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Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 4
The document discusses the design options and case studies for feed-in tariffs (FIT) in developing countries, focusing on various methodologies for tariff calculation, financing mechanisms, capacity caps, and local content requirements. It highlights the need for a balance between encouraging renewable energy development and ensuring fair pricing to avoid windfall profits. The presentation also reviews examples from countries like Germany, Malaysia, and Argentina to illustrate successful and problematic policies in FIT implementation.
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Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries - Session 4
- 1. Feed-in tariffs –Design options and case studies for developing countries Leonardo Webinar 26 January 2012 Dr. des. David Jacobs Director Renewable Energy, IFOK GmbH Course on Regulation and Sustainable Energy in Developing Countries – Session 4 www.leonardo-energy.org/course-regulation-and-sustainable-energy-developing- countries
- 2. Agenda FIT design andcase studies: Feed-in tariff calculation FIT financing Capacity caps Local content rules
- 3. FIT Countries 2010 Countries with state FIT policy Countries with national FIT policy Source: REN21, Renewables 2010 Global Status Report 3
- 4. Basic feed-in tariffdesign • Purchase obligation • “Independent” from power demand • Fixed tariff payment based on the actual power generation costs • Price setting will be discussed in session 4 • Long duration of tariff payment
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- 6. Tariff calculation methodology Early FITs (1970-1990s): Avoided costs Benchmark: cost for conventionally produced electricity Tariff level is only “right” coincidentally (under- or over-compensation) • E.g. Nicaragua, Tanzania
- 7. Tariff calculation methodology • Tariff calculation based on technology specific generation costs + “reasonable” rates of return • Don’t use “avoided costs” as point of reference • Cost factors: • Investment costs (material and capital costs); Grid- related and administrative costs (including grid connection, costs for licensing procedure; Operation and maintenance costs; Fuels costs (biomass and biogas)
- 8. Rate setting process Different jurisdictions use different methodologies for setting FIT rates. Recent research reviewed several models for rate setting, results indicate: • Most jurisdictions use similar approaches (even if inputs and assumptions vary): Discounted Cash Flow (DCF), after-tax analysis – Discounts to present value the estimated annual cash flows to equity investors
- 9. Building a feed-intariff rate calculator Goal is to reach an appropriate rate that is high enough to spur renewable energy development while at the same time not so high as to provide windfall profits to project owners. Tradeoffs exist: • Ease of use vs. complexity • High-level representation vs. detailed analysis • Granularity vs. time investment
- 10. Tariff calculation methodology • Targeted IRR (Internal rate of return) • In the EU, feed-in tariffs target at an internal rate of return of 5-9 percent (certain jurisdictions use return on equity) • In developing countries, the targeted IRR usually needs to be higher (10-20 percent) • Public investment (monopolist, often without profit interest); or private IPPs (profitability important)? • Similar profitability for renewable energy projects needed as for convention energy market
- 11. Figure 4: EquityIRR expectation in developing countries: Equity IRR expectation in developing countries 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Infrastructure Technology Political risk Reg. Risk, soft Counterparty Currency Infrastructure investment risk (missing political risk, risk safety cushion investment (developed track record) transparency, (developing world) legal world) framework Source. Fulton et al. 2011
- 12. Tariff calculation methodology •Assumed capital structure • Ratio of debt and equity (80 to 20 in Netherlands; 70 to 30 in Ontario (Canada)) • Germany; different debt-equity ratio depending on each technology (reflecting their risk profile) • South Africa: 70:30 • Higher equity share in other developing countries? • Interest rate for the debt? (international and national analysis needed) • Generally, debt term (duration) equals duration of feed-in tariff payment (average of 20 years)
- 13. Tariff calculation methodology •Tax treatment • Pre-tax calculation (taking advantages and disadvantages from national taxation scheme into account) Post-tax: Germany, because not significant available tax benefits, and because tax liabilities vary across ownership and investor types and are difficult to generalize – also used in Malaysia Accelerated depreciation factored in (e.g. India)
- 14. Tariff calculation methodology •Treatment of inflation (indexation) • Necessary because of long-term tariff payment (especially in developing countries with high inflation rates) • Usually applied to the investment share that is related to O&M costs
- 15. Tariff calculation –South Africa (2009 vs. 2011)
- 16. Tariff calculation assumptions– Malaysia (2010) Source: Kettha 2010
- 17. Tariff calculation inGermany: Input data for wind energy • Medium transparency in Germany Provision of Equity share: 25% Return on equity (100% -location): 12% capital Share of debt: 75 % Interest on debt: 5 % , or 5,5 % Time period in question 20 years Inflation rate 2% p.a. Specific investment costs 60 and 80 % - location: 1.756 €/kW 100 % location: 1,463 €/kW 120% aand 150 % - location: 1, 336 €/kW Annual costs of operation Year 1-10: 2.19 ct/kWh Year 11-20: 2.49 ct/kWh Source: BMU 2011
- 18. Tools for tariffcalculation RET Screen http://www.retscreen.net/ CREST model from NREL https://financere.nrel.gov/finance/content/CREST-model Adoptation to national context is required (e.g. tax burdens and investment incentives)
- 19. Tools for tariffcalculation – CREST from NREL (inputs)
- 20. Tools for tariffcalculation – CREST from NREL (cash flow)
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- 22. Financing mechanism -Germany Financing mechanism in liberalized electricity markets Financing trough “burden sharing” between all electricity consumers
- 23. Differences in emergingeconomies and developing countries • low electricity costs • little acceptance of electricity price increases Artificially low Subsidies No interna- electricity for lization of prices = high conventional negative cost difference power external costs with renewables
- 24. Combined financing –Taiwan • Add additional financing to the national FIT fund (levy on producers from conventional electricity) • Increase the retail electricity price by a certain share (after general elections next year) Conventional Money electricity producers Payment for producers Renewable Energy Fund under the feed-in tariff Money (FIT Fund) scheme Retail price increase Money Source: David Jacobs
- 25. FIT financing inMalaysia – limited electricity price increase Source: Kettha 2010
- 26. FIT Fund inMalaysia
- 27. FIT financing costin Germany (additional costs per kWh) Source: BMU 2011
- 28. International FIT financing? –The future of international climate talks? G TF fin c gflo s E IT an in w S u e: D C A "G TF ", A 2010 o rc B C , E IT pril
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- 30. Capacity cap •Capacity cap might be necessary to control costs (limited number of project) • To control installed capacity (in line with central planning in monopolized electricity markets) • E.g. tariff payment for first 400 MW wind energy, first 100 MW geothermal, and first 50 MW solar PV • In this case: Project size should also be limited • Application process needs to be regulated (“first-come, first- served”) • Online application to avoid fraude? – Malaysia Source: Mendonca et al. 2009
- 31. Capped feed-in tariffin Kenya (2009) • Tariff payment for 15 years • Rate setting based on generation costs • Support of least cost RES technologies Mainland Price Technology Capacity cap ($/kWh) Wind $0.09 150 MW Biomass (firm and non- $0.045- 200 MW firm) 0.07 Hydro (firm and non $0.06- 150 MW firm) 0.12 31
- 32. Capped feed-in tariffin Ecuador • Tariff payment for 12 years • Rate setting based on generation costs • Cap: 2% of installed capacity Technology Mainland Price ($/kWh) Wind $0.09 Photovoltaic $0.52 Biomass and biogas $0.10 Geothermal $0.09 Small-hydro up to 5 MW $0.06 Small-hydro 5 MW-10 MW $0.05 32
- 33. Annual Quota onRE Capacity in Malaysia (MW) Total per Year Biomass Biogas Mini-Hydro Solar PV Solid Waste Annum 2011 110 20 60 9 20 219 2012 40 15 50 11 30 146 2013 50 15 60 13 40 178 2014 60 25 60 15 50 210 2015 70 25 60 17 60 232 2016 80 25 60 19 40 224 2017 90 30 50 21 40 231 2018 100 30 40 24 30 224 2019 100 30 30 28 30 218 2020 100 25 20 33 20 198 : : : : 2030 280 2 282 : : : : 2040 850 2 852 : : : : 2050 1,350 2 1,352 Source: MBIPV 2010
- 34. Annual Quota onRE Capacity in Malaysia (MW) Source: MBIPV 2010
- 35. Capacity cap • Disadvantages: • “Stop-and-go” investment cycles – difficulty to establish a national industry (similar to tender) • Unsustainable market development
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- 37. Local content requirement • Several countries have introduced local content requirements in national support mechanisms, i.e. obligations to produce a certain share of renewable energy equipment locally/nationally (e.g. Spain, China, India, Argentina - Chubut, Ontario - Canada, Malaysia, Italy) • These requirements can be implemented in national feed-in tariff mechanisms • Establish a national renewable energy industry • Take advantage of positive macro-economic effects Source: Mendonca et al. 2009
- 38. Local content requirementChubut • Province in Argentina: • Wind energy law 2005, Article 4, states: • „... to enjoy this benefit, the wind mills installed have to comply with a timeline detailed further below of including components made or assembled in the Province of Chubut: a) As from 1 January 1999: 10% b) As from 1 January 2001: 30% c) As from 1 January 2003: 60% d) As from 1 January 2005: 80% e) As from 1 January 2007: 100%“ • Outcome: low incentive and rigid timeline impended wind power development in Argentina
- 39. Local content requirementOntario • Local content wind: 25%; 50% in 2012 • Local content solar: 40-50%; 60% in 2011
- 40. Local content requirementOntario • Complex definitions needed (Ontario): Solar PV Designated Activity Qualifying Percentage Silicon that has been used as input to solar 10% photovoltaic cells manufactured in an Ontario refinery. Silicon ingots and wafer, where silicon ingots 12% have been cast in Ontario and wafers have been cut from the casting by a saw in Ontario. The crystalline silicon solar photovoltaic cells, 10% where there active photovoltaic layer(s) have been formed in Ontario.
- 41. Local content requirementOntario Solar photovoltaic modules (i.e. Panels), where 13% the electrical connections between the solar cells have been made in Ontario and the solar photovoltaic module materials have been encapsulated in Ontario. Inverter, where the assembly, final wiring and 9% testing has been done in Ontario. Mounting systems, where the structural 9% components of the fixed or moving mounting systems have been entirely machined or formed or cast in Ontario. …. Wiring and electrical hardware that is not part 10% of other Designated Activities (i.e. items 1, 2, 3 and 5 of this table) sourced from an Ontario Supplier. All on-site and off-site labour and services. For 27% greater certainty, this Designated Activity shall apply in respect of all Contract Facilities. Total 100%
- 42. Local content requirement •Problem: potential confliction with international trade rules (WTO) • Malaysia: Adder for nationally produced equipment:
- 43. Malaysian tariff structurefor solar PV Source: Kettha 2010
- 44. International “worst” practice
- 45. International “worst” practise • Low tariff = no tariff (e.g. Argentina: Premium tariff payment of 0.37 €cent/kWh for wind energy) • Assessment report can help to correct tariff level • Unnecessary high tariffs • PV in Spain; PV in Czech Republic • High rates of return; attracts speculation; unsustainable market growth • Short payment durations (annual changes) • Germany until 1999; Spain until 2004, some Indian provinces •Size specific tariffs (huge differences in tariff levels) • Spain
- 46. Books on FITdesign The Evolution of FITs in Germany, Spain and France http://www.ashgate.com/default.aspx?pa ge=637&title_id=11456&edition_id=1496 0&calcTitle=1 The feed-in tariff handbook http://www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabi d=92822
- 47. Online policy advice:How to design good feed-in tariffs? Online policy advice: Make your own FIT law www.futurepolicy.org
- 48. Thank you foryour attention!!! Dr. des. David Jacobs I Director Renewable Energy IFOK GmbH Reinhardtstraße 58 10117 Berlin Tel.: +49 30 536077-27 E-Mail: david.jacobs@ifok.de David.jacobs@gmx.de www.ifok.de © 2010, IFOK GmbH IFOK behält sich alle Urheber-, Marken-, Leistungsschutz- sowie sonstigen Rechte an den Inhalten der Präsentation vor. Ohne schriftliche Einwilligung durch IFOK dürfen diese Inhalte oder Teile davon weder bearbeitet oder verwertet noch Dritten zugänglich gemacht werden. Titel Seite 48