जमिनीचे वाद व शेतकरी
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The document discusses agricultural drainage and its importance for crop growth. Excess water or high salt concentrations in soil can prevent plant roots from functioning properly and impact crop yields. The three main methods of drainage discussed are surface drainage, subsurface drainage using pipes, and vertical drainage with tube wells. Surface drainage systems remove excess water from the surface and include field drains, intermediate drains, and main drains to convey water to outlets. Common surface drainage systems for flat lands are the random drain system, parallel field drain system, parallel open ditch system, and bedding system. The design of open ditches and channels is also covered.
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1. The main sources of irrigation in India are canals, wells and tubewells, and tanks. Canals are prevalent in northern plains while tanks are more common in peninsular regions due to terrain.
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Taxonomy provides basic understanding about the components of different soils which is necessary for effective decision-making about conservation and sustainable use.
Historical Developments In Soil Classification:
1. Economic classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification
4. Geological classification
5. Physiographic classification
Modern system of soil classification:
The first classification was proposed by dokuchaev (1870): soil is a natural body divided the soil into three categories
1. Normal (zonal): formation influenced by climate and vegetation
2. Transitional (intrazonal): more developed than azonal. Formation controlled by local factors like parent material and topography
3. Abnormal (azonal) : poorly developed this approach was based on the principle of soil genesis, role of vegetation and climate.
Soil Taxonomy (Comprehensive System Of Soil Classification):
System based on the measured or observed soil properties.
Surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons.
Moisture and temperature regime.
Color, texture, structure.
Organic matter, clay, iron, aluminium oxides, silicate clays, salts, ph, base saturation.
Soil depth.
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Irrigation water measurement technique
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
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Classification allows scientist to accurately identify individual soil wherever they are.
Taxonomy provides basic understanding about the components of different soils which is necessary for effective decision-making about conservation and sustainable use.
Historical Developments In Soil Classification:
1. Economic classification
2. Physical classification
3. Chemical classification
4. Geological classification
5. Physiographic classification
Modern system of soil classification:
The first classification was proposed by dokuchaev (1870): soil is a natural body divided the soil into three categories
1. Normal (zonal): formation influenced by climate and vegetation
2. Transitional (intrazonal): more developed than azonal. Formation controlled by local factors like parent material and topography
3. Abnormal (azonal) : poorly developed this approach was based on the principle of soil genesis, role of vegetation and climate.
Soil Taxonomy (Comprehensive System Of Soil Classification):
System based on the measured or observed soil properties.
Surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons.
Moisture and temperature regime.
Color, texture, structure.
Organic matter, clay, iron, aluminium oxides, silicate clays, salts, ph, base saturation.
Soil depth.
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TOPICS COVERED ARE TERRACE TYPES;BROAD BASE, BENCH TERRACE
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Propagating structures
A hot bed is a bed of soil enclosed in a frame that is heated, usually by manure or other methods, to start seedlings for planting outdoors. It allows seeds to be started earlier than planting directly outside. Hot beds are small, low structures that provide controlled conditions for propagating nursery plants and can be used year-round except in very cold winter periods. They provide a cost-effective way to produce large numbers of seedlings for gardens or nurseries.
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Soil can hold considerable amounts of water in three types - gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. The amount and movement of water depends on soil properties like texture, structure, and organic content. Key points in soil moisture include field capacity, wilting point, and available water holding capacity. Saturated flow occurs when soils are fully saturated, following Darcy's law. Unsaturated flow is driven by matric potential gradients and occurs as films between smaller pores. Vapour movement becomes dominant as tensions increase and films disconnect. Finer textured soils generally hold more plant-available water and support vapour flow at lower tensions than coarser soils.
Water requirement of crops
This document discusses irrigation and crop water requirements. It outlines several advantages of irrigation including preventing disease and weeds, enabling cash crops, improving groundwater storage, and increasing crop yields. Some disadvantages are excessive water leakage causing marshes, waterlogging from high water tables, lower temperatures, and land/water pollution. Crop water requirement depends on factors like crop type, growth stage, soil properties, climate, and agronomic practices. It is the total water needed from sowing to harvest and includes transpiration, evaporation, and water for plant metabolism. The factors affecting consumptive water use by crops are also summarized.
Plant Growth & Development
The document outlines Brenda Felix's goals of observing a plant's growth process from a seedling and determining the crucial roles of water, light, and temperature. It describes two trials conducted, with the first unsuccessful and the second more successful. Trial 2 data showed correlation between sunlight/darkness exposure and growth. Key environmental factors are analyzed including water transport through roots, nitrogen, transpiration, osmosis, photosynthesis, and translocation. Diagrams illustrate these processes and the role of guard cells in osmosis.
Soil Question And Answers
Soil is essential for agriculture as it provides anchorage and nutrients for plant growth to produce food, clothing, and shelter. Soil is made up of different layers and contains decomposing organic matter called humus. Soil is formed through the weathering of rocks by wind, water, and climate and provides many uses beyond agriculture including building materials, pottery, cosmetics, and medicine. Proper management is needed to prevent soil contamination from industrial or agricultural pollution.
Introduction to soil science
This document provides details about a course on introduction to soil science. It is divided into three modules that will be covered across 15, 9, and 8 classes respectively. Module 1 covers topics like soil formation processes, properties, classification, and profiles. Module 2 focuses on soil water, temperature, air, colloids, and adsorption. Module 3 examines soil organic matter, biology, and ion exchange. The corresponding practical sessions provide hands-on experience in analyzing various physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils.
Irrigation water measurement technique
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
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2) The document discusses various aspects of land ownership, transfer, and inheritance under the Rayatwari system and different types of land occupancy.
3) It provides examples of common land transaction cases and discusses the appropriate decisions regarding mutation entries based on acts like the Transfer of Property Act, Registration Act, and Bombay Tenancy Act.
Land Disputes
1) The document discusses the history of land ownership in India from pre-historic times through the British colonial period and into independent India.
2) It notes that traditionally, land belonged to the king but individuals could claim ownership by clearing forests and cultivating the land. The British introduced new regulations while respecting old conditions.
3) Currently, there are over 4 crore pending land dispute court cases in India, involving around 8 crore parties, meaning resolution will take over 300 years at the current rate. Land disputes are a major source of court cases and criminal issues.
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जमिनीचे वाद व शेतकरी
- 1. शेतक-यांमधील जिमनींचे वाद क- ÃÖãþÖÖÖŸÖ´ÖË ¾ÖÖÖŸÖ´ Bशेेखर गायकवाड BB अप्पर िजल्हािधकारी 1
- 3. पडीत जमीन डोंगर शती शेती व वःती जगल जंगल नदी वसाहत 3
- 4. जिमनीचा पुव इितहास पवर् १. आिदमानवाच्या काळात - जंगल तोडन जिमन कसायला सरुवात आिदमानवा या जगल तोडू न सुरुवात २. टोळ्यांची िनिमर्ती - टोळी यु े - गावांची िनिमर्ती ३. कौटील्याने आपल्या अथर्शा ात जेवढी माणूस कसू शकतो तेवढी त्याची जिमन हेे त व ि ी ि िवषद कलेे आहेे . े ४. वेेदांंच्या काळात - अ) साफ कलेेले जंंगल - माणसाचेे े ब ) जखीमी हरीण - बाण मारणा-याचे ह 4
- 5. ५. त्यामुळे सवर् जमीन राजाच्या मालकीची ु ६. मोगलांच्या काळात - जागीर = जमीनीचा हक्क - िदलेले अिधकार = मनसब ७. िॄटीशांनी निवन नवे िनयम बनिवले परं त, पुव च्या अटी ु शत चा मान राखला ८. ःवतंऽ भारतात - वतने खालसा झाली झ ९. रयतवारी व्यवःथा 5
- 6. िवकासाबरोबर ूॉपट च्या व्याख्येत बदल 1. जमीन म्हणजे अ) जिमनीचा भूभाग ब) समिाच्या खालची जमीन समुिाच्या क) भराव टाकन तयार कलेली जमीन ू े ड) चंिावरील जमीन चिावरील इ) अंटािटर् कावरील जमीन ई) ई ःपेेसमधील जागा फ) मंगळावरील जमीन ) ळ र 6
- 7. जिमनीच्या रे कॉडर् चे मह व जमीन मालकांना / खातेदारांना - हक्काचा परावा म्हणन मालकाना खातदाराना पुरावा म्हणून जमीन कसणा-यांंना - कळ हक्कांंसाठी व ताब्यासाठी ी ु ी ी ूशासनाला - महसुलासाठी, िनयोजनासाठी, िवकासात्मक कामासाठी ी 7
- 8. भारतातील खटल्यांची मोठी संख्या भारतात ४ कोटी खटले चालू आहे त िकमान ८ कोटी पक्षकार समािव ८ x ५ = ४० कोटी व्य ींचा थेट संबंध खटल्याच्या मागे ूॉपट हे मख्य कारण माग ह मुख्य फौजदारी खटल्यात सु ा मुलत: ूॉपट हे च वादाचे मुख्य कारण या वेगाने सवर् खटल्यांचा िनकाल लागण्यास ३२० वष लागतील ! न्यायात िवलंब म्हणजेच न्याय नाकारणे त ह र 8
- 9. कायदे ♦ भारतात ३२७९ किीय कायदे ें ♦ िविवध राज्यांंचे ३०००० कायदे ♦ िविधमंडळांनी कलेल्या एकण काय ाची संख्या िविधमडळानी कलल्या एकण े ू ांची सख्या अिनि त ! ♦ ूचंड संख्येने कायदे , त्यापेक्षा जाःत वकील, वकील, न्याय कमी !!! 9
- 10. काय ाची वैिशंट्ये ट् १. िविश रचना व शब्दरचना २. अिधकार / जबाबदा-या / कतर्व्ये यांच्या तरतूदी जबाबदायाच्या तरतदी ३. अंमलबजावणी यंऽणेचा उल्लेख अमलबजावणी यऽणचा उल्लख ४. लहान लहान गो ींचे िनयम कलेले नसतात ह ह े सत त त्यामुळे पळवाटा 10
- 11. पिरणाम र १. शब्दांना मह व शब्दाना अथाला अथार्ला मह व विकलांना मह व विकलाना २. कतर्व्यात कसुर कल्यास पिरणाम े ३. अंमलबजावणी यंऽणा चांगली नसल्यास िवपिरत पिरणाम ४. िनयम न कल्यामळे व्य ीना मह व ! कल्यामुळ े ींना 11
- 12. जिमनींच्या भांडणाची कारणे शब्द न पाळल्यामळे पाळल्यामुळ काय ाच्या अज्ञानामळे अज्ञानामुळ सामािजक ूित ा, ईषार्, मह वाकांक्षा, ा, ई ा, सामािजक कारणांमुळे े ष इ. ूशासनांकडू न होणा-या चूका होणा12
- 13. मह वाची काही उदाहरणे १. दोनदा व्यवहार २. खोटा मालक ३. अधर्वट ज्ञान ४. ताबा ५. विहवािटचे वाद ६. रःत्याचे वाद ७. चलाखी ८. शत च्या जिमनी ९. मुखत्यारपऽ 13
- 14. वैयि क पातळीवर ै ी १. आपल्या सोयीचा नसेल तेव्हा "कायदा गाढव आहे ! " २. "कायदा न्याय दे ण्यात अपयशी" ३. आपापल्या प तीने ू सोडवण्याकडे ूवृृ ी ४. त्यामळे अिधक गंतागंत ! त्यामुळ गु ागु 14
- 15. शब्द न पाळल्यामुळे १. पिहल्यांंदा तोंडी करार ि ों ी २. शब्द िदला जातो ३. शब्द पाळण्याचे वचन िदले जाते ४. शब्द िफरिवला जातो ५. अिव ास व्य ि होतो ो ो ६. अिव ासावर उपाय शोधला जातो ७. खटला सरु होतो सुरु 15
- 16. कायदे िवषयक अज्ञानामुळे ु १. काय ाची मािहती नसतेे ी ि ी २. ि िनयमांंची मािहती नसतेे ि ी ३. कायर्प तीची मािहती नसतेे र् ि ४. यंऽणेची मािहती नसते ५. योग्य सल्ल्याचा अभाव ो 16
- 17. व्य ीगत इषार् / मह वाकांक्षा / गवर् / ःवाथर् इ ह १. माणस - मुलत: ःवाथ असतो माणूस मलत २. व्य ीगत अवगुण १ इषार् २ मह वाकांंक्षा ३ ःवाःथर् ४ लोभ ५ गवर्र् ६ चलाखी ३. िवकृृ त मनोवृृ ीचे दशर्न 17
- 18. उपाय योजना १. सरळ व थेट व्यवहार २. कायदे / िनयमांची मािहती ३. िनयम पाळू न व्यवहार यवहार ४. ःथािनक चौकशी व पूवमािहती र् ५. योग्य सल्ला ो ६. योग्य िठकाणी दाद ७. ूॉपशी िवषयी योग्य तो दृि कोन 18
- 19. धन्यवाद...... 19