John Austin is considered the father of analytical positivism. In his work Province of Jurisprudence Determined, he analyzed the English legal system and divided law into two parts - laws set by God and human laws set by men. According to Austin, law is the command of the sovereign, and there is no necessary connection between law and morality. Austin's theory views the legal system as a closed logical system defined by a sovereign, whose commands are backed by sanctions for disobedience. While influential, his theory overlooks customs and ignores precedent, and his notion of sovereignty has been challenged by modern legal systems.

1. JOHN AUSTIN ANALYTICAL
POSITIVISM

2. INTRODUCTION
 John Austin is considered to be the father of analytical
or positivist thought.He is the founder of analytical
school.
 He also published Province of Jurisprudence
Determined in 1832.
 In his classic work he dealt with the sources and nature
of law and an analysis of English legal system.

3. AUSTIN’S ANALYTICAL POSITIVISM
 According to Austin the law may be divided into two
parts-
 [1]-Law of God-laws set by God for men.
 [2]-Human laws-laws set by men for men.
 Law is command of sovereign.
 No necessary connection between law and morals or
“law as it is” and “law ought to be”.
 Legal system is a closed logical system.

4. Characteristics of analytical
jurisprudence
 SOVEREIGN-According to Austin the Sovereign is a determinate
human superior who receives habitual obedience from bulk of a
given society and is not in the habit of obedience to a like
superior.
 COMMAND-According of Austin law prevails in the form of
command but it must be a command of sovereign.
 SANCTION-There must be a provision of punishment in case
the law is disobeyed.There cannot be a law without punishment.
 DUTY-As law is a command of sovereign,it is a duty of everyone
to obey it.

5. Austin theory of law
 Law is command of sovereignity which is divided into
two parts-
 [1]-Positive
 [2]-Negative.
 Prof.Razz pointed out four attributes of Austin’s
sovereignity –
 [1]-It is not subordinate.Example-Indian contitution.
 [2]-Illimitable or unlimited.
 [3]-Unique
 [4]-United

6. Criticism on austin theory
 Customs and convention ignored or overlooked.
 No place for judge made laws i.e.precedent.
 The word “Command” is over- emphasised.
 Sanction alone is not means to induce obedience.
 Sometimes the law is based upon religion.This aspect is not at all
considered by Austin.For eg. Private laws Hindu and Muslim
laws are based on religion.
 Austin notion of sovereignity had becomes falsified in modern
system because sovereignity is split into-
 [1]-Legislative
 [2]-Executive
 [3]-Judicial sovereignity
 Permissive character of law is ignored.

7. Merits of austin theory
 The merit of Austin’s theory of law lies in its
simplicity.consistency and clarity of exposition.
 Austin has correctly stated that sanction helps in
enforcement of law.
 Austin’s theory separated law from moral.Law is
confused with religion and morals hence credit goes to
Austin for separating laws from morals.

8. conclusion
Though there are some weaknesses in the
theory of law propounded by Austin,it has
great contribution to the study of
jurisprudence.He approached the problem
of definition of law from point of view of
maintenance of law,order and security in the
society.

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