Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
1. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Perspectives in growth production trade-off in
microbial bioproduction
Background/Objective
• To produce renewable fuels and bulk commodities, the maximum conversion
of starting materials and stable phenotypes in a bioreactor are vital for an
economically viable process.
Approach
• This review highlights advances in efficient and robust strain engineering
with recent examples of growth coupling, growth decoupling, regulatory
control and use of non-metabolic cellular functions in the context of
microbial host physiology.
Results
• For the maximum conversion and ideal hosts, products, substrates, and scale
agnostic bioconversion success of any type, the trade-off introduced through
strain or host engineering can be addressed with the right combination of host
and product, and thus these methods need to be more widely applied.
Significance/Impacts
• This work is in alignment with the UN Sustainable Development Goals
including affordable and clean energy, responsible consumption and
production, and climate action.
Banerjee, D., et al. RSC Sustainability, doi: 10.1039/D2SU00066K
(A) Although robust growth is required for efficient production, both
growth and production also utilize the same pool of starting
materials, creating a trade-off. (B) Engineering approaches to better
utilize the trade-off towards bioconversion to commodity chemicals.
A
B
2. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Multiscale molecular simulations for the
solvation of lignin in ionic liquids
Background/Objective
Finding suitable solvents for lignin dissolution and
depolymerization, are major obstacles in the
conversion of lignin to value-added products
Approach
COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Real
Solvents (COSMO-RS) model was used to screen
5670 ionic liquids
Results
Anions such as acetate and methyl carbonate in
combination with cations like tetraalkylammonium are
predicted to be suitable solvents for lignin dissolution
Significance/Impacts
This approach enables rapid screening thousands of
solvents to find those capable of solvating lignin
Mohan, M. et al Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25372-2
Figure 1: COSMO-RS predicted sigma potential of (a) lignin and anions, and (b) cations of ILs at 363.15 K.
COSMOTherm version 19.0.1 was used to calculate the sigma potentials
3. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Development of genetic tools for heterologous protein expression
in a pentose-utilizing environmental isolate of Pseudomonas putida
Background/Objective
• Pseudomonas putida is a promising host for the conversion of biomass-derived
sugars and aromatics to biofuels and bioproducts.
• P. putida is not capable of metabolizing pentose sugars, which can constitute up to
25% of biomass hydrolysates.
Approach
• Genetic tools were developed for P. putida M2, a soil isolate that can metabolize
pentose sugars.
Results
• The functionality of five inducible promoter systems and 12 ribosome binding sites was
assessed to regulate gene expression, which were used to produce indigoidine.
• Chromosomal integration and expression of non-native genes was achieved by using
chassis-independent recombinase-assisted genome engineering (CRAGE)
Significance/Impacts
• These genetic tools provide a foundation to develop hosts complementary to P.
putida KT2440 and expand the ability of this versatile microbial group to convert
biomass to bioproducts.
Figure 1. Flaviolin production from glucose and
xylose using CRAGE- integrated PKS gene in P.
putida KT2440 and M2
Gauttam R., et al, Microbial Biotechnology. doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.14205
4. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Mass spectrometry imaging-based assays for aminotransferase activity reveal
a broad substrate spectrum for a previously uncharacterized enzyme
Background/Objective
• Aminotransferases (ATs) are a highly versatile class of enzymes that
transfer an amino group from an amino donor to a keto acceptor substrate.
• Conventional AT assays use the intrinsic absorbance or fluorescence of
the substrates or reaction products as the readout for AT activity.
• Direct analysis of AT activity can be performed by HPLC, CE, CD, NMR etc.
However, these techniques are time consuming and have a limited throughput.
Approach
Developed a mass spectrometry-based high throughput assay using
Oxime-NIMS to quantify both substrates and products for AT reactions
and using MSI for results readout
Results
The oxime-MSI AT assay has been developed and are shown to be suitable
for high-throughput screening of AT amino donor and keto acceptor
specificity. This new technology enabled screening of substrate specificity,
And revealed the AtTAR1 can use 13 amino acids as donor.
Significance/Impacts
This novel technology unlocks an exciting opportunity to expand our
knowledge of AT characteristics and functions in nitrogen metabolic networks.
De Raad et al. Journal of Biological Chemistry, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102939
Overview of oxime-MSI AT assay: A) Oxime tagging to detect AT activity;
B) Steps in the oxime-MSI AT assay
MS image of NIMS surface with
printed AtTAT1 reactions,
The relative reaction rate of AtTAT1 with
Tyr and ɑ-KG
5. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Perspectives for self-driving labs in synthetic biology
Background
Self-driving labs (SDLs) combine fully
automated experiments with artificial
intelligence (AI) that decides the next set of
experiments.
Approach
We review discusses challenges and
opportunities in creating SDLs for synthetic
biology.
Results
While SDLs are bound to be costly endeavors, the
expected returns make them worthwhile
undertakings.
Significance/Impacts
A fully functioning network of SDLs would not
only provide significant biological knowledge,
but also fully exploit synthetic biology for
biomanufacturing purposes.
Garcia Martin, H., et al. Biotechnology, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102881
Figure 1: SDLs combine automated robotic platforms and data collection
with AI that processes these data to decide the next set of experiments to
perform and, potentially, which hypotheses and theories to test.
bisabolene), transforms them into a host (e.g. a bacteria
Figure 1
Current Opinion in Biotechnology
SDLs combine automated robotic platforms and data collection with AI
that processes these data to decide the next set of experiments to
perform and, potentially, which hypotheses and theories to test.
Figure
2 Systems Biology
7. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant
Emissions from Composting
Background/Objective
• Nearly all bioenergy production processes result in some
quantity of residual organic solid material. Those can be
combusted for heat, land applied, composted, or landfilled
• Uncertainty around the emissions from managing these
residual solids remains a barrier for scaling up bioenergy
Approach
This is a review exploring the greenhouse gas and air pollutant
emissions from composting various organic wastes (untreated and
residual solids remaining after bioenergy production.
Results
Using a biological conversion process (e.g. AD) before
composting residuals can reduce emissions. High aeration rates
minimize methane emissions but can increase ammonia emissions.
Significance/Impacts
The study provides guidelines for estimating emissions from
composting organic wastes and residual solids from bioenergy
facilities and insights into key emissions drivers.
Nordahl, S. L. et al. Environmental Science & Technology. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05846
8. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Whole-genome sequencing-based characteristics of
Escherichia coli Rize-53 isolate from Turkey
Background/Objective
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infectious diseases
identifying genetic determinants of antibiotic resistance in a clinical isolate of UTI-causing Escherichia coli.
Approach
The clinical isolate was obtained from a urine sample of a UTI patient in Turkey and identified via 16S rDNA sequencing
Results
Ten antibiotic resistance genes were identified in the genome of the isolate:
serotype of the isolate were identified as ST2141 and O107/H39, respectively
Significance/Impacts
Genetic determinants of resistance to tetracycline, β-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics were identified using
WGS in a uropathogenic E. coli from ST2141 lineage and O107:H39 serotype, isolated in Turkey.
Turumtay (2023) doi: 10.17219/acem/152704
9. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Crop engineering for human microbiomes
Background/Objective
• Different plant-based foods that people consume can have a significant impact on their gut microbiota
• We advocate for more research into this emerging field.
Approach
We highlight recent studies that investigate the role of microbes on raw plant
foods, as well as molecular composition of different grains, on the human gut.
Results
• Some varieties of sorghum were genetically engineered to positively impact the
human gut microbiome after mock-digestion.
• Microbial communities found on specific raw plants were shown to affect
human metabolism.
Significance/Impacts
In the future, the relationship between human gut microorganisms and plant
biochemistry could play a role in crop breeding and the development of plant-based
foods.
Serrano, K., Bezrutczyk, M. Nat Rev Microbiol https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-022-00850-6
Figure 1: You are what (plant-associated microbes and secondary
metabolites) you eat
10. Office of Biological and Environmental Research
Photobiological production with
Ca-alginate hydrogels
Background/Objective
• Autotrophs use CO2 and light directly and produce metabolites that can
support the growth of other microbes. Co-culture of such microbes with
engineered production strains can result in useful bioproduction systems.
• However, developing stable multispecies systems is challenging.
Approach
• Encapsulation/ immobilization of strains in calcium alginate hydrogels were
hypothesized to protect individual strains from co-culture stress.
• Mixed culture with the autotrophic sucrose producing Synechococcus
elongatus and encapsulated engineered Yarrowia lipolytica and Pseudomonas
putida that produce b-carotene and indigoidine respectively were used
Results and Significance
• Hydrogel compartmentation led to protective effects on the growth of
engineered P. putida and Y. lipolytica.
• The heterotrophic strains inside the hydrogel produced much higher
concentrations of the colored chemicals than those in free cell co-culture.
• This approach is scalable and provides a route to stable mixed cultures and
improved bioconversion.
Zhao, R., et al. Sci Rep 12, 22163 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26437-y
Improved production of valuable pigments using immobilized production
systems co-cultures with an autotroph.
JBEI P. putida strains engineered to produce Indigoidine provided an ideal
system for this proof-of-concept study conducted at WUSTL