000. The University of Guelph's "vote mob" videos were viewed more than 33,000 .
The document discusses how Donald Trump's presidential campaign has been shaped by media coverage. It argues that Trump receives disproportionately more media attention than other candidates due to his inflammatory rhetoric. While most coverage has been negative due to racist, sexist, and xenophobic comments, the attention has still helped fuel his campaign by increasing his name recognition. Social media also plays a major role, as Trump is highly active on Twitter and controversial tweets can go viral quickly. The document concludes that as long as Trump continues making offensive statements, media will continue giving him extensive coverage, aiding his campaign.
The document summarizes a social network analysis of the 2016 US presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump on Twitter. It introduces the purpose of analyzing their social media networks to understand their reach and how it impacts their campaigns. It then briefly reviews literature on previous research analyzing the role of social media in elections from 2004 to 2010. The research questions aim to study how information flows through each candidate's network and whether people with more connections act as influencers. Data was collected from Twitter using hashtags and analyzed using tools like NodeXL and Gephi.
The document analyzes the social networks of 2016 US presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump on Twitter. It finds that:
1. Donald Trump's network contained 3 communities - one for Trump supporters (green), one for Hillary Clinton supporters (blue), and one for Ted Cruz supporters (red).
2. Users with high betweenness centrality, like 'ibegoodnow' and 'thegreatfeather', may act as influential spreaders of information.
3. The clusters for Trump and Cruz were connected through multiple users, indicating they belong to the same party, whereas Clinton was only connected through one user.
The document discusses concerns about media bias and its influence on public opinion. It argues that many political figures have claimed major media outlets have a liberal bias, which could manipulate the American public and influence them to support Democratic policies and candidates. While media organizations have historically leaned liberal, the document asserts they should report news objectively without an ideological slant, as bias can seep into coverage in ways that sway the public. Overall, the text examines debates around alleged media bias and its potential effects on shaping political views.
The document discusses the rise of social media and its intersection with politics and public opinion. It notes that social media use has grown dramatically in recent years and is now a major part of political communication. Politicians and publics now engage with each other through platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. However, scholars are still working to understand the complex social media ecosystem and its effects. While social media was important in events like the Arab Spring, it can also potentially threaten democracy in some cases. The presenter aims to explore these issues.
The document discusses the rise of social media and its intersection with politics and public opinion. It notes that social media use has grown dramatically in recent years and is now a major part of political communication. Politicians and publics now engage with each other through platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. However, scholars are still working to understand the complex social media ecosystem and its effects. While social media was important in events like the Arab Spring, it can also potentially threaten democracy in some cases. The presenter aims to explore these issues.
The document summarizes a presentation about trends in media coverage of Hillary Clinton around the 2014 midterm elections. It analyzes coverage of Clinton in traditional news sources and online from October 21st to November 18th. The analysis found that 70% of articles mentioned Clinton as a potential 2016 presidential candidate. Coverage focused on her campaigning before the election and her status afterward. Liberal sources were generally more favorable in tone while conservative sources campaigned against a 2016 Clinton run. The document recommends developing relationships with allied reporters, connecting campaign messages to economic concerns, and monitoring online conversations to address issues before they spread.
What does it mean to live in a post-truth world? Is a post-truth world functional? This slide set discusses the centrality of truth to our institutions and its crucial significance for education
Social media, especially Twitter, played a major role in how information was shared about the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings. Twitter allowed eyewitnesses like Globe reporters at the scene to live tweet updates. The number of tweets from the Globe and its followers increased dramatically that day. Hashtags like #PrayForBoston and #BostonMarathon were widely used on over 180 million tweets from 95 cities expressing fear, sympathy and support. However, 29% of tweets contained rumors and fake information, showing the downside of misinformation on social media.
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The document discusses media bias from the perspectives of two articles - one by Xiaoyi Luo from outside the media and one by Paul Farhi from within the media. Both authors aimed to inform readers about media bias and its effects on voters. The document will compare and analyze the two articles rhetorically to better understand how media bias affects elections from different points of view based on research.
This document provides an introduction and background to a book about the impact of social media on political parties and power balances. It discusses debates around social media's revolutionary potential in politics and notes most studies have focused on exceptional cases or US politics. The book aims to examine social media's impact on "normal politics" and power relations between parties using the Netherlands as a comparative case study.
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the heritages mentioned about and how they affect (positively or negatively) the delivery of health care.
2. Identify sociocultural variables within the Irish, Italian and Puerto Rican heritage and mention some examples.
References must be no older than 5 years. A minimum of 700 words is required.
.
1. Compare and contrast DEmilios Capitalism and Gay Identity .docxcroysierkathey
1. Compare and contrast D'Emilio's
Capitalism and Gay Identity
with the
From Mary to Modern Woman
reading. What patterns do you see that are similar to the modern American society? What can be said about global notions of gender in the modern age? Feel free to invoke Foucault.
2. How is the writer's experience important in the story being told in
Middlesex
? Describe your reaction to the reading and invoke some of the concepts discussed in the
Queer Theory
reading to try to make sense of sexuality when it does not match your own conventions. Compare both readings, but go deeper to explore your own stereotypes and socialization.
**PLEASE READ THE READINGS IN ODER TO DO THIS ASSIGNMENT.
.
1.Purpose the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness .docxcroysierkathey
1.
Purpose: the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness around stereotyping and how it can be very hurtful to some people.
2.
Audience: Anyone that uses stereotypical jokes or saying around people that are different than them even without realizing that they are making a stereotypical joke or statement.
3.
Genre: the genre that I will be trying to reach out to in this essay will be informational, reason being is that I mainly look at informational online documentaries and stories.
4.
Stance and tone: I’m just a young man who grew up around a lot of people from different places and have different cultures and never paid attention in my younger years to what was happening from stereotyping others that they are different till recently.
5.
Graphic design
: My essay will be a strict academic essay
.
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.2. Talk about the .docxcroysierkathey
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.
2. Talk about the interconnection between the aesthetic and the technical aspects of the film. This should include at least seven of the following: Editing, Film Structure, Cinematography, Lighting, Colors, Screenwriting, Special effects, Sound and Music.
3. After this course, will you see you favorite film in a different light? Why or why not?
.
1.What are the main issues facing Fargo and Town Manager Susan.docxcroysierkathey
1.What are the main issues facing Fargo and Town Manager Susan Harlow?
Fargo and Town Manager Harlow are on a slippery slope to corruption. I think that Harlow is handling her position the correct way by trying to remain neutral and sticking to a code of ethics so the problem really comes down to the political actors in the town. It is good that Harlow declined the invite to the dinner party, and cracked down on employees playing politics at work, that is a step in the right direction to removing the possibility of political corruption.
2.What is the basis for your answer to question #1?
At the end of the article Harlow remembers another city manager saying “you never have more authority than the day you walk into your office” What I get from that, and what I think Harlow got from that is that when you come into a position as a public manager everyone is going to want something from you. Political actors are going to want political favors, quid pro quos, you have something that everyone else wants and they are going to try and get that from you.
3.What are your recommended solutions to the problems you identified?
I think the best thing to do would be to continue to try to remain neutral. It will always be impossible to please absolutely everybody so the best thing to do is try to avoid doing everything everyone asks and stick to some sort of code of ethics.
4.What points do you agree, disagree or want further discussion from your fellow classmates and why? (tell them not me)
I think the overarching theme of this article is that people are going to want things from the government. I agree with Harlow's steps to avoid political corruption in her administration by cracking down on political favors with the snow plows and referring to the ICMA code of ethics.
.
1.Writing Practice in Reading a PhotographAttached Files.docxcroysierkathey
This document provides instructions for analyzing a photograph by Jonathan Bachman titled "Bachman, Ieshia Evans, Baton Rouge (2016)". Students are asked to select three rhetorical elements from a provided list and write three paragraphs analyzing how each element contributes to the overall meaning or message of the photograph. Additional context is provided about when and where the photo was taken, and that it was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize. Students are then given similar instructions to analyze a political advertisement, and to watch and take notes on the documentary film "Advertising and the End of the World" by Sut Jhally. A folder of additional images is also provided for future analysis.
1.Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial activitie.docxcroysierkathey
1.Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial activities, and others say they do not. Discuss arguments for both points of view.
2.What are some of the major privacy concerns in employing intelligent systems on mobile data?
3. Identify some cases of violations of user privacy from current literature and their impact on data science as a profession.
4.Search the Internet to find examples of how intelligent systems can facilitate activities such as empowerment, mass customization, and teamwork.
Note: Each question must be answered in 5 lines and refrences must be APA cited.
.
1.What is the psychological term for the symptoms James experiences .docxcroysierkathey
1.What is the psychological term for the symptoms James experiences after abstaining from consuming
alcohol? How do changes in the functioning of neurotransmitter systems produce these symptoms?
2.With reference to associative learning principles/models/theories, why does James consume alcohol
to alleviate these symptoms? What motivates his drinking behaviour given that he no longer enjoys this
activity (most of the time)?
3.How do these factors prevent James from quitting his drinking, and lead to a cycle of relapse when he
attempts to do so? Why are these processes important for our understanding of addiction and
substance use disorders.
1 Page
at least 3 sources
APA
.
1.Write at least 500 words discussing the benefits of using R with H.docxcroysierkathey
1.Write at least 500 words discussing the benefits of using R with Hadoop. Use APA format and Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks.
2.Write at least 500 words discussing how insurance companies use text mining to reduce fraud. Use APA format and Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks.
.
1.What is Starbucks’ ROA for 2012, 2011, and 2010 Why might focusin.docxcroysierkathey
1.What is Starbucks’ ROA for 2012, 2011, and 2010? Why might focusing specifically on ROA be misleading when assessing asset management (aka management efficiency)?
2.Why is ROE considered the most useful metric in measuring the overall ability of a business strategy to generate returns for shareholders?
3. How do the financial statements reveal company strategy (i.e., what story do the numbers tell and does that story align with the strategy of Starbucks?)?
.
1. Discuss the cultural development of the Japanese and the Jewis.docxcroysierkathey
This assignment requires discussing the cultural development of the Japanese and Jewish heritage in regards to their health care beliefs and how those beliefs influence evidence-based health care delivery. At least two references no older than five years must be used, and the paper must be a minimum of 600 words excluding the cover page and references.
1. Discuss at least 2 contextual factors(family, peers, school,.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Discuss at least 2 contextual factors(family, peers, school, community, work, etc.) that might make young people more or less likely to experience adolescence as a period of storm and stress.
2. How might the dramatic physical changes that adolescents undergo—and the accompanying reactions from others—influence other aspects of development, such as social or emotional development?
3. Describe some ways in which adolescent decision making is a product of interactions among puberty, brain development, cognitive growth, and contextual influences such as parents, peers, and community.
.
1.Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use senti.docxcroysierkathey
1.Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use sentiment analysis how political speech affects voters. Use at least 3 references in APA format.
2.Read the below article(link below) on statistics for categorical variables. Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use these statistics to help understand big data.
Link: https://uc-r.github.io/descriptives_categorical
.
1.The following clause was added to the Food and Drug Actthe S.docxcroysierkathey
1.The following clause was added to the Food and Drug Act:
“the Secretary [of the Food and Drug Administration] shall not approve for use in food any chemical additive found to induce cancer in man, or, after tests, found to induce cancer in animals.”
After this clause was adopted, no new additives could be approved for use in food if they caused cancer in people or animals.
The public loved this and industry hated it.
What do you think of this clause? Do you support it or do you oppose it?
At the top of your post, please indicate SUPPORT or OPPOSE and then give your rationale. Then after you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
2.There was a law that individuals who were indigent and who wished to litigate could apply to the courts for a total waiver of the normal filing fee. In the legislative session, however, a statute was enacted which limits the courts' authority to waive filing fees in lawsuits brought by prisoners against the state government.
Under this new law, a court has to require the prisoner to pay a filing fee "equal to 20 percent ... of the average monthly deposits made to the prisoner's [prison] account ... or the average balance in that account", whichever is greater (unless this calculation yields a figure larger than the normal filing fee).
A prisoner (who was indigent) wanted to appeal his case and was to be charged this fee. He filed suit claiming it was unconstitutional to charge this fee to prisoners.
Choose the side of the prisoner or the side of the state and tell why you would rule for the side you chose.
At the top of your post, please indicate SUPPORT PRISONER or OPPOSE PRISONER and then give your rationale. After you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
3.A defendant pleaded guilty to receiving and possessing child pornography and was sentenced to 108 months in prison. The sentencing judge raised the defendant’s base offense level….by two levels because "a computer was used for the transmission" of the illegal material.
The appeal filed challenged the punishment enhancement (not his guilt of the base punishment.)
The defendant argued the law did not apply to him because he did not use a computer to transmit the material. (ie He was the receiver, not the sender, of the child pornography.)
Do you believe that the sentence enhancement should be upheld? Give an economic analysis and rational for your choice.
At the top of your post, please indicate SENTENCE UPHELD or SENTENCE REVERSED and then give your economic analysis/rationale. After you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
4.The ordinance was enacted that gives tenants more legal rights including:
the payment of interest on security deposits;
requires that those deposits be held in Illinois banks;
allows (with some limitations) a tenant to withhold rent in an amount reflecting the cost to him of the landlord's v.
1.What are social determinants of health Explain how social determ.docxcroysierkathey
1.What are social determinants of health? Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease. Describe the fundamental idea that the communicable disease chain model is designed to represent. Give an example of the steps a nurse can take to break the link within the communicable disease chain.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.
2. Select a global health issue affecting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger public health care systems (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). Discuss how health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns and some of the stakeholders that work on these issues.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.
.
1.This week, we’ve been introduced to the humanities and have ta.docxcroysierkathey
1.
This week, we’ve been introduced to the humanities and have taken some time to consider the role of the humanities in establishing socio-cultural values, including how the humanities differ from the sciences in terms of offering unique lenses on the world and our reality. Since one of the greatest rewards of being a human is engaging with different forms of art, we’ve taken some time this week to learn about what it means to identify and respond to a work of art. We’ve learned about the difference between abstract ideas and concrete images and concepts like structure and artistic form. To help you deepen your understanding of these foundational ideas, your Unit 1 assignment will consist of writing an essay addressing using the following criteria:
Essay Requirements:
• 1,000 words or roughly four double-spaced pages.
• Make use of at least three scholarly sources to support and develop your ideas. Our course text may serve as one of these three sources.
• Your essay should demonstrate a thorough understanding of the READ and ATTEND sections.
• Be sure to cite your sources using proper APA format (7th edition).
Essay Prompt:
• In this essay, you will consider the meaning of art and artistic form by responding to these questions:
o To what extent does Kevin Carter’s Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph (figure 2-5) have artistic form?
o Using what you’ve learned in Chapters 1, 2 and 14 explain if you consider Carter’s photograph a work of art? Be sure to point to specific qualities of the photograph to support/develop your response.
o How do you measure the intensity of your experience in response to Carter’s photograph? What does it make you see/feel/imagine and how does your response/reaction support Carter’s image as a work of art?
.
1.What are barriers to listening2.Communicators identif.docxcroysierkathey
1.
What are barriers to listening?
2.
Communicators identified the following as major listening poor habits. Search what each poor habit means and try to set an example using your own experience.
Poor listening habit:
Pseudo-listening, Stage hogging, Filling in gaps, Selective listening, Ambushing (
Definition & Example)
.
1.Timeline description and details There are multiple way.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Timeline description and details
: There are multiple ways to construct a timeline. Find one that fits you and your information.
Include 10-15 events, each including the following descriptors:
- titles of books or writings or some sort of identifier
- your age or some time reference
- and whether it was a positive or negative experience
.
1.The PresidentArticle II of the Constitution establishe.docxcroysierkathey
1.
The President
Article II of the Constitution established the institution of the presidency. Select any TWO Presidents prior to 1933 and any TWO Presidents since 1933 and for EACH one:
a.
Discuss
any
expressed
power used by each president and the
impact
that decision had on American society at the time of its use
b.
Explain
whether you
agree/disagree
with the presidential action taken and
WHY
c.
Describe
one
legislative initiative
promoted by each president and the
impact
on America at the
time of its passage
as well as what the impact of that legislation is
TODAY
d.
Discuss
one
executive order
issued by each president and whether you
agree/disagree
with the order and
WHY
1.
Select any FOUR United States Supreme court decisions related to Civil Rights/Civil Liberties and for
each one
:
a.
Describe
the facts of the case
b.
Discuss
the arguments of each side as it pertains to the
Constitutional issue
being addressed
c.
Explain
the decision citing
Constitutional rationale
of the court including any dissenting opinion if not a unanimous verdict
d.
Explain
whether you
agree/disagree
with the court’s decision and
WHY
.
1.What other potential root causes might influence patient fal.docxcroysierkathey
1.
What other potential root causes might influence patient falls?
2.
Equipped with the data, what would you do about the hypotheses that proved to be unsupported?
3.
Based on the correctly identified hypothesis in the case scenario, what would be your course of action if you were the CEO/president of St. Xavier Memorial Hospital?
4.
What do you think of the CNO’s (Sara Mullins) position of “waiting and seeing what the data tells us” instead of immediately jumping to conclusions?
.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Kaelan Wong Professor Gina Gemmel English 161 Dece.docx
1. Kaelan Wong
Professor Gina Gemmel
English 161
December 12, 2017
Social Media’s Victory in the 2016 Presidential Election
There has been a lot of talk since the 2016 presidential election
because of how unique it
was compared to all the previous ones. Only recently has social
media started to play a
significant role in political campaigns, which can clearly be
seen with Donald trump’s campaign
in the 2016 election. This paper examines articles written by
Michael Barbaro and Christine
Lagorio-Chafkin for the New York Times alongside academic
journals written by Gunn Enli and
Frida Ghitis for the European Journal of Communications and
the World Politics Review,
respectively. Regarding social media, many tend to focus on its
rise in popular culture, the
following of people of people that it tends to bring, and its use
2. by the candidate or its political
party. Although there are people who argue that Trump’s
political views and ideologies are what
gave him an advantage, Trump’s social media is what led him to
victory.
For one thing, it is clear that social media is generally on the
rise in society, today. A
majority of researchers would agree that the rise of social media
has been prominent in these past
few years. Michael Barbaro, author of “Pithy, Mean, and
Powerful: Donald Trump Mastered
Twitter for 2016,” states how social media is free and can relay
information to the public in a
quick way. Barbaro points out how this can be useful, especially
as it slowly substitutes for
“costly, conventional” methods. As an example, Barbaro
mentions how rival campaigns
acknowledge the advantage Trump has because of his millions
of Twitter followers and how he
gets more mentions and retweets compared to other candidates.
Gunn Enli, author of “Twitter as
Student 2
3. Arena for the Authentic Outsider: Exploring the Social Media
Campaigns of Trump and Clinton
in the 2016 US Presidential Election,” takes this further,
believing that social media can easily
reach the masses and serve as a main source of information.
Enli reminds us that new platforms
have emerged while existing ones have expanded. Christin
Lagorio-Chafkin, author of “Reddit
and the God Emperor of the Internet,” has a more specific focus
on social media, claiming that
Reddit has become one of the most significant websites on the
internet. Lagorio-Chafkin
observes how Trump’s subreddit “The_Donald” has gained
around 300,000 members (It has
over half a million now as of October 2017). On the other hand,
Frida Ghitis, author of “Trump’s
Victory Was Aided by Russia’s Weaponized Social Media
Campaign,” takes on a different
focus: WikiLeaks. Arguably a type of social media, WikiLeaks
grew to a significant size such
that it could be used to weaponize information. While all four
authors believe that social media is
on the rise, Barbaro and Enli focused on Twitter’s rise. On the
other hand, Lagorio-Chafkin puts
4. his focus on Reddit’s development, and Ghitis puts her spotlight
on WikiLeak’s potential
because of its size. With its unsurpassable ability for
communication, it is not surprising that
social media has become one of the internet’s forefronts.
All the authors portrayed their own opinion on social media’s
popularity; my personal
opinion coincides with their general idea: that social media is
on the rise. The authors differ in
that they each focus on one of social media’s many different
aspects. Barbaro notes how its
ability to quickly relay information can be useful and cheap; I
can send a snap on snapchat or
direct message an individual on Instagram, and the message
would be delivered instantaneously
on the recipient’s mobile device. Enli takes this further, stating
how social media can even be the
main source of information for many individuals. I agree with
Enli’s extension based on results
found by the Pew Research Center. This organization found that
two-thirds of U.S. adults get
Student 3
5. news from social media rather than regular news outlets or
newspaper, which were the former
methods of obtaining information. Lagorio-Chafkin takes a
closer look at the rise of a specific
social media: Reddit. Likewise, Ghitis points to a specific
social media: WikiLeaks. Lagorio-
Chafkin and Ghitis focus more on a specific outlet within social
media, while Barbaro and Enli’s
view the social media’s rise in general. Overall, I agree with all
the authors. In this day and age,
social media is inevitably rising. Taking a step back from the
evidence that these authors point
out, it was clear to see how social media has taken a hold of
society. When I was young, a
portion of my peers were just using Facebook. Now, not only
are more people on social media,
there are more social media to choose from such as Snapchat,
Instagram, WhatsApp, Facebook,
Twitter, etc. The list continues to grow. Not only are more
people using social media, the amount
of social media outlets is rising as well.
Social media’s sphere of influence is clearly large, and Trump
has shared in some of its
6. success, as indicated by the supporters through one of his social
media, Twitter. The number of
followers a user has usually reflects the popularity of that
individual in a particular social media
outlet. Enli simply shows us the vast size of Trump’s Twitter
following. She notes how Trump
has over 17.6 million followers compared to The New York
Times, which only has 1.2 million
online subscribers. Barbaro agrees and describes these
supporters, pointing out how this team
backs Trump even when his tweets were clearly inappropriate.
Barbaro describes Trump’s
following on Twitter as a “SWAT team of devoted supporters.”
This loyalty, he claims,
originates from Trump’s candidness and style. Barbaro
illustrates this extreme loyalty by
pointing out Gary Forbes, who recruited volunteers to send out
daily e-mails, emphasizing
Trump’s messages. The two authors would clearly agree with
each other about the importance of
Trump’s Twitter supporter’s growth.
Student 4
7. It is objectively true when both Barbaro and Enli claim that
Trump’s following on
Twitter is growing. Barbaro describes their loyalty with
interacting with Trump’s tweets through
likes and retweets. I think that whether this loyal interaction is
agreeing and retweeting or
disagreeing and retweeting, the publicity that Trump gets is
good for his campaign. There is a
famous saying that says that no publicity is bad publicity.
According to Alan Sorensen, an
economics professor at Stanford, this is partly true. Getting his
name out puts some attention on
him. Although some might learn about him and decide not to
vote for him, it is still better than
being ignored as an unknown name on the ballot. The bad
publicity only aided Trump since he
was not well known before the campaign. However, Sorensen
explains bad publicity is bad for
individuals if they are well known. Because Trump is now the
United States president, he falls in
the latter category, as shown by current presidential approval
ratings. During the campaign,
Twitter’s count of followers undeniably shows the growth. I
8. agree with both authors that
Trump’s Twitter following grew, which shows his popularity on
social media, helping him make
his name known during the campaign.
Even within the growing number of Trump supporters in social
media, there are different
types of these followings that exist over the internet. Lagorio-
Chafkin asserts that the sizable
following on Trump’s subreddit has created a community
amongst themselves. Many of these
supporters identify as Islamophobic, troll liberals, and/or
consistently bash Hillary Clinton. They
even had their own slang words and inside jokes that only the
community understood such as
“MAGA” (Make America Great Again), “God Emperor”
(Trump), memes, and nicknames like
“Pedes.” Trump supporters called themselves “pedes” which is
short for centipedes. Because of
this terminology’s casualness, the origin is unclear as Trump
supporters are seemingly describing
themselves in a derogatory way. Even supporters themselves do
not know the origin; they are
9. Student 5
simply following the herd mentality. Many Reddit users
speculate that they are perhaps
referencing the human centipede, where individuals acted as one
unit. Whatever the origin, these
words and many others create a jargon much like a loaded
language. Lagorio-Chafkin describes
the subreddit as having the ability to serve as a safe space for
Trump supporters. He notes that at
some point, this following was like a cult. Ghitis identifies
another social media on the other side
of the spectrum. She suggests that WikiLeaks is not as much of
a community and is more used as
a weapon because of its ability to reveal information to the
masses, which hardly come together
to interact with each other through this platform. Although
these two sources are at completely
opposites ends of the spectrum regarding the interaction
between people who follow social
media, there are social media outlets exist somewhere within
the spectrum.
The interaction spectrum in social media can be seen through
Lagorio-Chafkin and
10. Ghitis’ juxtaposition of the two different supporter types that
can be found on either end of this
spectrum. Lagorio-Chafkin describes the followers of
The_Donald, a subreddit, in which there is
a lot of interaction within the group, mimicking a community.
On the contrary, Ghitis describes
how WikiLeaks’ followers interact with one another to a much
lesser degree. Again, both claims
by Lagorio-Chafkin and Ghitis have evidence and do not seem
faulty. I believe that they are both
right. I view these two examples as merely polar opposites of a
gradient in which many other
social media outlets lie. For example, with Snapchat, there is
more interaction between users
than WikiLeaks. However, Snapchat is typically used for one-
on-one communication, so there is
less interaction than a subreddit where everyone interacts with
everyone else in a group setting.
Neither Lagorio-Chafkin or Ghitis are wrong; they are simply
two ends of a continuous
spectrum. Social media with more interaction have more of a
lasting impacting than social media
with less interaction. WikiLeaks, an outlet with low interaction,
affected the election at one point
11. Student 6
in time: the release of the e-mails; however, with The_Donald,
there was continuous discussion
about the e-mails and what they can discover from them. The
community was even discussing
the e-mails on election day. Trump chose to be very involved
with Twitter, a social media outlet
known for its many possibilities of interaction such as retweets,
likes, and mentions. It was this
choice of social media and its lasting effects that gave Trump an
edge during the presidential
campaign.
By now, it is quite clear that social media is rising, and Trump
has risen along with it.
There are even different types of individuals who support
Trump in terms of their involvement
levels. Still, there are some individuals that may argue that
Trump’s great policy promises, rather
than his use of social media, allowed him to rise to power. One
such person is Armstrong
Williams, an author for The Hill, who states how America was
concerned about its decline, the
12. economic despair from a decade of recession, and the Islamic
fundamentalism’s rise as a credible
challenge to Western hegemony. Williams claims that in this
time of economic and political
stagnation, Trump’s bold promises seemed to be a “strong
wind,” and for the Americans, it
seemed as though any direction was better than no direction. An
example of this can be seen in
an article written by Michael Burleigh, a writer for the Daily
Mail. Burleigh claims that Trump’s
promise to only militarily intervene in the United States’
interest would make us a “new,
multipolar, world order.” That is not to say that the United
States would not intervene to aid
other nations. However, the implication of such changes would
be a decrease in military activity
and therefore, a reduce in its budget. It is interesting to note
that despite these statements made
during his campaign, the United States military budget has only
increased since his election.
During the presidential campaign, some opponents truly
believed that the Trump’s success was
13. Student 7
due to his great policies and his willingness to provide direction
when the country was in a time
of stagnation and recession.
It is true that America was not in the best of positions at the
time of the election;
however, the nation assumed that Trump was the only candidate
that offered direction.
Therefore, it may have seemed as though William’s claim of
Trump’s promises to make America
great again were a determinant to his rise to power; in fact,
Burleigh most likely voted for Trump
due to his plans for the allocation of government funding.
Despite this, I disagree that policies
are what made Trump so successful. Hillary Clinton had solid
policy plans as well. Clinton
aimed to provide free education for the poor, create paths to
citizenships for immigrants, fight for
equal pay, keep middle-class taxes stagnant, raise the minimum
wage, expand background
checks for gun sales, and increase federal infrastructure
funding. If policies were the case, it
would be a simple count of Democrats and Republicans.
14. Democrats and Republicans have their
own ideology, and certain candidates’ policies usually represent
their party’s ideologies. Instead,
Trump was successful through the delivery of his plans for
policies. Clinton had a very
professional and traditional way of expressing her plans through
advertisements. Trump
manipulated social media in such a way as to gain more voters
to his side of the campaign.
No matter how well social media is growing in this society or
how strongly connected the
following that it brings is, Trump’s application through
manipulation greatly altered the success
in his political campaign. Authors Barbaro and Enli researched
Trump’s Twitter during the 2016
election. However, they have different juxtaposed opinions on
Trump’s Twitter usage. Barbaro
asserts that his tweets in these past years have been pithy and
mean, but powerful. Barbaro
reminds us of the time Trump tweeted about Kim Novak’s,
Arianna Huffington’s, and Bette
Midler’s lack of physical attractiveness. Yet, his dominance is
still prominent with eight times as
15. Student 8
many mentions as other Republican rivals and twice as many
retweets as Clinton. On the other
hand, there is Enli’s view of Trump’s Twitter. She claims that it
can be viewed as him being
amateur, authentic, and non-professional, which can be a
counter-trend in the political campaign.
Enli views this as a positive thing to see in a politician. Enli
sees Trump’s tweets as a
combination of gut-feeling impulses rather than the
professionalism shown in Clinton’s tweets, a
way to be understood and connected to the people. Enli admires
this different approach to
Twitter as a social media. She states how these actions showed
that Trump “knew how to get
media coverage.” Either way, both Barbaro and Enli see how
Trump’s utilized the respective
techniques that the researchers identified to gain more exposure
in mainstream news. Trump’s
methods on Twitter were more focused on his own political
campaign.
At first glance, it may seem that Barbaro and Enli have alternate
views on Trump's
16. Twitter use; however, I believe that they are simply describing
two perspectives of the same
entity. Barbaro sees Trump using Twitter to mock and tease, so
he describes him as being pithy
and mean. I agree that some of his tweets can be categorized in
such a way. On the other hand,
Enli observes Trump using Twitter to speak his mind, so he
views him as being an authentic non-
professional, which she argues should be appreciated in a
politician. I concur with Enli’s
evidence, but not necessarily with the appreciation for it.
Because both positions have evidence
that supports these ideas, in my opinion, Trump is all of what is
described above. Trump is pithy,
mean, and authentic. However, I disagree with Enli's positive
interpretation of Trump's
authenticity. Often, philosophers define authenticity as one who
lives life according to one's
reasoning, thereby exhibiting one's identity (Talbot-Zorn). This
closely resembles stubbornness
and narcissism, which is not a good trait for someone in a
leadership position. Both Barbaro’s
17. Student 9
and Enli’s claims are structurally sound. They only seem
contrary to one another because they
are describing two sides of the same coin.
Trump’s social media use also resulted in attacking the
opposing political rival. Lagorio-
Chafin describes how the tightly bonded community created by
Trump’s subreddit on Reddit
could work together to make great progress in his campaign.
Lagorio-Chafkin emphasizes that
when Clinton’s thousands of e-mails were released to the public
by WikiLeaks, the subreddit
community combed through them to look for the e-mails that
could be incriminating and/or give
Clinton a bad image. Furthermore, although it is impossible to
ever find out, Lagorio-Chafkin
thinks that it is not hard to believe that these hundreds of
thousands of individuals spent a few
minutes at the polls after spending months discussing about it.
Similarly, Ghitis views
WikiLeaks as a method of attack on the opposing political rival;
however, this attack has less of
a direct connection to Trump. The thousands of e-mails’ source
18. released by WikiLeaks is
Russia’s Democratic National Committee (DNC) hack. Ghitis
claims that this country’s
intervention was a key factor to Donald Trump’s presidential
election victory. She reports that
Trump set out to win over Bernie supporters, utilizing their
acrimony towards the Democratic
Party after it was revealed by the e-mails that the party was
favoring Clinton. The party was
further wounded when the DNC chair, Debbie Wasserman
Schultz, was forced to resign because
of the hack. Ghitis explains that since the e-mails’ release,
Trump’s many conspiracy theories
gained the impression of believability, further blurring the lines
between fact and fiction, giving
the Democratic Party a worse reputation. Social media is not
just a one-way street where
information is laid out to the public who reacts to it. Social
media can also be used to progress
towards a political party’s goals.
Student 10
19. I noticed changes in social media and its tendency to attack
political rivals as the 2016
presidential election was nearing. Through my own experience
of the election, it is clear that
both Lagorio-Chafkin and Ghitis are correct in that social media
has the power to be used as a
weapon in a presidential campaign beyond just the passive
method of distributing propaganda.
An example of a political party’s active attack with social
media that Lagorio-Chafkin would
point to is the use of “The_Donald” followers to scan through
the thousands of e-mails released
by WikiLeaks to look for incriminating material against Hillary
Clinton. Similarly, Ghitis would
exhibit the way that WikiLeaks allowed for Bernie supporters’
transformation to Trump’s side
and Debbie Wasserman Schultz’s resignation. I would agree
with both authors that social media
can be used to aggressively attack an opponent to gain political
power. Personally, I spend some
time on YouTube each day. I distinctly remember that as the
time was nearing election day, most
ads on videos were aggressive political ads by Donald Trump or
Hillary Clinton. As opposed to
20. earlier ads where candidates bolstered their own image, I
clearly remember Clinton having ads
attacking Trump and the words that he had said in the past.
With political influence being seen
on Reddit, WikiLeaks, and YouTube, it is not hard to believe
that social media can be used to
take an aggressive approach in a political campaign.
Nicola Sturgeon, who is the first woman to hold both the
position of the First Minister of
Scotland and the Scottish National Party leader, states that
“Social media is natural to me, and
it’s a very immediate way of saying something. It’s the way
politics are done these days. In
modern politics, you can’t ignore that even if you wanted to. I
can’t imagine doing politics
without it.” Although an election’s typical influences are the
voter’s background and
identification with the candidates, the voter’s party
identification, the voter’s view of the
incumbent’s previous performance, and the candidates’
ideologies, social media outlets are on
Student 11
21. the rise as a big influence on voting behavior. A lot of
researchers really accentuated social
media’s importance on the election. Social media is clearly on
the rise and Trump, whether he
initially had planned it or not, took full advantage of it, as
evidenced by the skyrocketing
numbers of supporters he had during the campaign. While some
opponents may argue that
despite this, his strong policies led him to victory, it is obvious
that social media was not a
passive assistance to his campaign; in fact, Trump used social
media to gain territory and wound
his opponents. While this paper mainly focused on social
media’s influence of the election, it
may be important to note how the analysis of other influences of
voting behavior may be
advantageous for further research that relates to Trump’s
success.
22. Student 12
Works Cited
Barbaro, Michael. “Pithy, Mean and Powerful: How Donald
Trump Mastered Twitter for 2016.”
The New York Times. The New York Times, 5 Oct. 2015.
Burleigh, Michael. “The Great Escape from Globocop:
MICHAEL BURLEIGH on How Donald
Trump’s Rise to Power Could Be America and the West’s
Salvation.” Daily Mail Online,
Associated Newspapers, 12 Nov. 2016.
Carroll, Lauren. “Hillary Clinton’s Top 10 Campaign
Promises.” PolitiFact, 22 July 2016.
Enli, Gunn. “Twitter as Arena for the Authentic Outsider:
Exploring the Social Media
Campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US Presidential
Election.” Sage Pub,
23. European Journal of Communication, 2017.
Ghitis, Frida. “Trump’s Victory Was Aided by Russia’s
Weaponized Social Media Campaign.”
World Politics Review, World Politics Review, 10 Nov. 2016.
Greenwood, Shannon. “In 2017, Two-Thirds of U.S. Adults Get
News from Social Media.” Pew
Research Center’s Journalism Project, Pew Research Center, 5
Sept. 2017.
Lagorio-Chafkin, Christine. “Reddit and the God Emperor of the
Internet.” The New York Times,
The New York times, 19 Nov. 2016.
Shemzu. “Why Do Trump Supporters Call Themselves
Centipedes? r/EnoughTrumpSpam.”
Reddit, Reddit, June 2017.
Shontell, Alyson. “Really, There Is No Such Thing As Bad PR.”
Business Insider, Business
Insider, 28 Feb. 2011.
Talbot-Zorn, Justin, and Leigh Marz. “Donald Trump is Not
‘Authentic’ Just Because He Says
Things.” Time, Time, 10 Oct. 2016.
Student 13
24. Williams, Armstrong. “The Moral Origins of Donald Trump’s
Rise to Power Part One.” The
Hill, The Hill, 23 Aug. 2016.
Kaelan Wong
Gina Gemmel
English 161
October 20, 2017
Social Media and the 2016 Election: A Literature Review
There had been a lot of talk during and after the 2016 election
because of how unique it
was compared to all the previous ones. Only recently has social
media started to play a
significant role in political campaigns, which can clearly be
seen with Donald trump’s campaign
in the 2016 election. One main argument is that the use of social
media by Trump is what led
him to victory; however, others may disagree, stating that his
political views and ideology is
what gave him the advantage. This review examines articles
25. written by Michael Barbaro and
Christine Lagorio-Chafkin for the New York Times alongside
academic journals written by
Gunn Enli and Frida Ghitis for SAGE journals and the World
Politics Review, respectively.
Regarding social media, many tend to focus on its rise in
popular culture the following of people
of people that it tends to bring, and its utilization by the
candidate or its political party.
[Lit Review Paragraph One: Rise of Social Media (Barbaro,
Enli, Lagorio-Chafkin, Ghitis)]
Generally, the clear majority agrees that the rise of social
media has been prominent in
these past few years. Michael Barbaro, author of “Pithy, Mean,
and Powerful: Donald Trump
Mastered Twitter for 2016,” states how social media is free and
can relay information to the
public in a quick way. Barbaro points out how this can be
extremely useful, especially as it
slowly substitutes for “costly, conventional” methods. As an
example, Barbaro mentions how
rival campaigns acknowledge the advantage that Trump has
because of his millions of Twitter
followers and how he gets more mention and retweets compared
26. to other candidates. Gunn Enli,
author of “Twitter as Arena for the Authentic Outsider:
Exploring the Social Media Campaigns
Student 2
of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US Presidential Election,”
takes this further, believing that
social media can easily reach the masses, serving as a main
source of information. Enli reminds
us that new platforms have emerged while existing ones have
expanded. Christin Lagorio-
Chafkin, author of “Reddit and the God Emperor of the
Internet,” has a more specific focus on
social media, claiming that Reddit has become one of the most
significant websites on the
internet. Lagorio-Chafkin observes how Trump’s subreddit
“The_Donald” has gained around
300,000 members (It has over half a million now as of October
2017). On the other hand, Frida
Ghitis, author of “Trump’s Victory Was Aided by Russia’s
Weaponized Social Media
Campaign,” takes on a different focus: WikiLeaks. Arguably a
type of social media, WikiLeaks
27. grew to a significant size such that it could be used to
weaponize information. While all four
authors believe that social media is on the rise, Barbaro and
Enli focused on depicting the rise of
Twitter. On the other hand, Lagorio-Chafkin puts his focus on
Reddit’s development, and Ghitis
puts her spotlight on WikiLeak’s potential because of its size.
[Lit Review Paragraph Two: Trump’s Following on Social
Media (Enli, Barbaro)]
The following that social media spurs usually reflects the
popularity of the social media
and the structure of the outlet. Enli simply shows us the vast
size of this following. She notes
how Trump has over 17.6 million followers compared to The
New York Times, which only has
1.2 million online subscribers. Barbaro agrees and describes
this following, pointing out how this
team supports Trump even when his tweets were very
inappropriate. Barbaro describes Trump’s
following on Twitter as a “SWAT team of devoted supporters.”
This loyalty, he claims,
originates from Trump’s candidness and style. Barbaro
identifies this loyalty to the extreme with
28. Gary Forbes, who recruited volunteers to send out daily e-mails,
emphasizing Trump’s
messages. The two authors would clearly agree with each other
about the importance and growth
of Trump’s Twitter supporters.
Student 3
[Lit Review Paragraph Three: Different Kinds of Social Media
Sites (Lagorio-Chafkin, Ghitis)]
There are different types of followings that exist over the
internet. Lagorio-Chafkin
asserts that the sizable following on Trump’s subreddit have
created a community amongst
themselves. Many of these supporters have identified as
Islamophobic, trolled liberals, and/or
consistently bashed Hillary Clinton. They even had their own
slang with words inside jokes that
only the community understood such as “MAGA” (Make
America Great Again), “God
Emperor” (Trump), memes, and nicknames like “Pedes.”
Lagorio-Chafkin describes the
subreddit as having the ability to serve as a safe space for
Trump supporters. He notes that at
29. some point, this following was like a cult. Ghitis, identifies
another social media on the other
side of the spectrum. She suggests that WikiLeaks is not as
much of a community and is more
used as a weapon because of its ability to reveal information to
the masses, which hardly come
together to interact with each other through this platform.
Although these two sources are at
completely opposites ends of the spectrum regarding the
interaction between people who follow
social media, there are social media outlets that find a happy
medium.
[Lit Review Paragraph Four: The Influence of Trump’s Usage of
Twitter (Barbaro, Enli)]
No matter how well social media is growing in this society or
how strongly connected the
following that it brings is, the application of it by Trump can
greatly alter the success in his
political campaign. Both Barbaro and Enli researched Trump’s
Twitter during the 2016 election.
However, they have different juxtaposed opinions on Trump’s
actual usage of it. Barbaro asserts
that his tweets in these past years have been pithy and mean, but
powerful. Barbaro reminds us
30. of the time Trump tweeted about the lack of physical
attractiveness of Kim Novak, Arianna
Huffington, and Bette Midler. Yet, his dominance is still
prominent with eight times as many
mentions as other Republican rivals and twice as many retweets
as Clinton. On the other hand,
there is Enli’s view of Trump’s twitter. She claims that it can be
viewed as him being amateur,
Student 4
authentic, and non-professional, which can be a counter-trend in
the political campaign. Enli sees
Trump’s tweets as a combination of gut-feeling impulses rather
than the professionalism shown
in Clinton’s tweets. Either way, both Barbaro and Enli see how
Trump’s utilized the respective
techniques that the researchers identified to gain more exposure
in mainstream news. These
methods that Trump’s used on his Twitter were more focused on
his own political campaign.
[Lit Review Paragraph Four: The Influence of Others’ Usage of
Social Media (Lagorio-Chafkin,
31. Ghitis)]
Trump’s usage of social media also resulted in the attacking of
the opposing political
rival. Lagorio-Chafin describes how the tightly bonded
community created by Trump’s subreddit
on Reddit could come work together to make great progress in
his campaign. Lagorio-Chafkin
emphasizes that when the thousands of Clinton’s e-mails had
been released to the public by
WikiLeaks, the subreddit community combed through them to
look for the e-mails that could be
incriminating and/or give a bad image of Clinton. Furthermore,
although it is impossible to ever
find out, Lagorio-Chafkin thinks that it is not hard to believe
that these hundreds of thousands of
individuals spent a few minutes at the polls after spending
months discussing about it. Similary,
Ghitis’ view on WikiLeaks is an attack on the opposing political
rival; however, this attack hkas
less of a direct connection to Trump. Ghitis claims that Russia’s
intervention was a key factor to
Donald Trump’s presidential election victory. The source of the
thousands of e-mails released by
WikiLeaks is Russia’s hacking of the Democratic National
32. Committee (DNC). Ghitis reports that
Trump set out to gain the support of Bernie supporters, utilizing
their acrimony towards the
Democratic Party after it was revealed by the e-mails that the
party was favoring Clinton. The
party was further wounded when the DNC chair, Debbie
Wasserman Schultz, was forced to
resign because of the hack. Ghitis explains that with the release
of the -mails, the many
conspiracy theories of Trump gained the impression of
believability, further blurring the lines
Student 5
between fact and fiction, giving the Democratic Party a worse
reputation. Social media is not just
a one-way street where information is laid out to the public who
reacts to it. Social media can
also be used to progress towards the goals of the political party.
Although the typical influences of an election are the voter’s
background and
identification with the candidates, the voter’s party
identification, the voter’s view of the
33. incumbent’s previous performance, and the ideology of the
candidates, social media outlets are
on the rise as a big influence on voting behavior. All the
authors really accentuated the
importance of social media on the election. Barbaro and Enli
had similar views, really focusing
on the size of the following; meanwhile, Lagorio-Chafkin
described the subreddit family, and
Ghitis juxtaposed that with a description that of WikiLeaks. The
prior two authors also analyzed
two different perspectives of Trump on Twitter and the latter
two discussed the different ways
that social media users personally influenced the election. In
general, it is agreeable between all
the sources and myself that social media is on the rise and is
played a great role in the election of
Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election. While the
sources mainly focused on social
media’s influence of the election, it may be important to note
how the analysis of other
influences of voting behavior may be advantageous for further
research that relates to Trump.
34. Student 6
Works Cited
Barbaro, Michael. “Pithy, Mean and Powerful: How Donald
Trump Mastered Twitter for 2016.”
The New York Times. The New York Times, 5 Oct. 2015.
Enli, Gunn. “Twitter as Arena for the Authentic Outsider:
Exploring the Social Media
Campaigns of Trump and Clinton in the 2016 US Presidential
Election.” European
Journal of Communication, vol. 32, no. 1, 2017, pp. 50-61.
Ghitis, Frida. “Trump’s Victory Was Aided by Russia’s
Weaponized Social Media Campaign.”
World Politics Review, World Politics Review, 10 Nov. 2016.
Lagorio-Chafkin, Christine. “Reddit and the God Emperor of the
Internet.” The New York Times,
The New York times, 19 Nov. 2016.
35. Saif Al Katheeri
Dr. Gina Gemmel
English 161
July, 15th 2019
Literature review: Online crime
Cybercrime has increased rapidly over the years, and wrangling
debates are surrounding the issue. It has become part of
everyday life. Different scholars have thoroughly examined the
causes, prevalence, and potential solutions to cyber-crime. One
of the most challenging issues for researchers is the increased
penetration of the internet, increased use of smartphones and
computers in a society with very naive users of online
platforms. This is expected to lead to increased cybercrime
cases. With the recent trends in online crime, most scholars in
this field have dedicated their research to focus on the users of
online platforms, the safety of personal information, and
unauthorized privacy invasion. The review of literature from
Academic sources will examine the prevalence of cybercrimes
focusing on the soft targets of cyber-attack, unauthorized
privacy invasion, characteristics of cybercrime victim,
cybercrime trends globally and network intrusion facilitated
through social engineering: which basically means using
manipulation as an art figure to make a person do something or
reveal confidential information. While all the sources reviewed
agree that cybercrimes are a severe problem, they as well differ
on the various ways to solve the problem.
For instance, some authors attribute the severity of
cybercrimes to the inability of internet providers to protect their
websites, while others claim that the personality of cybercrime
victims often make them susceptible to attacks. In their article
on Cybersecurity: Risks, Vulnerabilities, and Countermeasures
to prevent Social Engineering Attacks, Conteh and Schmick
(2016) explain that most soft targets for cyber-attack are as a
result of various online platforms lacking the proper capacity to
36. protect their IT infrastructure from hackers focusing on stealing
personal details of users. Conteh and Schmick (2016) also
attribute the increasing number of cyber-crime cases to social
engineering. They depict that the attacks are aimed at making
victims disclose private information. In contrast to these claims,
other researchers attribute cybercrimes to the personal traits of
internet users. For instance, Van de Weijer and Leukfeldt
(2017) in their article The Big Five Personality Traits of
Cybercrime Victims, discuss that the personal qualities of
extraversion, sociability, conscientiousness, emotional stability,
and openness can contribute to vulnerability to attacks.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the severity of cybercrimes
is due to the inability of service providers to protect their
systems and also the personal traits of victims.
Looking at the works of most researchers, naivety has been
identified as one of the factors that cyber attackers rely on to
get their victims. In their article Individual Information
Security, User Behavior and Cyber Victimization: an Empirical
Study of Social Networking Users, Saridakis, et al. explain that
traditional cyber-crimes relate so much to attacks done,
targeting naïve users who have only fundamental skills in the
use of IT infrastructure. The empirical analysis shows that there
exists a connection between online abuse and user’s action and
sensitivities of private details security on social networks,
which forms the basis of the naivety of online users. This view
is also clearly brought out in Marwick’s discussion, where he
states that lack of experience, skills, and judgment, are the most
fundamental cause for frequent cases of cyberbullying is
naivety. In addition, Marwick also argues that women are the
most common victims of certain gender centered violations,
which range from consumer profiling to video voyeurism and
revenge porn. Therefore, it can be concluded that naivety makes
people susceptible to cyber attacks.
Privacy invasions are another form of today’s cybercrime
activities. According to Marwick, privacy invasion cases are on
the rise. Marwick elaborates more on unauthorized privacy
37. invasion due to lack of solid personal security knowledge. She
discusses one massive privacy breach which occurred in August
2014 with a vast number of celebrity nudes posted to the social
site called 4Chan. This illustrates privacy breach due to lack of
personal security knowledge (Marwick,1). Different methods
are used to perpetrate privacy breach crimes including; revenge
porn, which involves non-consensually sharing of intimate
images belonging to another person and Reddit and Geek
masculinity which includes downloads done by other users
without consent. This is itself unauthorized, and the privacy of
an individual is compromised. This is usually due to lack of a
limit on the online free search and the prevalence of openly
sexist annotation on the internet.
Similarly, Saridakis et al., 4, explains that unauthorized privacy
invasion has increased due to the use of social media sites.
Illegal privacy invasion is accomplished by clicking links on
social media, which further redirect users on those sites to
upload photos without personal consent. This technical ploy
deceives the user to key in a username and password, which
then make it easy for the attackers to gather information.
Conteh & Schmick (2016) also agree with these views. This,
therefore, points to more sophisticated strategies which have led
to increased unauthorized privacy invasion.
Regardless of the increase in unauthorized privacy invasion,
users have deployed adequate defenses to lower their
vulnerability (Conteh & Schmick, 33). They explain that
hackers are getting wittier and manipulative in carrying out
social engineering attacks. They emphasize that attackers can
obtain crucial details which can cause damage to the
individual’s reputation with others employing the use of
photoshop to achieve their intentions (Conteh &Schmick, 32).
They attribute an increase in these scandals to lack of
successful convictions and lack of resources to undertake the
process. In a similar view, Van de weijer emphasizes that
personality also contributes to unauthorized access to privacy
(Van de Weijer et al., 4). They indicate that users with lower
38. levels of self-discipline are at higher risk of becoming victims
of certain types of cybercrime (Van de Weijer et al., 3). A meta-
analysis on the same shows that self-discipline is the most
common indicator of vulnerability to cybercrime.
On various characteristics of cybercrimes, various scholars
express their take on this and agree that cybercrimes aim at
either embarrassing or harassing its victims. According to
Conteh and Schmick, cybercrime falls into multiple types like
phishing, pretexting, tailgating, and baiting as vital strategies
employed by attackers exploiting vulnerabilities of IT systems
(Conteh &Schmich, 32). Some of the characteristics that they
look at include; access to restricted areas, impersonation
leading to unauthorized access and attempts to gain personal
information such as names, addresses, and passwords (Conteh
&Schmich, 32). Similarly, Marwick adds on the same stating
that cyber-crime is intended to bring about harassment to
women and something like revenge porn, is a contemporary
issue that is both profoundly gendered and a gross violation of
privacy (3). This allows a closer examination of how gender
functions in a popular privacy discourse (Marwick, 3). Women
are particularly susceptible to online harassment and sexual
violence as a result of social Media’s networked properties,
particularly women of color and queer women.
Van de Weijer et al. also examines the cause of increased
cases of cyber-crime. Victimization of traditional crime is
linked to conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness
(Van de Weijer et al., 3). This is in line with the common types
of cyber-crimes given by Conteh and Schmick. However, only
extraversion and openness to experience were significantly and
positively related to the victimization as well as both harsh and
mild cyberbullying (Van de Weijer et al., 4). They describe the
main characteristic of cyberbullying as the crimes aimed at
information technology and committed through its use,
especially hacking. They also explore whether victims of
cyber-enabled crimes that is online intimidation, online
39. consumer fraud, and identity theft differ from victims of cyber-
dependent crimes (Van de Weijer et al., 3).
Similarly, Saridakis views the primary characteristic of
cybercrime as social networks cybercrime victimization. He
associates high usage of social media to be responsible for
increasing the risk of online victimization (Saridakis et al., 4).
This is based on the premise of RAT; it becomes easier for
criminals to find potential victims on social networks.
Conteh and Schmick also touch on cybercrime trends globally
stating that various factors that define most loopholes exploited
by cyber criminals include; network guidance, education and
training, technical procedures, and physical guidance (34). Lack
of proper check into these issues is seen to increase cyber-
attack incidences (Conteh & Schmich,34). Similarly, Marwick,
states that women harassment is as a result of “widespread use
of sexist language, sexual objectification, and aggressive
performances of masculinity” (Marwick, 13). “Thus, when a
photo leaks; it is justified from within the culture of normalized
sexism and the dehumanization and devaluation of women”
(Marwick, 13).
To make more comparison on the subject matter of global
trends of cyber-crime, Van der weijer et al., emphasizes a study
done among 572 young adults Facebook users (6). It was found
that global trends on cyber-crimes are usually influenced by
significant relationships between personality traits and online
behavior such as frequency of internet use, number of Facebook
friends and posting indiscrete content (Van de Weijer et al., 6).
The global crime trends postulated by Van der are similar to the
directions outlined by other scholars. Saridakis also denotes
identical take on the rise of cybercrime. He discusses the factors
that make cybercrime accessible in the current generation
(Saridakis et al., 4). These include easy target, motivated
offender, and absence of guardianship. This provides quite a
different view of what Conteh and Schmick examine.
A network intrusion is facilitated through social engineering.
Network intrusion and social engineering work hand in hand as
40. long as cybercrimes are concerned. Conteh and Schmick
emphasize that social engineering is critical in divulging
confidential information and is successful in its attempt due to
exploiting personality vulnerabilities (Conteh & Schmich, 33).
Similarly, Marwick depicts that gender privacy is compromised
by network intrusion. This is because; through the network,
secrets data is hacked, thus facilitating exposure of nude
(Marwick, 13). Making a comparison of the same, Van der
Weijer, denotes that, network intrusion and various traits of
personality complement each other. This is because networking
brings about different attributes; may it be the stability of
emotions, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Van de Weijer
et al.,6). Similarly, Saridakis postulates that social networking
sites are discussed as significant points of initiating attacks on
innocent users, further facilitating network intrusion.
As seen in the review of literature, each author identifies the
problems that are brought about by cyber-crime. Several issues
have also been covered, ranging from soft targets of cyber-
attack, unauthorized privacy invasion, characteristics of
cybercrime victims, cybercrime trends globally, and network
intrusion facilitated through social engineering. Although no
initiatives have been discussed on how to mitigate the
cybercrime problems, further study may be done to uncover
entirely new solutions unexamined here due to various research
limitations.
41. Works Cited
Alice E. Marwick (2017); Scandal or sex crime? Gendered
privacy and the celebrity nude photo leaks
George Saridakisa, Vladlena Bensona, Jean-Noel Ezingeardb,
Hemamali Tennakoona (2015): Individual information security,
user behavior and cyber victimisation: An empirical study of
social networking users
Nabie Y. Conteh and Paul J. Schmick (2016); Cybersecurity:
risks, vulnerabilities and countermeasures to prevent social
engineering attacks
Steve G.A, Van de Weijer, and E.Rutgar Leukfeldt (2017); Big
Five Personality Traits Of Cybercrime Victims; Article