The document summarizes three studies conducted in Ireland that measured air pollution from secondhand smoke (SHS) in exempted workplaces under Ireland's 2004 smoke-free law. The studies found:
1) Ultrafine particle levels in psychiatric hospitals averaged 130,000 per cm3, over 45% higher than pre-ban Dublin pubs. PM2.5 levels were similar to pre-ban pubs.
2) In prisons, 44% of non-smoking officers had exhaled carbon monoxide levels indicating light or heavy smoking, showing significant workplace SHS exposure.
3) Nursing homes that allowed smoking had PM2.5 levels eight times higher and nicotine levels four times higher than smoke-
Reductions in biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to harmful constituents (HPHCs) following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes in adult smokers
An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality before, during and after Unrestricted Use...Fontem Ventures
This study measured levels of various indoor air pollutants (nicotine, VOCs, glycerol, carbonyls, PAHs, metals, TSNAs) before, during, and after e-cigarette use in a small office meeting room. The goal was to assess the impact of exhaled e-cigarette aerosol on indoor air quality. Measurements were compared to regulatory standards to evaluate potential bystander exposures. The results suggest that any additional chemicals in indoor air from exhaled e-cigarette aerosol were unlikely to present an air quality issue or risk to bystanders based on comparisons to established standards.
An Experimental Method to Determine the Concentration of Nicotine in Exhaled ...Fontem Ventures
- An experimental method was presented to determine the concentration of nicotine in exhaled breath after using e-cigarettes and the nicotine retention rate.
- Three experienced e-cigarette users vaped e-cigarettes containing different nicotine concentrations while a smoking topography analyzer recorded puff volume and duration. This allowed determining the nicotine concentration inhaled per puff.
- A PTR-MS instrument then measured nicotine in exhaled breath, allowing calculation of the retention rate by comparing to the inhaled nicotine concentration. Over 99% of nicotine was retained when inhaled and 86% when held in the mouth. Exhaled nicotine concentrations were low (1.8-1786 ppb
Nicotine Retention Following Use of E-CigarettesFontem Ventures
(1) The document reports on three studies that used proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry to measure nicotine levels inhaled and exhaled after using e-cigarettes to determine retention rates.
(2) The studies found nicotine retention rates exceeded 75% and often exceeded 90% with inhalation, but were more variable, between 50-94%, with mouth-holding. Inhalation led to nearly 100% retention.
(3) The conclusion is that negligible amounts of nicotine are exhaled, posing no identified health risks to bystanders from second-hand vapor, in agreement with previous reports. Future work will examine retention of other e-liquid components and flavor compounds.
12 weeks Switch to Vaping: Science of Vaping Fontem Ventures
A randomised, parallel group clinical study was performed to evaluate the safety profile of an e-vapour
product (EVP; 2.0% nicotine) in smokers of conventional cigarettes (CCs) switching to use the EVP for 12
weeks.
The document summarizes a review of literature on surgical smoke. It finds that surgical smoke from various energy-based instruments contains particles small enough to be inhaled, some with known carcinogenic properties. While several studies identified bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells in smoke, no research has directly linked smoke components to disease transmission. The review concludes surgical smoke poses potential health risks to operating room staff and recommends smoke evacuation devices be used.
The document discusses the dangers of surgical smoke plume. Surgical smoke plume is produced during electrosurgery and laser procedures and can contain carcinogens, viruses, and other hazardous materials. Exposure to surgical smoke plume poses health risks to operating room staff and patients, including respiratory issues and transmission of infections. The document recommends using a smoke evacuation system with appropriate filters to reduce these risks and protect health.
Reductions in biomarkers of exposure (BoE) to harmful constituents (HPHCs) following partial or complete substitution of cigarettes with electronic cigarettes in adult smokers
An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality before, during and after Unrestricted Use...Fontem Ventures
This study measured levels of various indoor air pollutants (nicotine, VOCs, glycerol, carbonyls, PAHs, metals, TSNAs) before, during, and after e-cigarette use in a small office meeting room. The goal was to assess the impact of exhaled e-cigarette aerosol on indoor air quality. Measurements were compared to regulatory standards to evaluate potential bystander exposures. The results suggest that any additional chemicals in indoor air from exhaled e-cigarette aerosol were unlikely to present an air quality issue or risk to bystanders based on comparisons to established standards.
An Experimental Method to Determine the Concentration of Nicotine in Exhaled ...Fontem Ventures
- An experimental method was presented to determine the concentration of nicotine in exhaled breath after using e-cigarettes and the nicotine retention rate.
- Three experienced e-cigarette users vaped e-cigarettes containing different nicotine concentrations while a smoking topography analyzer recorded puff volume and duration. This allowed determining the nicotine concentration inhaled per puff.
- A PTR-MS instrument then measured nicotine in exhaled breath, allowing calculation of the retention rate by comparing to the inhaled nicotine concentration. Over 99% of nicotine was retained when inhaled and 86% when held in the mouth. Exhaled nicotine concentrations were low (1.8-1786 ppb
Nicotine Retention Following Use of E-CigarettesFontem Ventures
(1) The document reports on three studies that used proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry to measure nicotine levels inhaled and exhaled after using e-cigarettes to determine retention rates.
(2) The studies found nicotine retention rates exceeded 75% and often exceeded 90% with inhalation, but were more variable, between 50-94%, with mouth-holding. Inhalation led to nearly 100% retention.
(3) The conclusion is that negligible amounts of nicotine are exhaled, posing no identified health risks to bystanders from second-hand vapor, in agreement with previous reports. Future work will examine retention of other e-liquid components and flavor compounds.
12 weeks Switch to Vaping: Science of Vaping Fontem Ventures
A randomised, parallel group clinical study was performed to evaluate the safety profile of an e-vapour
product (EVP; 2.0% nicotine) in smokers of conventional cigarettes (CCs) switching to use the EVP for 12
weeks.
The document summarizes a review of literature on surgical smoke. It finds that surgical smoke from various energy-based instruments contains particles small enough to be inhaled, some with known carcinogenic properties. While several studies identified bacteria, viruses, and malignant cells in smoke, no research has directly linked smoke components to disease transmission. The review concludes surgical smoke poses potential health risks to operating room staff and recommends smoke evacuation devices be used.
The document discusses the dangers of surgical smoke plume. Surgical smoke plume is produced during electrosurgery and laser procedures and can contain carcinogens, viruses, and other hazardous materials. Exposure to surgical smoke plume poses health risks to operating room staff and patients, including respiratory issues and transmission of infections. The document recommends using a smoke evacuation system with appropriate filters to reduce these risks and protect health.
1) Indoor air pollution levels were measured before, during, and after a national smoking ban was implemented in New Zealand prisons.
2) Fine particulate (PM2.5) concentrations were measured in a staff area of a maximum-security prison.
3) The geometric mean PM2.5 level declined from 6.58 μg/m3 before the ban to 5.17 μg/m3 during a tobacco sales ban, and further declined to 2.44 μg/m3 after a complete smoking ban was enforced - a 57% overall reduction.
Gordon McFiggans and Roy Harrison - E-Cigarette Summit 2014Neil Mclaren
1. Researchers conducted chamber studies to measure the particles produced from e-cigarettes. They found that e-cigarette particles were smaller in size and lower in mass concentration compared to traditional cigarettes.
2. While e-cigarette particle mass concentrations were much lower than cigarettes and urban environments, the number of particles could approach or exceed urban levels if multiple users vaped in an enclosed space.
3. More research is still needed, but preliminary results suggest passive vaping may pose an exposure risk without ventilation. Overall health risks are likely smaller than from traditional cigarettes but warrant further study of nanoparticle exposures.
Risk Characterization of E-Cigarette in American Youth pptxAli Zahir
1) The document analyzes literature on hazardous compounds found in e-cigarette vapor and their associated health risks. It finds levels of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein that pose moderate to high health risks.
2) Usage of e-cigarettes among youth has increased rapidly in recent years and is expected to continue rising. Many youth perceive e-cigarettes as safe despite limited research on health effects.
3) The analysis concludes there is a high risk of adverse health outcomes from compounds in e-cigarette vapor. It recommends the FDA regulate e-cigarette marketing and sales to youth and develop product safety standards through research on actual usage patterns.
E cigarettes vaping and vaping induced lung injury EVALIDr.Aslam calicut
New forms of tobacco like vaping and hookah use have risen among young adults despite efforts to reduce cigarette smoking. While e-cigarettes may be less harmful than cigarettes and potentially help smoking cessation, they still contain toxic chemicals like nicotine, formaldehyde, and heavy metals. An outbreak of EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping associated lung injury) has caused over 2,000 illnesses and 47 deaths in the US linked to vaping THC products containing vitamin E acetate. Long-term studies are still needed to determine e-cigarettes' effectiveness for smoking cessation and their effects on youth uptake of smoking. The best option is to avoid vaping and follow established smoking cessation programs instead of un
This document summarizes a study analyzing the flavor chemicals found in 30 electronic cigarette fluids from two disposable e-cigarette brands and refill bottles from local vape shops. The study found:
1) Total flavor chemical levels ranged from approximately 1-4% (10-40 mg/mL) in many liquids, while labeled nicotine levels ranged from 0.6-2.4% (6-24 mg/mL).
2) Many of the flavor chemicals identified were aldehydes, a class of compounds known to irritate respiratory tract tissue.
3) Vanillin and/or ethyl vanillin, potential respiratory irritants, were found in 17 of the liquids as one
This study investigated factors that influence the dispersion of exhaled particles from e-cigarette use, including vaping topography, distance from a bystander, and ventilation rate. The results showed that distance and vaping topography had the highest impact on particle concentrations, with lower concentrations at greater distances. Even at close distances, particle concentrations rapidly decayed after exhalation. The ventilation rate did not significantly affect particle sizes or concentrations, as most particles evaporated immediately upon exhalation. Analysis found the exhaled particles were composed primarily of water and glycerol.
Dr Konstantinos Farsalinos - E-Cigarette Summit 2014Neil Mclaren
Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos presented research on the safety of electronic cigarettes. He discussed the basic ingredients of e-cigarettes and found that glycerol, propylene glycol, and flavors were generally safe, but thermal degradation can produce low levels of toxic aldehydes. Flavorings were also found to potentially cause cytotoxicity depending on the specific flavor and amount used. Heavy metals in e-cigarettes were found to be at levels below acceptable daily intake limits for inhalation medications. Overall, e-cigarettes were estimated to pose around 5% of the risk of smoking, and promoting their use could avert thousands of smoking-related deaths each year by providing an alternative to smoking.
A public lecture on Electronic Cigarettes delivered by Dr Lynne Dawkins of the Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, London South Bank University on 14th November 2018.
A recording of the talk can be found here: https://youtu.be/VpetvlAmIaU
Following her successful public lecture on E-Cigarettes in 2013, Dr Dawkins re-visits the subject of e-cigarettes and vaping, drawing on the most recent evidence and updates since 2013. She describes the development in e-cigarette technology and current regulation and then brings the audience up to date with the latest research on usage patterns, smoking cessation and safety issues, addressing some of the common myths held around e-cigarettes and vaping.
This study compared changes in biomarkers of exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in smokers who partially or completely substituted cigarettes with e-cigarettes over 5 days versus those who stopped using all tobacco/nicotine products. The results showed that completely substituting cigarettes with e-cigarettes led to significant reductions in urine, blood, and exhaled biomarkers of HPHC exposure comparable to cessation. Partial substitution also significantly reduced biomarkers, proportional to reduced cigarette consumption. These findings suggest e-cigarettes may lower users' exposure to toxicants compared to smoking cigarettes.
Heated Tobacco Products Create Side-Stream Emissions: Implications for Regula...Fontem Ventures
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether a heated tobacco product produced side-stream emissions. The study found that when the heated tobacco product was activated and during use, it released a large number of chemical compounds into the surrounding air, indicating the presence of side-stream emissions. In contrast, a nicotine inhaler and e-cigarette did not release similar emissions. As public health authorities state that any level of exposure to tobacco emissions is unsafe, the findings suggest that heated tobacco products should be subject to the same regulations as cigarettes regarding indoor use.
This study compared the effects of cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapor, and pure nicotine on cell viability using HeLa cells. Various concentrations of smoke and vapor condensates collected from a mechanical smoking system were applied to cells for 24 hours. An MTT assay then measured cell viability. Cigarette smoke exposure resulted in lower viability than e-cigarette vapor, but higher than pure nicotine. The results provide insight into the acute toxicity of these substances and whether e-cigarettes may be less harmful than cigarettes.
Liu rl et al second hand smoke in restaurants and barsAlexander Li
This study measured levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) in 404 restaurants and bars across 5 cities in China to assess exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS). They found that venues where smoking was observed had significantly higher indoor PM2.5 levels (geometric mean of 208 μg/m3) than venues without smoking (99 μg/m3). Indoor PM2.5 levels were positively correlated with both outdoor PM2.5 levels and the density of active smokers. The results document high levels of SHS in hospitality venues in China and highlight the need for comprehensive smoke-free laws to protect the public, as called for in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
The document summarizes a presentation on the hazards of third-hand smoke. Third-hand smoke refers to residual tobacco smoke pollution that remains on surfaces and in dust after smoking. It consists of chemicals from tobacco smoke that react with indoor pollutants to form new harmful compounds. Exposure can occur through skin contact or dust ingestion. Studies have found third-hand smoke increases health risks like heart and lung disease and DNA damage. It particularly endangers children since they interact with contaminated surfaces. More research is still needed but eliminating smoking indoors can help reduce third-hand smoke exposure.
Professor Robert West - E-Cigarette Summit 2014Neil Mclaren
- The document analyzes trends in electronic cigarette use in England based on monthly household surveys conducted by Robert West and colleagues at University College London.
- It finds that prevalence of e-cigarette use increased rapidly until late 2013 but has remained stable since, with 20% of smokers and 30% of recent ex-smokers now using e-cigarettes.
- E-cigarettes have become the most popular aid for quit attempts, and their increased use has been accompanied by rises in quit attempts and success rates at the population level.
Electronic Cigarettes: Evidenced Based Decision Making PresentationKaylaRobinson29
An assignment for Dental Hygiene Theory 1 was to create an annotated bibliography for a research topic of our choice. This project was designed to challenge our critical thinking and decision making skills. I chose to research electronic cigarettes and their effects on oral health. It was interesting to compare different literature on this subject and the validity that they held. Most of the articles were very similar in the information portrayed and were very educational.
This document provides an overview of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and discusses associated health risks and environmental impacts. It summarizes that while e-cigarettes were introduced as a safer alternative to regular cigarettes, research shows they may pose similar or additional health hazards. Exposure to e-cigarette vapor can damage lung tissue and impair the immune system. The liquid and vapor contain toxic chemicals like nicotine, formaldehyde, and heavy metals. Regulations are needed to restrict e-cigarette advertising and sales to youth and prevent disposal hazards from batteries and liquid waste. More research is still required to understand long-term health effects.
Dr. Rajeev Kashyap presented on evaluating the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. He discussed how secondhand smoke exposure has been unequivocally linked to death, disease and disability. Over 160 countries have ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to work towards 100% smoke-free environments in public places and workplaces. Effective measures to protect non-smokers include comprehensive smoke-free laws and policies.
The document discusses evaluating the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. It describes how secondhand smoke exposure has been established to cause disease and death. A key intervention to reduce tobacco's health burden is protecting people from secondhand smoke exposure. The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control aims to create 100% smoke-free environments through legislation. Evaluating policies requires understanding how secondhand smoke is measured through biomarkers, atmospheric markers, and questionnaires.
El documento habla sobre el Día de Internet. Explica que se celebra el 17 de mayo y fue establecido en 2005 por la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información para promover el uso de las tecnologías de la información. También diferencia entre Internet, que es una red de redes, y la World Wide Web (WWW), que es la parte visual de páginas web que combinan texto e imágenes.
The document describes Co-op Your Way, a program that helps students with their job search and career transition. It offers services like resume and interview preparation, application support, mentorship, and networking opportunities. The program provides ongoing guidance and support through various stages of the job search process. It aims to help students uncover their potential, make an impact, feel connected, and have a seamless transition from school to work.
1) Indoor air pollution levels were measured before, during, and after a national smoking ban was implemented in New Zealand prisons.
2) Fine particulate (PM2.5) concentrations were measured in a staff area of a maximum-security prison.
3) The geometric mean PM2.5 level declined from 6.58 μg/m3 before the ban to 5.17 μg/m3 during a tobacco sales ban, and further declined to 2.44 μg/m3 after a complete smoking ban was enforced - a 57% overall reduction.
Gordon McFiggans and Roy Harrison - E-Cigarette Summit 2014Neil Mclaren
1. Researchers conducted chamber studies to measure the particles produced from e-cigarettes. They found that e-cigarette particles were smaller in size and lower in mass concentration compared to traditional cigarettes.
2. While e-cigarette particle mass concentrations were much lower than cigarettes and urban environments, the number of particles could approach or exceed urban levels if multiple users vaped in an enclosed space.
3. More research is still needed, but preliminary results suggest passive vaping may pose an exposure risk without ventilation. Overall health risks are likely smaller than from traditional cigarettes but warrant further study of nanoparticle exposures.
Risk Characterization of E-Cigarette in American Youth pptxAli Zahir
1) The document analyzes literature on hazardous compounds found in e-cigarette vapor and their associated health risks. It finds levels of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein that pose moderate to high health risks.
2) Usage of e-cigarettes among youth has increased rapidly in recent years and is expected to continue rising. Many youth perceive e-cigarettes as safe despite limited research on health effects.
3) The analysis concludes there is a high risk of adverse health outcomes from compounds in e-cigarette vapor. It recommends the FDA regulate e-cigarette marketing and sales to youth and develop product safety standards through research on actual usage patterns.
E cigarettes vaping and vaping induced lung injury EVALIDr.Aslam calicut
New forms of tobacco like vaping and hookah use have risen among young adults despite efforts to reduce cigarette smoking. While e-cigarettes may be less harmful than cigarettes and potentially help smoking cessation, they still contain toxic chemicals like nicotine, formaldehyde, and heavy metals. An outbreak of EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping associated lung injury) has caused over 2,000 illnesses and 47 deaths in the US linked to vaping THC products containing vitamin E acetate. Long-term studies are still needed to determine e-cigarettes' effectiveness for smoking cessation and their effects on youth uptake of smoking. The best option is to avoid vaping and follow established smoking cessation programs instead of un
This document summarizes a study analyzing the flavor chemicals found in 30 electronic cigarette fluids from two disposable e-cigarette brands and refill bottles from local vape shops. The study found:
1) Total flavor chemical levels ranged from approximately 1-4% (10-40 mg/mL) in many liquids, while labeled nicotine levels ranged from 0.6-2.4% (6-24 mg/mL).
2) Many of the flavor chemicals identified were aldehydes, a class of compounds known to irritate respiratory tract tissue.
3) Vanillin and/or ethyl vanillin, potential respiratory irritants, were found in 17 of the liquids as one
This study investigated factors that influence the dispersion of exhaled particles from e-cigarette use, including vaping topography, distance from a bystander, and ventilation rate. The results showed that distance and vaping topography had the highest impact on particle concentrations, with lower concentrations at greater distances. Even at close distances, particle concentrations rapidly decayed after exhalation. The ventilation rate did not significantly affect particle sizes or concentrations, as most particles evaporated immediately upon exhalation. Analysis found the exhaled particles were composed primarily of water and glycerol.
Dr Konstantinos Farsalinos - E-Cigarette Summit 2014Neil Mclaren
Dr. Konstantinos Farsalinos presented research on the safety of electronic cigarettes. He discussed the basic ingredients of e-cigarettes and found that glycerol, propylene glycol, and flavors were generally safe, but thermal degradation can produce low levels of toxic aldehydes. Flavorings were also found to potentially cause cytotoxicity depending on the specific flavor and amount used. Heavy metals in e-cigarettes were found to be at levels below acceptable daily intake limits for inhalation medications. Overall, e-cigarettes were estimated to pose around 5% of the risk of smoking, and promoting their use could avert thousands of smoking-related deaths each year by providing an alternative to smoking.
A public lecture on Electronic Cigarettes delivered by Dr Lynne Dawkins of the Centre for Addictive Behaviours Research, London South Bank University on 14th November 2018.
A recording of the talk can be found here: https://youtu.be/VpetvlAmIaU
Following her successful public lecture on E-Cigarettes in 2013, Dr Dawkins re-visits the subject of e-cigarettes and vaping, drawing on the most recent evidence and updates since 2013. She describes the development in e-cigarette technology and current regulation and then brings the audience up to date with the latest research on usage patterns, smoking cessation and safety issues, addressing some of the common myths held around e-cigarettes and vaping.
This study compared changes in biomarkers of exposure to harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in smokers who partially or completely substituted cigarettes with e-cigarettes over 5 days versus those who stopped using all tobacco/nicotine products. The results showed that completely substituting cigarettes with e-cigarettes led to significant reductions in urine, blood, and exhaled biomarkers of HPHC exposure comparable to cessation. Partial substitution also significantly reduced biomarkers, proportional to reduced cigarette consumption. These findings suggest e-cigarettes may lower users' exposure to toxicants compared to smoking cigarettes.
Heated Tobacco Products Create Side-Stream Emissions: Implications for Regula...Fontem Ventures
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether a heated tobacco product produced side-stream emissions. The study found that when the heated tobacco product was activated and during use, it released a large number of chemical compounds into the surrounding air, indicating the presence of side-stream emissions. In contrast, a nicotine inhaler and e-cigarette did not release similar emissions. As public health authorities state that any level of exposure to tobacco emissions is unsafe, the findings suggest that heated tobacco products should be subject to the same regulations as cigarettes regarding indoor use.
This study compared the effects of cigarette smoke, e-cigarette vapor, and pure nicotine on cell viability using HeLa cells. Various concentrations of smoke and vapor condensates collected from a mechanical smoking system were applied to cells for 24 hours. An MTT assay then measured cell viability. Cigarette smoke exposure resulted in lower viability than e-cigarette vapor, but higher than pure nicotine. The results provide insight into the acute toxicity of these substances and whether e-cigarettes may be less harmful than cigarettes.
Liu rl et al second hand smoke in restaurants and barsAlexander Li
This study measured levels of particulate matter (PM2.5) in 404 restaurants and bars across 5 cities in China to assess exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS). They found that venues where smoking was observed had significantly higher indoor PM2.5 levels (geometric mean of 208 μg/m3) than venues without smoking (99 μg/m3). Indoor PM2.5 levels were positively correlated with both outdoor PM2.5 levels and the density of active smokers. The results document high levels of SHS in hospitality venues in China and highlight the need for comprehensive smoke-free laws to protect the public, as called for in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
The document summarizes a presentation on the hazards of third-hand smoke. Third-hand smoke refers to residual tobacco smoke pollution that remains on surfaces and in dust after smoking. It consists of chemicals from tobacco smoke that react with indoor pollutants to form new harmful compounds. Exposure can occur through skin contact or dust ingestion. Studies have found third-hand smoke increases health risks like heart and lung disease and DNA damage. It particularly endangers children since they interact with contaminated surfaces. More research is still needed but eliminating smoking indoors can help reduce third-hand smoke exposure.
Professor Robert West - E-Cigarette Summit 2014Neil Mclaren
- The document analyzes trends in electronic cigarette use in England based on monthly household surveys conducted by Robert West and colleagues at University College London.
- It finds that prevalence of e-cigarette use increased rapidly until late 2013 but has remained stable since, with 20% of smokers and 30% of recent ex-smokers now using e-cigarettes.
- E-cigarettes have become the most popular aid for quit attempts, and their increased use has been accompanied by rises in quit attempts and success rates at the population level.
Electronic Cigarettes: Evidenced Based Decision Making PresentationKaylaRobinson29
An assignment for Dental Hygiene Theory 1 was to create an annotated bibliography for a research topic of our choice. This project was designed to challenge our critical thinking and decision making skills. I chose to research electronic cigarettes and their effects on oral health. It was interesting to compare different literature on this subject and the validity that they held. Most of the articles were very similar in the information portrayed and were very educational.
This document provides an overview of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and discusses associated health risks and environmental impacts. It summarizes that while e-cigarettes were introduced as a safer alternative to regular cigarettes, research shows they may pose similar or additional health hazards. Exposure to e-cigarette vapor can damage lung tissue and impair the immune system. The liquid and vapor contain toxic chemicals like nicotine, formaldehyde, and heavy metals. Regulations are needed to restrict e-cigarette advertising and sales to youth and prevent disposal hazards from batteries and liquid waste. More research is still required to understand long-term health effects.
Dr. Rajeev Kashyap presented on evaluating the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. He discussed how secondhand smoke exposure has been unequivocally linked to death, disease and disability. Over 160 countries have ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to work towards 100% smoke-free environments in public places and workplaces. Effective measures to protect non-smokers include comprehensive smoke-free laws and policies.
The document discusses evaluating the effectiveness of smoke-free policies. It describes how secondhand smoke exposure has been established to cause disease and death. A key intervention to reduce tobacco's health burden is protecting people from secondhand smoke exposure. The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control aims to create 100% smoke-free environments through legislation. Evaluating policies requires understanding how secondhand smoke is measured through biomarkers, atmospheric markers, and questionnaires.
El documento habla sobre el Día de Internet. Explica que se celebra el 17 de mayo y fue establecido en 2005 por la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Sociedad de la Información para promover el uso de las tecnologías de la información. También diferencia entre Internet, que es una red de redes, y la World Wide Web (WWW), que es la parte visual de páginas web que combinan texto e imágenes.
The document describes Co-op Your Way, a program that helps students with their job search and career transition. It offers services like resume and interview preparation, application support, mentorship, and networking opportunities. The program provides ongoing guidance and support through various stages of the job search process. It aims to help students uncover their potential, make an impact, feel connected, and have a seamless transition from school to work.
The Live video streaming checklist is a live streaming checklist from Fraser Hay at http://www.growyourbusiness.club
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Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang teori-teori perkembangan kematangan manusia, yang mencakup 5 fase perkembangan mulai dari masa pra lahir hingga dewasa. Teori-teori tersebut meliputi pandangan biologis dan psikologis tentang pertumbuhan fisik, intelektual, kognitif, dan emosional manusia sepanjang hayat. Dibahas pula faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan seperti genetika, lingkungan, dan pro
Reblaze provides a comprehensive cloud-based web security solution. It routes customer traffic through its platform where it is analyzed in real-time to identify and block hostile traffic while allowing legitimate traffic. Reblaze uses machine learning and real-time data to dynamically adapt security measures. It leverages Google Cloud Platform capabilities like global load balancing, containers, and BigQuery for analytics.
Este documento apresenta o planejamento estratégico de tecnologia da informação (PETI) de uma empresa. O plano inclui: 1) Análise da situação atual da TI por meio de SWOT e Balanced Scorecard; 2) Objetivos estratégicos como implantação de política de segurança e firewall; 3) Metas e ações para implementar os objetivos. O PETI tem como objetivo alinhar a TI aos objetivos de negócios e melhorar os processos e segurança da informação.
The document discusses 6 ideas for outdoor seating and planters at a community center. Idea 1 is an outdoor seating area with a board game design on chairs where people can sit and play games. Idea 2 is a circular hexagon bench with a built-in central planter that can seat 12 people comfortably. Idea 3 involves recycling useless bottles into planters for plants. Idea 4 is an outdoor rocking chair made of rattan netting and wood. Idea 5 is an outdoor planter box made of bamboo structure and PVC pipes. Idea 6 is an outdoor brick bench.
This document summarizes the collaboration between a mobile game publisher and developer to create the successful Royal Revolt franchise. It describes how they identified each other's strengths and needs, developed the first game through prototyping and an agile process, and learned lessons about areas like monetization and platform relations that informed the sequel. It highlights how their partnership leveraged both parties' expertise across areas like design, marketing, and operations to establish the franchise and infrastructure needed for ongoing live operations and success on mobile.
1. Terdapat perbedaan antara masyarakat pedesaan dan perkotaan dalam hal ukuran komunitas, kepadatan penduduk, dan mobilitas sosial.
2. Urbanisasi terjadi karena perpindahan penduduk dari desa ke kota yang menyebabkan perubahan struktur masyarakat.
3. Orientasi terhadap lingkungan alam dan pekerjaan berbeda antara masyarakat pedesaan yang umumnya bertani dengan masyarakat perkotaan.
Dokumen ini memberikan tips untuk membacakan dongeng kepada anak-anak, termasuk cara menciptakan suasana akrab sebelum bercerita dengan tebak-tebakan dan nyanyian, serta cara mempersiapkan pembukaan cerita dengan sinopsis dan ilustrasi agar menarik perhatian anak-anak.
Station identification, also known as idents or network IDs, are used by radio and television stations and networks to identify themselves on air, usually through a call sign, brand name, or sounder. This satisfies licensing requirements and acts as a form of branding. Idents were traditionally done by announcers but are now often animated logos. Good idents are simple yet engaging, using the latest animation technology. They are colorful and suit the genre of the show or film. Bad idents are black and white, low quality, lack animation or individuality, or copy other well-known idents.
스몰웨딩을 하려고 시작은 했는데...막상 준비를 시작하면 모든 것이 막막해지고 무엇을 어떻게 시작할지 몰라 당황스러우시죠?
괜찮습니다. 처음하는 것인데 모르는 게 당연하죠. 지금부터 알아가면 됩니다.
실제 예식을 앞둔 신랑신부들을 대상으로 진행하는 스몰웨딩 강의안을 공유하니 멋지고 특별한 결혼식을 만들어보세요!
Employees are expecting more freedom to work the way they choose. And they want the technology they use at work to be as good as what they use in their personal lives. It's time we gave work a serious rethink. Read more:
The document contains summaries of three magazine spreads. The first spread features a close-up image of Jay-Z and uses a color scheme of black, red, and white. The second spread features a focused image of Kendrick Lamar taking up half the page and a title suggesting he is above others. The third spread announces the greatest hip hop songs and features images of Tupac Shakur and Eazy-E with boxes providing information about songs by each artist.
Finnley Gough-Timothy's rock music magazine will provide insights into the rock music industry for 15-20 year olds, primarily male audiences. The monthly magazine will feature both current and classic rock bands through first-person interviews, album and concert reviews, and the latest trends in the rock community. The mission is to give readers inside knowledge and up-to-date information on their favorite bands through in-depth interviews and reviews.
- The document discusses nicotine testing methods and their use in various contexts like insurance, employment, schools, and research. It also covers nicotine metabolism and the differences between nicotine and its metabolite cotinine.
- The Nano-Check Rapid Nicotine Test is described as an immunoassay that detects cotinine in urine at cutoff levels of 200ng/ml or 500ng/ml to determine tobacco use. It provides results in 5-10 minutes and is intended for professional use.
- The test works by detecting cotinine in a urine sample via monoclonal antibodies on a test strip, with positive or negative results depending on whether or not a test line appears within the timeframe.
This study examined biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens in smokers who switched between regular and light cigarettes for short periods. Sixteen smokers smoked their regular cigarettes for one week, then a light cigarette with half the machine-measured nicotine for one week, then back to their regular. Biomarkers were measured weekly and showed high levels of compensation - smokers adjusted their smoking behavior to take in similar levels of carcinogens despite the cigarette change. Compensation occurred through both smoking more cigarettes per day and smoking more intensely. Exposure levels to various carcinogens remained similar, suggesting short-term switching to light cigarettes is unlikely to reduce health risks from smoking.
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention directed at parents who smoke to reduce their babies' exposure to secondhand smoke. The study uses a cluster randomized controlled trial design across primary care centers in Catalonia, Spain. Babies under 18 months whose parents smoke will be recruited. The intervention group will receive a brief smoking intervention from pediatric professionals, while the control group will receive usual care. Exposure will be measured subjectively by parent-reported questionnaires and objectively by analyzing nicotine levels in babies' hair samples at baseline and 6 months. The primary outcome is to assess if the intervention reduces babies' secondhand smoke exposure as measured by hair nicotine levels. Secondary outcomes include changes in parents' smoking behaviors and concordance
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention directed at parents who smoke, to reduce babies' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during pediatric primary care visits. It will be a cluster randomized controlled trial conducted across primary care facilities in Catalonia, Spain. Parents of babies under 18 months who smoke will be recruited and randomized to an intervention or control group. The intervention group will receive a brief smoking cessation intervention from pediatric staff, while the control group will receive usual care. The primary outcome is reduction of babies' ETS exposure, measured by parental reporting and babies' hair nicotine levels at baseline and 6 months. Secondary outcomes include changes in parental smoking and concordance of subjective and objective ETS measures. This
The relative risk of cancer from smoking and vaping nicotine yfzsc5g7nm
- Vaping exposes users to lower levels of carcinogens compared to smoking, as key carcinogens in tobacco smoke are present at far lower doses in e-cigarette vapor.
- Modelling studies predict the lifetime risk of cancer from vaping will be substantially less than from smoking, ranging from 0.4-1.4% of the risk from smoking.
- Based on the dose and cancer potency of carcinogens present, experts assess that switching from smoking to vaping nicotine substantially reduces lifetime cancer risk, though long-term risks are not fully known.
Low toxicity dusts: new concerns for old stuff. Retired
This document discusses the health risks posed by exposure to low toxicity dusts and argues that current exposure limits are not sufficiently protective of worker health. It notes that even relatively low exposures to dusts can harm the lung and that the surface area of dust particles, rather than just the concentration, is an important factor influencing health effects. The document recommends reducing workplace dust exposures as far below current limits as feasible and suggests aiming to keep respirable dust levels below 1 mg/m3.
This study examined the relationship between arsenic exposure, tobacco use, and lung cancer risk in a cohort of 3,278 miners in China with at least 10 years of arsenic exposure and 27 years of follow up. The results showed that lung cancer risk increased linearly with cumulative arsenic exposure and was greater at higher exposure concentrations over shorter durations compared to lower concentrations over longer durations. Joint analysis found a sub-multiplicative interaction between arsenic exposure and tobacco use, suggesting the factors influence lung cancer through different pathways. Limitations included the study only included miners with substantial arsenic exposure.
1) Tobacco was introduced to Europe in the 16th century and there are now over 1 billion smokers worldwide. Smoking causes over 8 million deaths per year projected to rise to 12% of all deaths by 2020.
2) Tobacco smoke contains over 500 compounds including nicotine and tars. Cigarette smoke is acidic whereas cigar and pipe smoke is alkaline, affecting how nicotine is absorbed and the associated health risks.
3) Smoking causes diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems as well as various cancers. It is estimated smoking will cause over 450 million deaths between 2000-2050, around half between ages 30-69.
This study examined oral mucosal lesions in 45 former smokers and 45 electronic cigarette consumers. Oral examinations found lesions in 55 total patients, with 36 lesions in electronic cigarette consumers and 19 in former smokers. Nicotine stomatitis, hairy tongue, and hyperplastic candidiasis were significantly more common among electronic cigarette consumers. The study aims to evaluate differences in oral mucosal lesions between the groups but found no statistically significant difference in total prevalence of lesions.
This study assessed exposure to secondhand smoke among bar and nightclub employees in 24 cities globally. Air nicotine levels were measured in 238 venues for a week, and hair samples were collected from 936 employees to measure nicotine levels. Median air nicotine was 3.5 μg/m3 in smoking venues and 0.2 μg/m3 in smoke-free venues. Median hair nicotine was 6.0 ng/mg in smoking employees and 1.7 ng/mg in non-smoking employees. Higher workplace air nicotine levels were associated with higher hair nicotine levels in both non-smoking and smoking employees, indicating secondhand smoke exposure results in nicotine absorption among employees. Stronger smoke-
This document discusses the health risks posed by exposure to low toxicity dust, even at relatively low levels. It notes that current exposure limits may not be sufficiently protective and do not consider the surface area of dust particles, which is an important factor in the biological response. Based on studies of inflammation and impaired lung function, the document recommends that employers aim to keep exposures to respirable dust below 1 mg/m3, rather than relying on the current limits of 4-10 mg/m3. Low-level exposure to dust over long periods may increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in genetically susceptible individuals.
This study investigated factors that influence the dispersion of exhaled particles from e-cigarette use, including vaping topography, distance from a bystander, and ventilation rate. The results showed that distance and vaping topography had the highest impact on particle concentrations, with lower concentrations at greater distances. Even at close distances, particle concentrations rapidly decayed after exhalation. The ventilation rate did not significantly affect particle sizes or concentrations, as most particles evaporated immediately upon exhalation. Analysis found the exhaled particles were composed primarily of water and glycerol.
The document reviews studies on the health risks of exposure to thorium. It finds that injection of thorium compounds like thorotrast is conclusively linked to hepatic (liver) cancers, with studies showing a minimum 15-20 year incubation period. Occupational exposure studies found increased lung cancer risks for thorium-exposed workers like miners. Public exposures are considered minimal by regulatory standards but more research is needed, especially on exposures from consumer products and implications at low doses. Further research should also clarify negligible exposure levels and study non-mining occupational exposures and public health impacts.
This document summarizes a study that compared the effects of a 4-mg nicotine pouch to nicotine gum and a placebo pouch on relieving tobacco withdrawal symptoms. 30 adult smokers participated in a randomized, crossover trial where they reported withdrawal symptoms before and after using each product on separate study days. The nicotine pouch was found to reduce craving and irritability more than the gum. Participants also rated the pouch as more helpful for stopping smoking and more pleasant to use than the gum. The results suggest the nicotine pouch is as effective as gum at relieving craving and withdrawal and may be a preferable product for some smokers.
The need for establishing Smoking Zone in public places like CollegeSuraj Ghimire
This is a research proposal on the need of establishing smoking zone in public places. I had prepared it as a project work for the course of Research methodology.
IP: X. Sureda
Coresearcher: M. Franco, U. Bilal, FJ Escobar, A Navas Advisor: E. Fernández
Social and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Group, Alcalá University and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
This document provides an overview of chemical safety topics across 3 modules. Module 1 discusses facts about occupational accidents and illnesses, historical events involving chemical accidents, and legal requirements for chemical safety. Module 2 covers exposure routes to chemicals and hazard communication, including material safety data sheets and labels. Module 3 discusses proper storage of chemicals, chemical risk assessment, and applying controls to mitigate risks. The document is intended to rate and improve the user's knowledge of chemical safety.
Effects of smoking in the public places: a proposal for safe smoking placespaperpublications3
Abstract: This is basically exploratory study and was conducted at Nilkhet, Dhaka city, Dhaka, Bangladesh over a period of two months started from October, 2010 to November, 2010. The main objective of this study is to know the effects of smoking in the public places and propose safe place for smoking. Total 30 respondents were selected based on age class (10 respondents below 30 years, 10 respondents between 30 to 40 years and rest 10 respondents were over 40 years of age). All respondents were interviewed with semi structure questionnaire. Smoking in the public places caused serious problems for second hand smokers including lung cancer, respiratory disorders, coronary heart diseases, bronchitis pneumonia. Lots of effects were mentioned by the respondents. Even it is not well accepted to smoke in the public places. 100% respondents were mentioned that Lung cancer and bronchitis may occur for the second hand smokers due to smoke in the public places. The ultimate results of smoking in the public places for second hand smokers may be Esophagus, coronary heart diseases, oral cavity, larynx and infertility. We may minimize the negative impacts of smoking in the public places or elsewhere but do nothing else. In our survey, 100% respondents were mentioned to make provision of separate room in the hospitals for safe smoking, while 93.33% respondents were mentioned to keep booth on the roadside. 90% respondents were agreed for separate room in the market for safe smoking. Corresponding figure, 83.33% respondents were agreed for separate room in the house and restaurants for safe smoking places instead of open public places.We need to undertake motivational program (using booklets, billboard, seminar/workshop, rally and class room lectures on effects of smoking in the public places) to stop smoking in the public places. There is an urgent need to construct and develop designated places( separate room at restaurants, universities, hospitals, home, cinema halls and special booth in the roadside and parks) the for safer smoking rather than smoking in the public places.
Keywords: Chain smoker; public places; second hand smoker; smoking.
2. 2 Journal of Environmental and Public Health
Conversely, is it right that staff are surrounded by polluted air
which can affect their health, with nonsmoker inmates and
residents unable to avoid the harmful effects of secondhand
smoke around them.
2. Equipment Used
The concentrations of ultrafine particles were determined
using a handheld automatic particle counter (TSI P-Trak).
Ultrafine particles, in the size range of 10−9 to 10−6 m, are
good indicators of tobacco smoke and have been postulated
as the size which is capable of quick uptake in the blood,
thus likely to influence acute and chronic health effects [1, 2].
The mass of the larger airborne particles (PM2.5 and PM10)
was collected using a handheld automatic particle counter
(METONE Aerocet-531). Ambient carbon monoxide (CO)
gas levels were recorded using a hand-held monitor (TSI Q-
Trak). Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas
that is produced as a result of incomplete burning of carbon-
containing materials, such as tobacco, thus a very important
metric to quantify. Breath carbon monoxide levels were
measured using a Smoke Check carbon monoxide monitor.
Nicotine was assessed using passive nicotine absorbers
with filter paper treated with sodium bisulphate to which
nicotine binds. The filter paper was analysed using an
approved protocol in one of Europe’s leading laboratories
(Servei d’Avaluaci´o i M`etodes d’Intervenci´o, Ag`encia de Salut
P´ublica de Barcelona, Spain). Nicotine is unique to tobacco
smoke and therefore a good indicator of the presence of SHS.
3. Prisons Methodology
Logistically it was not possible for us to monitor PM2.5
or ultrafine particle levels in the prisons due to issues of
equipment safety, and so information on the exposure of
prison staff was obtained by a questionnaire completed
by prison officers regarding their opinion on smoking
in prisons. Unfortunately a questionnaire only provides
subjective data, so additionally a number of prison officers
(n = 30) completed a study of their exhaled breath CO levels.
Of the prison officers who completed the questionnaire
(n = 90), 81% were males (of which 30% were smokers) and
19% were females (of which 47% were smokers).
4. Prison Results
When asked should there be a complete smoking ban in
prisons, 47% of prison officer respondents disagreed with a
smoking ban being introduced (the majority of these were
smokers themselves). Only 41% agreed with a smoking ban
being introduced, the majority of them being nonsmokers
(Figure 1).
When asked if smoking should be prohibited in all
enclosed areas within the prison, including designated no-
smoking areas, for example, cells, halls, landings, and
recreational areas (Figure 2), 79% of prison officers surveyed
either strongly agreed (65.5%) or agreed (13.3%) that this
should be the case.
47%
12%
41%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Yes No Not sure
Prisonofficersresponse(%)
Figure 1: Should there be a smoking ban in prisons?
4%
12.7%13.3%
65.5%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Strongly
agree
Agree Not sure Strongly
disagree
Disagree
%ofprisonofficers
response
Figure 2: Should smoking be prohibited in all enclosed areas for
example, cells, landings, halls, and recreational areas?
When asked if an outright smoking ban would create
more problems within the prison, potentially causing an
increase in behavioural problems, gang violence, and drug
trafficking, 88% of respondents (Figure 3) believed that such
problems would arise with an outright smoking ban. A small
number of respondents gave other examples such as an
increase in disturbances leading to riot and mental health
issues such as anxiety.
4.1. Breath Carbon Monoxide Levels. Breath carbon monox-
ide levels were measured in 25 nonsmoker and 5 smoker pris-
on officers using a Smoke Check Carbon Monoxide monitor
(Figure 4). Fourteen of the 25 nonsmokers had levels between
0 and 6 ppm which is categorised as a nonsmoker. Ten
nonsmoking officers had CO levels between 7 and 10 ppm,
which is categorised as a light smoker, while one nonsmoker
had CO levels between 11 and 20 ppm which categorised him
as a heavy smoker. Overall 44% of the 25 nonsmoking prison
officers were categorised as being light-to-heavy smokers,
of these one-third had home exposure, indicating that the
majority were solely exposed to SHS in the workplace.
Of the 5 prison officers who were smokers, 2 had levels
between 7 and 10 ppm, 2 had levels between 11 and 20 ppm,
and 1 had a level of 20+ ppm.
5. Psychiatric Hospitals Methodology
In 6 psychiatric hospitals, located in both inner city and large
country town settings, exposure measurements of ultrafine
particles (TSI P-Trak) and PM2.5 (Metone Aerocet 531) were
made for a period of 2-3 hours, to quantify the airborne
particles in designated “smoking areas.” Ambient carbon
monoxide (CO) gas levels were recorded in each location.
3. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 3
88%
12%
0
20
40
60
80
100
No Yes
Respondents(%)
Figure 3: Would a complete smoking ban create more problems in
the prison?
Breath carbon monoxide levels in prison officers
equivalent to various smoker categories
14
10
2
1
2
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Non-smokers Smokers
Numberofrespondents
(n = 25)
(n = 30)
(n = 5)
0–6ppm (nonsmoker level)
7–10ppm (light smoker level)
11–20ppm (heavy smoker level)
20+ppm (very heavy smoker level)
Figure 4: Number of nonsmoking prison officers (n = 25) with
exhaled CO categorised into expected levels in smokers.
Nicotine levels present inside and outside “smoking rooms”
were also assessed. In conjunction with these measurements,
the number of residents present within the “smoking area”
and the number smoking were also recorded.
6. Psychiatric Hospitals Results
In the 6 psychiatric hospitals (Table 1), the ultrafine
airborne particle concentrations peaked at approximately
400,000 per cm3 with an overall average of 130,000 per cm3.
Within this small sample size, there was a large range of
particle concentrations between hospitals, as much as a 6-
fold difference in some instances. However, 2 of the hospitals
(nos. 2 and 6) had specific outdoor structures for the smok-
ing patients, which significantly lowered the exposure levels
within the hospitals.
Particulate mass PM2.5 levels averaged 39.5 µg/m3. Car-
bon monoxide levels averaged 3.87 ppm, while the avail-
able nicotine results averaged extremely high levels of
93.17 µg/m3.
7. Nursing Homes Methodology
Twenty nursing homes in the County Meath/Kildare area
were studied to determine particulate mass (PM2.5) and
nicotine exposure levels using the same techniques as
previously described. Questionnaires were also administered
to staff regarding SHS exposure in their workplace and the
smoking policies which were in place in their respective
nursing homes.
8. Nursing Homes Results
PM2.5 levels in nursing homes with smoking areas were
approximately 8 times higher than nursing homes nos. 1 and
2, where smoking was completely prohibited (Figure 5). The
PM2.5 levels in “smoking” nursing homes averaged 33 µg/m3.
In Figure 6, the average nicotine level in nursing home
smoking areas was 27.3 µg/m3.
Figure 7 shows the personal nicotine exposure of staff
during a work shift, measured using a portable badge at-
tached to their uniform. Staff working in “smoking” nursing
homes were exposed to average nicotine levels (0.57 µg/m3)
that were four times higher than the exposure of staff in the
“nonsmoking” nursing homes (0.13 µg/m3), (homes Nos. 1
and 2).
From the questionnaire survey of nursing home staff,
48% stated that SHS exposure in their workplace caused
irritation.
A smoking rate of 7.5% was noted among residents of
nursing homes surveyed, well below the national average.
Individual nursing homes had differing policies in relation to
smoking: two banned smoking completely, with the residents
being made aware of this at registration stage. Nicotine
replacement therapy was offered to aid their fight to quit
tobacco should they agree to move into the home. Two
homes permitted smoking anywhere indoors. The remainder
of the nursing homes restricted smoking to a dedicated
room, clearly marked as the smoking room and only the
residents were permitted to smoke within. This room was
segregated from the rest of the premises by a door leading
into the main corridors of the premises, with some of these
doors being self-closing. This method of segregating smokers
from the rest of the building is in keeping with the policy on
smoking in Care Homes in Northern Ireland [3].
9. Discussion
The results from these studies should inform policies to
help minimise or eliminate the exposure of nonsmokers to
tobacco smoke in exempt premises.
Prisons are seen as sensitive workplaces where every
attempt to pacify inmates and protect workers is taken and
as such require special attention when implementing a no-
smoking policy. Tobacco use can be seen as an integral part
of prison life and prison culture. It serves a range of functions
including a means of social control, as a surrogate currency,
as a symbol of freedom and in a group with few rights
and privileges, a stress reliever and a social lubricant [4].
Smoking prevalence is much higher among the prisoners
4. 4 Journal of Environmental and Public Health
Table 1: Summary data table of exposure levels within 6 psychiatric hospitals.
Ultrafine aerosol concentration
(particles/cm3)
Particulate mass (µg/m3) Carbon
monoxide (ppm)
Nicotine
Min Mean Max Mean (PM2.5) Mean (PM10) Mean (TSP)
1(a) 35887 185977 378758 NA NA NA NA 60.83 µg/m3
1(b) 25021 215303 392541 NA NA NA NA 133.28
2(a) 13474 80116 188233 31.11 38.83 47.34 2.8 ± 2.37 46.69
2(b) 4363 46094 112755 28.73 32.11 44.57 1.8 ± 0.69 131.91
3(a) 37530 89996 206483 30.9 39.54 46.2 3.4 ± 0.66 NA
3(b) 48340 92235 149599 28.35 33.95 40.00 4.5 ± 0.86 NA
3(c) 73504 211368 368491 51.67 64.16 85.14 NA NA
4 35113 94614 184366 29.12 42.0 53.8 2.2 ± 0.73 NA
5(a) 132016 217488 298100 24.79 21.43 56.67 5.3 ± 0.97 NA
5(b) 41260 163680 335283 103.10 159.29 203.94 4.8 ± 1.33 NA
6 11845 34844 98763 27.33 11.29 40.83 3.1 ± 0.37 NA
Avg 41668.5 130156 246670 39.46 49.18 68.72 3.87 93.17
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Nursing home reference
(µg/m3)
Figure 5: Average PM2.5 level in each nursing home smoking area.
Nursing homes nos. 1 and 2 were nonsmoking control nursing
homes. PM2.5 results were not available for nursing home smoking
area nos. 3 and 4.
Nicotine levels in nursing homes (stationary monitors)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Nursing home reference
(µg/m3)
Figure 6: Nicotine levels indicated by stationary badges placed in
the smoking areas of nursing homes. Nursing homes nos. 1 and 2
were nonsmoking control nursing homes.
than the general population. The General Health Care Study
of the Irish Prison Population in 2000, estimated that 91%
of men were current smokers and up to 100% of women
were smokers. A letter published by O’Dowd [5] in the
Staff exposure levels to nicotine (personal monitors)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Nursing home reference
(µg/m3)
Figure 7: Staff exposure levels to nicotine indicated by personal
badges worn during their work shift. Nursing homes nos. 1 and 2
were nonsmoking control nursing homes. Personal monitor results
were not available for nursing home nos. 2, 3, 5, 7, and 20 due to
issues with the filter paper. Nursing home no. 8 had very low staff
exposure levels of <0.02 µg/m3.
British Medical Journal (BMJ) said that doctors, nurses,
prison officers, and other staff would face a greater risk of
assault if smoking were to be banned in such environments.
Enforcing a complete blanket ban on smoking tobacco
products in prisons could potentially create a bigger risk
to staff and could result in potential riotous behaviour by
prisoners, increase in injuries and assaults to staff, a view
confirmed by the survey results presented here. The Irish
Prison Smoking Policy states that there is such a value placed
on cigarettes and tobacco products as a means of currency,
that if they become contraband this would rival the existing
drugs culture resulting in inmate discord causing an increase
in the levels of assaults and violence amongst the prisoners
themselves. Prisons have experienced riots when placing
smoking bans into effect resulting in prisoners setting fires,
destroying prison property, and persons being assaulted and
injured. Such an incident occurred in Quebec (Canada) in
February 2008, where a smoking ban enforced on 18 prisons
5. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 5
was subsequently reversed following rioting by prisoners in
these prisons.
The results of an inquiry on smoking bans in European
prisons revealed that 22 (79%) out of 28 respondents
(EU Member States plus Switzerland and Monaco) have
introduced smoking bans in all of their prisons. The
Irish Prison Officer Association (POA) health and safety
coordinator Nigel Mallen claimed that the Government did
not look hard enough to find ways of enforcing the ban
in prisons. 3,150 members of the POA were prepared to
challenge the constitutionality of the exemption of the ban
in their workplaces. The working group appointed by the
Director of Human Resources for the Irish Prison Service
published a smoking policy in 2006 identifying prison
recreational halls and circulation areas as the greatest risk of
exposure to passive smoking for both staff and inmates. This
working group also declared that limiting smoking to outside
recreation yards and cellular accommodation may prove to
be the most practical way to work towards a smoke-free
prison environment. However, it was stated that this would
still create major operational and management difficulties
and therefore to minimise the impact, such restrictions
would need to be implemented on a phased basis. Prison
establishments or holding units for juveniles (persons under
18 years of age) must be entirely smoke-free environments,
with smoking prohibited. Therefore, the policies adopted
in such facilities should be applied to policies in all adult
prisons.
Smoking bans in prisons must be implemented con-
currently with cessation services appropriate for the client
group which offer the prospect of long-term cessation. Better
management of smoking in prisons should ensure that
nonsmoker prisoners are not subjected to SHS in cells. In
addition, nonsmoking prisoners need to be supported to
prevent them starting smoking while in prison.
In England, two preventive programmes, the Acquitted
programme and a nicotine replacement therapy programme
were developed which offered prisoners group or one-to-one
counselling and NRT with nicotine patches or Bupropion
(Zyban), free of charge. An evaluation of the programmes
between April 2004 and March 2005 in 16 prisons found
the average quit rate for 4 weeks was 41%, validated by
carbon monoxide monitoring. Results such as this highlight
the huge potential in using smoking cessation programmes
in prisons. However the results from this study show that
prison officers are exposed to SHS in the workplace, and that
44% of nonsmoking prison officers have exhaled CO levels
that would classify them as active smokers; these CO levels
are slightly above those reported in Dublin bar staff before
the smoking ban [6]. These results show that there is scope
for improvement and to reduce staff exposure to SHS. This
could potentially be achieved by having designated outdoor
smoking areas.
9.1. SHS Particulate Exposures. In a study of ultrafine
airborne particulates in 12 Dublin pubs prior to the work-
place smoking ban coming into force, concentrations on
occasions reached 250,000 per cm3 with an overall average of
approximately 85,000 per cm3. Before the ban the typical
concentrations in pubs were approximately 20,000 particles
per cm3 with maximum values of around 80,000 per cm3
[7]. The results from this study in psychiatric hospitals above
show the average ultrafine particle concentrations (130,000
per cm3) almost twice as high as the levels in a Dublin pub
before the ban and 6.5 times higher than a Dublin pub in the
postban period. This shows beyond any doubt that excessive
SHS levels prevail in some of the psychiatric hospitals, and
that both staff and residence are at risk of excessive exposures,
and clearly warrant some significant changes in practices to
protect staff and nonsmoking residents.
In comparing the PM2.5 results in the psychiatric hos-
pitals to the results of a study of PM2.5 levels in Dublin
pubs [6], psychiatric hospital levels (39.45 µg/m3) are similar
to the Dublin pubs before the introduction of the smoking
ban (35.5 µg/m3). However these PM2.5 levels in psychiatric
hospitals (39.46 µg/m3) are 8 times higher than the Dublin
pub levels after the implementation of the ban (4.8 µg/m3),
showing that current levels in psychiatric hospitals are
significantly greater that current levels in pubs. Again the
results from the nursing homes (33 µg/m3) are consistent
with the levels observed in Dublin pubs prior to the smoking
ban (35.5 µg/m3).
For the purpose of putting these exposure levels in
the nursing homes and psychiatric hospitals into context
we compare them with levels measured by McLaughlin et
al. [8, 9] and Hogg [10] within 33 Irish dwellings during
2005-2006. The results found that dwellings with smokers
present had an average ultrafine particle level of 42,700
particles per cm3, while dwellings with only nonsmokers had
an average ultrafine particle level of 16,500 particles per cm3.
Comparing these results to the levels in the psychiatric hospi-
tals and nursing homes, the average particle concentration in
an exempted psychiatric hospital (130,000 per cm3) is more
than 3 times the particle concentration found in selected
Irish dwellings with smokers resident, and almost 8 times
that of dwellings with only nonsmokers resident.
9.2. Nicotine Levels. Although we only present limited
nicotine exposure data, there is clear evidence that nicotine
levels in nursing home that allow smoking are significantly
greater than in those where smoking is banned. Likewise the
nicotine levels from the psychiatric hospitals and the nursing
homes are extremely high and are consistent, if not higher
than those from other published studies from pubs before
smoking bans, [11–13].
10. Conclusion
This work has shown that in workplaces which are currently
exempt from the workplace smoking ban, staff are clearly
being exposed to ETS while doing their daily duties. The
levels of exposure are quite varied depending on the indi-
vidual workplace and practices; however in many cases they
are seen to be similar to, or above those observed in Dublin
pubs prior to the workplace smoking ban, and in addition
current levels in these exempted areas are significantly above
6. 6 Journal of Environmental and Public Health
current levels in pubs. Clearly there is still significant room
for improvement. As a party to the WHO FCTC, the Irish
Government is under a legal obligation to take action on
smoke-free environments. Staff working in exempted areas
such as prisons, psychiatric hospitals, and nursing homes are
unfairly exposed to SHS while in their place of work. While
a complete smoking ban on indoor smoking in currently
exempt premises may pose implementation challenges, staff
should not be exposed to SHS while at work. Policies
to ensure full protection of workers from SHS must be
developed and implemented as a right for these workers and
indeed inmates and patients.
References
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of indoor sources of fine and ultrafine particles: a study
conducted in a full-scale chamber,” Indoor Air, vol. 15, no. 2,
pp. 141–150, 2005.
[2] L. Morawska, M. Jamriska, and N. D. Bofinger, “Size character-
istics and ageing of the environmental tobacco smoke,” Science
of the Total Environment, vol. 196, no. 1, pp. 43–55, 1997.
[3] Impact of Smoking ban on Care Homes, Lee & Priestley, 2007,
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