Jan2019 TheEducation E-Magazine

The Education – Jan 2019
Monthly Bilingual E-Magazine from NEW INDIA FOUNDATION – NGO 09839281700 Page 1
From the pen of Editor
Mr. Mithlesh Bajpai (Educationist)
Chief Editor – The Education E-Magazine
Educationist / Freelance Writer
President – NIF NGO
Ex ANO – NCC Army Wing
Educational Recruitments
Organization is known by the owners but it's reputation & progress completely depends on employees so proper
recruitment is a tool to hunt the talent as per the need of the organization. Recruitment must not be affected by
likes and dislikes of the employer; it’s all about the professional requirements. Employer may select anyone but
then they have to groom the employee if they have proper planning for in-service training but most of the
organization does not want to take pain.
For any school some key designations needs full justification like work freedom risk taking authorities and
special facilities on account of some strict limitations and sense of responsibility. Principal Administrator
School advisor Academic Manager and HR manager are the pillars of a school and working partner of
chairman.
At present I think none of us will get inborn teachers and professional requirement easily achievable, So now to
get perfection in teaching quality along with teacher like quality schools must have a in service employee
improvement module as they have HR department.
Hiring a quality staff may be easy due to external agency involvements but sustaining that quality staff with
updating them as per the need of school and society is a herculean task.
Mr.Rahul Kanchan (Educator)
Asst. Editor - The Education E-Magazine
Director –Kanchan Academy
Coordinator – NIF NGO Jhansi UP
Educator – MPS Jhansi UP
Mr. P. SatishKumar (Educator)
Asst. Editor – The Education E-Magazine
(Principal – KSC Public School, Erode)
MSc/MA/M.Phil/MEd
CBSE Resource Person
Mrs. Archana Shukla. (Author)
Editor – The Education E-Magazine
Curriculum Head - E3 edusolutions Pvt
Consultant - Pathfinder Global School
Mrs. Lalita Kothia (Principal)
Asst Editor – The Education
Hill Grove School Jhajra Dehradun.UK
Counselor head at Blissful Mind Dehradun
Advisor at SPPA India
V.P -Sports Promotion Organization

INDIAN NEWS
लखनऊ: उत्तर प्रदेश की राजधानी लखनऊ स्थथत लोकभवन में पूवव प्रधानमंत्री अटल बबहारी वाजपेयी की 21 मीटर ऊं ची प्रबतमा लगेगी. यह ऐलान
सूबे के मुख्यमंत्री योगी आबदत्यनाथ ने मंगलवार को वाजपेयी की 95वीं जयंती के मौके पर आयोबजत ‘महानायक अटल’ बवषयक पररचचाव में बकया.
उन्ोंने कहा बक अटल बबहारी वाजपेयी का उत्तर प्रदेश से अटू ट संबंध था. साववजबनक जीवन की शुरूआत उन्ोंने उत्तर प्रदेश के बलरामपुर
जनपद से की और पांच बार लखनऊ से सांसद रहे.
बोगीबील. प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी ने मंगलवार को देश के सबसे लंबे रेल-रोड पुल का उद् घाटन बकया. यह
4857 करोड़ की लागत से बडब्रूगढ़ में ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी पर बना हुआ है. इससे चीन की सीमा पर पहुंचना आसान
हो जाएगा. उद् घाटन करने के बाद पीएम पुल पर काफी देर तक टहलते रहे. कु ल 4.9 बकलोमीटर लंबे इस
पुल की मदद से असम के बतनसुबकया से अरूणाचल प्रदेश के नाहरलगुन कस्बे तक की रेलयात्रा में लगने
वाले समय में 10 घंटे से अबधक की कमी आने की उम्मीद है. यबतनसुबकया-नाहरलगुन इंटरबसटी एक्सप्रेस
सप्ताह में पांच बदन चलेगी. मौजूदा समय में इस दूरी को पार करने में 15 से 20 घंटे का समय की तुलना में
अब इसमें साढ़े पांच घंटे तक का कम समय लगेगा. इससे पहले याबत्रयों को रेल भी कई बार रेल बदलनी
पड़ती थी.
कोलकाता: साल्ट लेक बसटी में एक बदल को दहला देने वाला वाकया सामने आया है. यहां एक शख्स अपनी
मां के शव के साथ रह रहा था. मकान से बदबू आने पर जब इसकी सूचना पड़ोबसयों ने पुबलस को दी तो वहां
पहुंची पुबलस इस खौफनाक मंजर को देख कर हैरान रह गई. पबिम बंगाल के कोलकाता में बपछले 3 साल में
इस प्रकार का ये चौथा मामला है. पुबलस ने बताया साल्ट लेक बनवासी 40 वषीय मैत्रेय भट्टाचायव अपनी 75
वषीय बुजुगव मां कृ ष्णा भट्टाचायव के शव के साथ लगभग एक सप्ताह से ज्यादा समय से रह रहे थे. पुबलस ने
मबहला के सड़े-गले शव को कब्जे में लेकर पोस्टमाटवम के बलए भेजा है.
के दारनाथ : 2013 में हुई जल प्रलय के बाद पररवार से बबछड़ी 17 साल की चंचल पांच सालों के बाद अपने
पररवार को बमल गई. न्यूज 18 के मुताबबक चंचल के दादा हरीश चंद और दादी शकुं तला के बलए यह एक
बहुत बड़े चमत्कार जैसा है. वह अलीगढ़ के बन्नादेवी इलाके में रहते हैं. चंचल के दादा-दादी ने बताया बक
चंचल मनोरोगी है और अपने मां-बपता के साथ के दारनाथ दशवन के बलए गई थी. वहां आई जल प्रलय में चंचल
के बपता बह गए लेबकन मां की जान बच गई और वह घर वापस आ गईं. जब के दारनाथ त्रासदी हुई तब चंचल
12 साल की थी. वह जब अपने पररवार से बबछड़ी तो वहां मौजूद बकसी शख्स ने उसे जम्मू के एक आश्रम द्वारा
संचाबलत अनाथालय में भेज बदया. बजसके बाद चाइल्ड लाइन अलीगढ़ के बनदेशक ज्ञानेन्द्र बमश्र ने लड़की को
उसके घर पहुंचाने में मदद की.
चाबहार बंदरगाह पर भारत को ममली बडी कामयाबी : बवदेश मंत्रालय ने बताया, ‘चाबहार पोटव के माध्यम
से अंतरराष्ट्र ीय आवाजाही और पररवहन के बलए बत्रपक्षीय समझौते के पररचालन पर तीनों पक्षों के बीच
सकारात्मक और रचनात्मक चचाव हुई. उन्ोंने तीन देशों के बीच ्ापार और पारगमन गबलयारों के बलए मागों
पर सहमबत जताई.’ इसे जल्द से जल्द अंबतम रूप देने के बलए, पारगमन, सड़कों, रीबत-ररवाजों और कांसुलर
मामलों में सामंजस्य थथाबपत करने के बलए प्रोटोकॉल पर सहमबत हुई. 26 फरवरी, 2019 को चाबहार की
क्षमता को बढ़ावा देने और इसे लोकबप्रय बनाने के बलए एक कायवक्रम आयोबजत करने का बनणवय बलया गया.
रास्ते को आकषवक बनाने, लॉबजस्स्टक लागत को कम करने और चाबहार समझौते के सुचारू संचालन के बलए
मागव प्रशस्त करने के उपायों के बनधावरण के बलए एक अध्ययन भी शुरू बकया जाएगा .सबचवों या उप मंबत्रयों
के स्तर पर दू सरी समन्रय पररषद की बैठक के बाद अगली सबमबत की बैठक भारत में आयोबजत की जाएगी.
प्रयाग राज : में कुं भ 14 जनवरी 2019 से प्रारंभ हो जाएगा और 04 माचव 2019 तक चलेगा. देश के सबसे बड़े धाबमवक मेले कुं भ की परंपरा बहुत
पुरानी परंपरा है. इसकी तैयाररयां तेजी से चल रही हैं, इसमें करीब 12 करोड़ से ज्यादा लोगों के आने की संभावना जताई जा रही है.

कं भ मेले का इमतहास कु म्भ का शास्िक अथव कलश होता है।
कुं भ की शुरुआत समुद्र मंथन के आबदकाल से ही हो गई थी।मंथन में बनकले अमृत का
कलश हररद्वार, इलाहबाद, उज्जैन और नाबसक के थथानों पर ही बगरा था, इसीबलए इन चार
थथानों पर ही कुं भ मेला हर तीन बरस बाद लगता आया है इनमें से प्रत्येक थथान पर प्रबत
बारहवें वषव और प्रयाग में दो कुं भ पवों के बीच छह वषव के अंतराल में अधवकुं भ भी होता है।
12 साल बाद यह मेला अपने पहले थथान पर वापस पहुंचता है। जबबक कु छ दस्तावेज बताते
हैं बक कुं भ मेला 525 बीसी में शुरू हुआ था।कुं भ मेले के आयोजन का प्रावधान कब से है
इस बारे में बवद्वानों में अनेक भ्ांबतयााँ हैं। वैबदक और पौराबणक काल में कुं भ तथा अधवकुं भ
स्नान में आज जैसी प्रशासबनक ्वथथा का स्वरूप नहीं था। कु छ बवद्वान गुप्त काल में कुं भ
के सु्वस्थथत होने की बात करते हैं। परन्तु प्रमाबणत तथ्य सम्राट बशलाबदत्य हषववधवन 617-647 ई. के समय से प्राप्त होते हैं। बाद में श्रीमद आघ
जगतगुरु शंकराचायव तथा उनके बशष्य सुरेश्वराचायव ने दसनामी संन्यासी अखाड़ों के बलए संगम तट पर स्नान की ्वथथा की।
खगोल गणनाओं के अनुसार यह मेला मकर संक्रांबत के बदन प्रारम्भ होता है, जब सूयव और चन्द्रमा, वृबिक राशी में और वृहस्पबत, मेष राशी में
प्रवेश करते हैं। मकर संक्रांबत के होने वाले इस योग को "कु म्भ स्नान-योग" कहते हैं । अमृत की खींचा तानी के समय चन्द्रमा ने अमृत को बहने से
बचाया। गुरू ने कलश को छु पा कर रखा। सूयव देव ने कलश को फू टने से बचाया और शबन ने इन्द्र के कोप से रक्षा की। इसबलए जब इन ग्रहों का
संयोग एक राबश में होता है तब कुं भ का अयोजन होता है। क्ोंबक इन चार ग्रहों के सहयोग से अमृत की रक्षा हुई थी।
महाकं भ के संबंध में मान्यता
शास्त्ों में बताया गया है बक पृथ्वी का एक वषव देवताओं का बदन होता है, इसबलए हर बारह वषव पर एक थथान पर पुनः कुं भ का आयोजन होता है।
देवताओं का बारह वषव पृथ्वी लोक के 144 वषव के बाद आता है। ऐसी मान्यता है बक 144 वषव के बाद स्वगव में भी कुं भ का आयोजन होता है
इसबलए उस वषव पृथ्वी पर महाकुं भ का अयोजन होता है। महाकुं भ के बलए बनधावररत थथान प्रयाग को माना गया है।
कम्भ का योग : कु म्भ बारह-बारह वषव के अन्तर से चार मुख्य तीथों में लगने वाला स्नान-दान का ग्रहयोग है। इसके चार थथल प्रयाग, हररद्वार,
नाबसक-पंचवटी और अवस्न्तका (उज्जैन) हैं। कु म्भ योग ग्रहों की बनम्न स्थथबत के अनुसार बनता है-
1. जब सूयव एवं चंद्र मकर राबश में होते हैं और अमावस्या होती है तथा मेष अथवा वृषभ के बृहस्पबत होते हैं तो प्रयाग में कम्भ महापर्व का योग
होता है। इस अवसर पर बत्रवेणी में स्नान करना सहस्ों अश्वमेध यज्ञों, सैकड़ों वाजपेय यज्ञों तथा एक लाख बार पृथ्वी की प्रदबक्षणा करने से भी
अबधक पुण्य प्रदान करता है। कु म्भ के इस अवसर पर तीथव याबत्रयों को मुख्य दो लाभ होते हैं- गंगा स्नान तथा सन्त समागम।
2. बजस समय गुरु कु म्भ राबश पर और सूयव मेष राबश पर हो, तब हररद्वार में कु म्भ पवव होता है।
3. जब गुरु बसंह राबश पर स्थथत हो तथा सूयव एवं चंद्र ककव राबश पर हों, तब नाबसक में कु म्भ होता है।
4. बजस समय सूयव तुला राबश पर स्थथत हो और गुरु वृबिक राबश पर हो, तब उज्जैन में कु म्भ पवव मनाया जाता है।
प्रयाग कम्भ
प्रयाग कु म्भ का बवशेष महत्व इसबलए है क्ोंबक यह 12 वषो के बाद गंगा, यमुना एवं सरस्वती के संगम पर आयोबजत बकया जाता है। हररद्वार में
कु म्भ गंगा के तट पर और नाबसक में गोदावरी के तट पर आयोबजत बकया जाता है। इस अवसर पर नबदयों के बकनारे भ् मेले का आयोजन बकया
जाता है बजसमें बड़ी संख्या में तीथव यात्री आते है। यह कु म्भ अन्य कु म्भों में सबसे अबधक महत्त्वपूणव है क्ोंबक यह प्रकाश की ओर ले जाता है। यह
ऐसा थथान है जहााँ बुस्िमत्ता का प्रतीक सूयव का उदय होता है। इस थथान को ब्रह्माण्ड का उद्गम और पृथ्वी का कें द्र माना जाता है। ऐसी मान्यता है
बक ब्रह्माण्ड की रचना से पहले ब्रह्माजी ने यही अश्वमेध यज्ञ बकया था। दश्व्मेघ घाट और ब्रह्मेश्वर मंबदर इस यज्ञ के प्रतीक स्वरूप अभी भी यहााँ
मौजूद है। इस यज्ञ के कारण भी कु म्भ का बवशेष महत्व है। कु म्भ और प्रयाग एक दू सरे के पयावयवाची है।

EDUCATIONAL JOBS

Petals Pre School.
Location -Patna boring Road, North S.k Puri
Job Profile-Branch Head
Qualifications- Graduate/ Post Graduate.
Salary-(Negotiable)
Interested Candidate can Share CV on:
vaishali.petals@gmail.com
Or Call 8800650049
Regards
Petals HR Team
Required Founder Principal
1. Experienced candidate with strong Academic
and Administrative skills
2. Should have served as a Principal with CBSE
schools
3. Preferably a experienced female candidate,
Willing to Join Immediately
Location : BangaloreSalary :1. lac lakh/M
Share your CV to : contact@schoolventures.in
Required Principal
The Jaipuria Preschool
for their upcoming preschool in Jajmou Kanpur,
looking for Principal with experience in creating
and running profitable preschool. Salary 3,00,000
to 4,00,000 per annum
Email resume on arpit.agrawal@jaipuria.edu.in
Or contact on 7982970962
Hiring positions for a leading school at Gadi Harsaru
(Haryana)
Admission Counselor,Receptionist
Primary teachers (all subjects)
Pre Primary teachers
Accountant , Librarian
Candidates with relevant experience may reach out with their
updated cvs to nupur@soranindia.com or call +918307072211
Teachers required
LADNUN NAGOUR Rajasthan.
For new session 2019
PGT Biology / Physics / B ST / ACT / Phy. Edu
Primary Teacher (English, SS)
TGT SST
FORWARD YOUR RESUME AT
highlyreactive.kk@gmail.com and ritesh.baid82@gmail.com
URGENT REQUIREMENT:
Experienced Female Principal at Greater Noida
Uttar Pradesh.
Salary : 50k to 60k
KINDLY EMAIL YOUR RESUME AT:-
youhan0119konwar@gmail.com
youhankonwar19@gmail.com
Bodhi International School, Jodhpur, is looking for Special Educators
BEd/MEd/Diploma/Certification in special education) (www.bodhijodhpur.com).
Any reference will be well appreciated. My email address is careers@bodhijodhpur.com and contact number is
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DBC Group of schools requires
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Qualifications: Any Graduates with D.Eld/B.Ed.
Experience of cbse schools atleast for three years mandatory
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B. TGTs: all subjects and PET
Qualifications: Graduates with B.Ed.
Three years experience of cbse schools
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Seth Anandram Jaipuria School, Varanasi
Looking for :
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EDU – ARTICLE
ART OF READING – How to improve reading skill
The screen time of the students has been increasing day by day. Obviously,
students feel bored to look at the books and read. Many publications have
started attaching CD’s along with the books to increase the students’
participation. The digital classrooms have also added flavor to its part.
Now how will they develop their listening skills and spoken language? As
teachers, how are we going to develop their listening skills and language
competency? The students are exposed to many language models no doubt
through media. But are they exposed to live models? Reading a story or a
text in the classrooms will play a pivotal role in developing the students
thinking level as well as listening skills. A teacher (or parents at home) can
read to the child and create interest and thereafter allow the children
themselves to develop the habit of reading.
Prepare the children for listening: :Before reading for the children, prepare their mind. Say something interesting about the
text which is about to be read. Set the back ground. If possible, play a soft music related to the text. Ask a few questions
and make them feel that the text or story to be read is going to be more important than anything else. If it is a story,
introduce the characters but not all. Have a few characters in reserve to give them a surprise.
While reading.. :While reading, create more interest by modulating the voice. Pause wherever necessary. Whatever the text
may be, read it before it is read for the children. Underline the important lines so that those lines can be read twice. At
times, the reading can be stopped and the students are to be allowed to think further. A discussion can be held about what
happened so far and what is expected to happen thereafter. Then continue to read.
After reading: :After reading the entire text, let the students for reflect. Give them some time in silent. Allow the music to
flow. Don’t test their understanding but their thoughts. Ask questions like… how they can employ this in their personal
life. If they have come across some similar events, let them narrate. Tell them some words and ask what the word meant in
the text read. The students can retell it to their fellow students.
Why reading by teachers and not by themselves?
Listening to the reading creates more impact than being read by oneself. While reading by oneself, s/he looks at the words
as an image and then take it to mind. Whereas, if reading is listened to, the words read directly reach their minds. They can
mind view the situations/events which enable them for Multiple Thinking. While the text is being read, the mind
automatically goes for guessing the next sequence and after reading the text, their thoughts process change. When read, the
brain transforms the shapes of letters and characters in the story or text into the sounds of spoken language. Reading serves
several purposes, do have a session once a while though not regularly.
P.Sathishkumar,
The author is a teacher, trainer and psychologist. He is the overseas tutor of New Zealand college of Education.
He has been teaching English and training teachers for nearly 2 decades. He continues to write for edu magazines
both online and print. Now, he is the Principal of KSC Public School, Anthiyur, Erode.

Science & Technology Gallery - Astronomical Facts

ENTERTAINMENT
STORY TIME - THE DEADLY DESTINY By: Guddu Bajpai
A young green coloured parrot was flying high in the sky and had a mango in
his dark pink beak. Down on the earth in a river, a giant fish was chasing a
small golden coloured fish. The moment golden fish was trapped in the big jaws
of big fish, a mango fell & hit the its eye. So she fainted for a while.
Meanwhile, the small golden fish got a chance to escape. Now the golden fish
thought that the parrot has saved her life. So she decided to devote the rest of
her life to worship the parrot. Then she always waited on here & there in search
for the glimpses of the parrot. Whenever the young parrot rested on the bank,
the golden fish used to amuse him by tossing in shallow water at the chirp tune
of parrot. In this way, a noble friendship developed between them that gradually transformed into an eternal love. With the
flourishing love between them desires started rising for more & more but water was the barrier as parrot can’t live inside
the water and the fish can’t survive outside water. So to enjoy romantic moments, fish used to jump outside the water at
the risk of her life for a moment. At the same time, the parrot flew stationary over the water at fixed position and the fish
jumped to kiss him in air for a fraction of second.
One morning a nature lover & wildlife researcher visited the same forest and wished to enjoy fishing. Unfortunately, the
golden fish got entangled in his fishing rod. She was struggling in the hands of the fisherman. At the same time, the parrot
pounced on him to save the fish but all in vain. Finally, the fisherman kept the golden fish in his water bottle and went
back. At home, the fisherman decided to keep her in aquarium as it was really a master piece of the natural beauty.
In the aquarium, the tears of the fish were dissolving in water in loneliness. The entire world was unaware of her pain as no
one cares for the tears except our close friends who always remain in touch without any sort of logical thinking about rights
and wrongs. During night time, when the fisherman was in deep sleep and fish was missing his parrot, the parrot entered
the house and searched for his beloved little golden fish weeping. With the sight of each other, both exchanged their warm
feelings in a form of self-explanatory smile full of trust & confidence. Both were overjoyed and again started dancing in
happiness, fish lips & parrot’s beak on either side of aquarium glass was creating sound of joy. Misfortune was also
waiting to play its role. In an excitement to meet the fish, the parrot hit little harder on the aquarium glass that created a
hole in glass and the water started to fall through the hole. Both were busy in enjoying each other. All of a sudden, the fish
felt suffocated and started struggling for life.
The fish was gasping and the parrot was restless. The parrot tried all tricks to save fish. He hit the aquarium glass
repeatedly to fetch some water but failed to accumulate sufficient water. At last, the parrot also got hurt in the beak was
bleeding. Both were senseless and struggling for life. Destiny was watching them together for the first time. On the other
hand, they were at their last moment staring at each other and with many unexpressed feelings died together after a struggle
for half an hour.
Next morning the fisherman’s eyes were full of tears when he saw the dead bodies of the true lovers. It was an unexpected
end and he felt a sense of guilt but destiny never favours any one. He took a snap of both and the same is still hanging in
his drawing room.
Moral of the story -----Destiny never favors any one so enjoy every moment of life.

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fd vc Hkh tekus esa ftUnk gSa ge
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nsds lnk,a gSa rq>dks cqykrs
[krk esjh eq>dks crk dj rks tkrs
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tue ysds nqfu;k esa fQj vkuk iM+sxk
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vkokt Hkh D;k nsuk ,sls csjge ds fy,
viuk rks od~r csedln ;wa gh xqtj tk,xk
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ACADEMICS THE ELECTRICITY FOR CLASS X By: Guddu Bajpai
1-ELECTRICITY
Energy concerned with charges or charged bodies and flow of charges is called Electricity. Electricity is the most flexible form of energy
created by chemical reactions or by mechanical rotation of dynamo.
2-Types of Electricity
Static Electricity
Electrons can move more easily in some objects than in others especially during rubbing with each other. Friction develops charge on
bodies by the transfer of electrons between them. If you put a charge on things like glass, plastic, rubber, and wood, that charge stays
where you put it. We say the charges are static, and we call this static electricity.
Charges don't "want" to stay separated, however. There is always a tendency for charges to return to their original locations, and all that
is needed is a pathway for charges (electrons) to use. When you touch a metal doorknob, for example, electrons can jump and give you a
shock. Static charges build up on clouds until they can hold no more. At that point, lightning can occur. The study of electricity where
the charges are not moving is called electrostatics.
Current Electricity
The flow of charges (electrons) from high potential (+Ve) to low potential (-Ve) through an electric conductor in a closed path is called
current electricity.
3-Alternating & Direct current
Direct current: The current which has a constant magnitude and same direction is called direct current (D.C).
The frequency of the D.C current is zero.
Sources : Dry cell , dry cell battery , car battery and DC generator
Alternating current :
The current which changes in magnitude and direction at regular interval of time is called alternating current.
Frequency of AC is the number of cycles per second made by the current.
The frequency of the alternating current in India is 50 HZ.
Sources : House generator and Bicycle dynamo.
Advantages of AC over DC :
1. A.C can be transmitted over long distances without much loss of energy.
2. A.C can be produced easily and cheaply than D.C.
3. A. C voltage can be transformed to any desired value with help of a transformer.
4. A.C can be converted into D.C when required.
Disadvantages of A.C over D.C:
1. A.C is more dangerous than DC
2. A.C cannot be used for electroplating, electrotyping and other electrolytic processes.
4-Discovery of electricity and Charges
Thales of Miletos made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BC, from which he believed that friction rendered amber
magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing.
Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert
made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing
amber.He coined the New Latin word electricus ("of amber" or "like amber", from ήλεκτρον [elektron], the Greek word for "amber") to
refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and
"electricity", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.
In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752
he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A
succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of the hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature.
5-Electric Charge
Electric charge is a property of certain subatomic particles, which gives rise to and interacts with the electromagnetic force, one of the
four fundamental forces of nature. Charge originates in the atom, in which its most familiar carriers are the electron (unit negative) and
proton (unit positive). The presence of charge gives rise to the electromagnetic force: charges exert a force on each other, opposite
charges attracts and same charges repel each other. These phenomena were investigated in the late eighteenth century by Charles-
Augustin de Coulomb and to mark his contribution, the unit of charge is Coulomb was proclaimed.
1-Like charges attracts and unlike charges repels.
2-Electric charges are always conserved. (Can’t be created or destroyed)
3-Charges are additive (total charge on anybody is sum up of individual charge, Q=Ne where ‘N’ is the number of electrons and ‘e’ is
the charge on one electron where as Q is the total charge in an object.

Each electron carries the same charge of approximately −1.6022×10−19
coulomb. The proton has a charge that is equal and opposite, and
thus +1.6022×10−19
coulomb. Charge is possessed not just by matter, but also by antimatter, each antiparticle bearing an equal and
opposite charge to its corresponding particle.
Sir Coulomb also given a general law relevant to electrical force between charges called as Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb's law states that the electrical force between two charged objects is directly proportional to the product of the quantity of
charge on the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the separation distance between the two objects. In equation form,
Coulomb's law can be stated as
F=k*Q1*Q2/d2
Where Q1 represents the quantity of charge on object 1 (in Coulombs), Q2 represents the quantity of charge on object 2 (in Coulombs),
and d represents the distance of separation between the two objects (in meters). The symbol k is a proportionality constant known as the
Coulomb's law constant. The value of this constant is dependent upon the medium that the charged objects are immersed in. In the case
of air, the value is approximately 9.0 x 109
N • m2
/ C2
.
6-Electric Potential & Potential Difference
A charge in an electric field has a potential energy based on the strength of the electric field in which it exist, so potential at any point in
electric field is measured as the amount of work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to a particular point. It is measured
in volt. Electric potential is a scalar quantity.
Potential difference between any points in an electric circuit/field is the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from one
point to another. The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V), named afterAlessandro Volta (1745–1827), an Italian physicist.
Potential Difference=Work/Charge (Unit =Joule/coulomb or Volt).
One Volt –Potential difference across any two points will be one volt when 1 joule of work required to move unit charge from one point
to other.
Note—Potential difference across the conductor is developed by cell, battery or AC/DC source of current as their one terminal is at high
potential and other at low potential.
7-Electric Field
The concept of the electric field was introduced by Michael Faraday. An electric field is created by a charged body in the space that
surrounds it, and results in a force exerted on any other charges placed within the field. The strength of the field at a given point is
defined as the force that would be exerted on a positive test charge of 1 coulomb placed at that point; the direction of the field is given
by the direction of that force. The electric field is a vector field with SI units of Newton per coulomb (N C−1
) or, equivalently, volts per
meter (V m−1
).
The electric field is defined as the force per unit charge that would be experienced by a stationary point charge at a given location in the
field:
E=F/Q
8-Electro Motive Force (EMF) EMF is the force that impels electrons to move in a closed electric circuit. It is the measure of potential
difference between the terminals of a cell/battery when it is not connected to circuit.
EMF = work/q or EMF = energy (Joules)/charge (Coulomb)
EMF is also called "voltage" because the units of EMF are Volts.
9-Electric Current
The amount of electrical charge flow through a wire per second is called current.
Current is measured in Amperes, One ampere is one coulomb per second. The symbol for current is I or A.
Current = Charge/Time (I=Q/T). Unit is Coulomb/Sec. (S.I unit is Ampere)
If a light bulb is rated to use 0.8 A, that means 0.8 Amperes or 0.8 coulombs per second.
Numerical--If 0.5 amperes pass through a light during an eight hour night, how many coulombs of charge passed through the light?
I =q/t 0.5 A = q/(8 hrs*3600sec/hr)
0.5 = q/28800
q= 14400 Coulombs of charge
10-Electric Power
Power is the rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a circuit or consumed by a load.
Thus, electrical power, like mechanical power, is the rate at which work is done. Like current, power is a rate quantity. Its mathematical
formula is
Power = work done/Time or Energy consumed by Load/Time
The S.I unit of electrical power is the watt, abbreviated as W.
A watt of power is equivalent to the delivery of 1 joule of energy every second. In other words: 1 Watt equals to 1 Joule per sec.
Electric Power = Potential difference * Current
P=V*I (Remember as VIP means V*I=P)When it is observed that a light bulb is rated at 60 watts, then there are 60 joules of energy
delivered to the light bulb every second. A 120-watt light bulbs draws 120 joules of energy every second. The ratio of the energy
delivered or expended by the device to time is equal to the wattage of the device.
1 kW h = 1000 watt × 3600 second= 3.6 × 106
watt second= 3.6 × 106
joule (J)

11-Electric Energy & Heat Generated
Our home electricity bills are prepared on the basis of the amount of energy consumed by home appliances. Electric energy can be
formulated from formula of power. Unit of power is Watt or Kilowatt and energy consumed per sec. is called power (P=W/T & Watt =
J/Sec.), so accordingly energy is the product of power and time. So Kilowatt hour is the unit of Electrical energy.
Electrical energy = Power (In kilowatts) * time (In hours)
Kilowatt-Hour ---The amount of energy consumed by 1000 watt power rated appliance in one hour is the measure of one kilowatt
electrical energy. (3.6*106
joules)
All the electric appliances dissipate electric energy as heat due to hindrance in current flow offered by resistance of a conductor. This
heat produced is calculated as Joule heating and effect called as heating effect of electric current.
Heat produced = I2
*R*T (current square *resistance*time) or H=V*I*T or H=P*T
12-Electric Circuit
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components such that electric charge is made to flow along a closed path (a circuit),
usually to perform some useful task.
Series Circuit
When electric appliances are connected to one another in such a manner that only the terminating end of first and last appliance is
connected to current source, then such connection called series circuit.
The disadvantage of series circuit
1-If any of the appliance get fuse entire circuit breaks and other appliances stops working.
2-In series circuit current in all appliances is same but potential difference divide through appliances and therefore
increase in number of appliance decreases their output performance.
3- It is employed to increase resistance and decrease current in circuit.
Parallel circuit
In parallel circuit appliances are connected in such a manner that each appliance is directly connected to current source.
Advantage of parallel circuit are-
1-Each appliance is directly connected to current source, so if any appliance get out of order then others keep
working as each of them has their individual complete circuit.
2-In parallel circuit current divides through the appliances but potential difference do not divides, so each
appliance is free to draw required current for full performance/efficiency without effected by number of
appliances.
3-Parallel combination is used where resistance is to be decrease and current is to be increased.
13-Electrical Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Resistance-the property of metals/conductors to oppose the flow of free electrons/charge freely through them is called resistance. (R)
Experimentally, it was found that current is proportional to voltage for conductors. The proportionality constant is the resistance in the
circuit. This relationship is called Ohm's law: V = IR. Resistance is measured in ohms.
One ohm is equal to 1 volt/1 ampere. The SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).
Ohm’s Law—At a constant temperature, the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across
its end. (V=IR). Ohm's law is not valid for current flowing through gases under low pressure, electrolytes and semiconductors.
Resistivity
The resistance of a conductor depends upon its length (l), its cross-sectional area (A), and its resistivity (r). The resistivity for a specific
conductor is constant. The unit of resistivity is the ohm-meter. Resistance to current in a conductor arises because the flow of moving
charges is impeded by the material of the wire. It is intuitive that the resistance should increase with the length of the wire, be inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area (less resistance for a larger area), and depend upon the wire substance. The relationship between
resistance and resistivity is
R ∝ L
and R ∝1/A
R = ρ L/A (ρ is the resistivity of material) and The Unit of resistivity is ohm.metre
Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors
Since only metals have constant resistance as stipulated by Ohm’s law, they are called ohmic conductors. All other materials which
conduct current such as electrolytes and semiconductors etc. do have resistance. But they are known as non-ohmic conductors since their
resistance is not constant. Hence for non-ohmic conductors the V-I graph is a curve.
14-House Household Electricity—In our homes electricity supplied for domestic purpose has potential difference of 220 volt and
frequency 50 Hertz where as for industrial supply it is of 440 volts. The two wires from electric pole (Live and Neutral) enters to main
Kilowatt-hour meter then it passes to main fuse and then finally to main supply switch board from where wires are distributed to every
room in parallel circuit.

15-Earthing of Electrical
appliances—All the electric
appliances whose body is made up
of metal has risk of getting in touch
with Live wire and currents flows
through appliance body, in such case
person gets fatal electric shock if
touches metallic part of faulty
appliances. Therefore metallic body
part of appliances is connected to a
separate conducting wire which is
marked as third pin in electric
sockets, this wire is called earth wire
because it finally on reaching to
electric pole is grounded deep inside
earth so in case live wire gets in
touch with metallic body of
appliance the entire current is
transmitted to earth and person is
prevented from fatal electric shock.
So earthing of electric appliances
like electric iron, geyser, desert
coolers etc is a life saving technique.
Home Appliance Rating—Home
appliance are rated with power and
voltage just for example an electric
bulb is rated as 100W-250V, it
means if this bulb is lighted on, it
consumes 100 W power (equal to
100 joule electric energy conversion
into heat & light per second). We
may calculate current in bulb and its
resistance by formula V=I*R &
P=V*I
M.K Bajpai (Science Educator)

Jan2019 TheEducation E-Magazine

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