Gravity for Elementary and Middle students (Teach)Moira Whitehouse
Gravity is a force that pulls all objects towards one another. The more mass an object has, the stronger its gravitational pull. While it appears lighter objects fall slower on Earth, this is due to air resistance, not differences in mass - in a vacuum all objects fall at the same rate. The amount of gravity and weight experienced varies on different planets depending on their mass.
The document discusses the law of universal gravitation and gravity. It states that all objects with mass exert gravitational attraction on each other, and that the gravitational force depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them. It also explains that while the Earth exerts a force we can feel, we cannot feel the force of nearer objects like desks because their force is smaller due to lower mass and closer proximity.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It defines cells as the fundamental unit of life and notes that organisms can be unicellular or multicellular. The key components of cells are then described, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles. Specifically, it outlines the roles of the plasma membrane in regulating transport, the nucleus in controlling metabolism, and mitochondria and chloroplasts in releasing energy and photosynthesis respectively.
The document discusses different types of tissues in plants and animals. It explains that tissues are groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a common function. In plants, there are two main types of tissues - meristematic tissues found in growing areas and permanent tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Animal tissues include epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Connective tissues bind and support the animal body and include bone, cartilage and blood. Muscular tissues allow for movement via contraction, and nervous tissues transmit electrical signals in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Matter in our surroundings consists of particles that occupy space and have mass. Solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but no definite shape, and gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. The three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - differ in their compressibility, with gases being the most compressible and solids the least. A change of state, such as melting or boiling, requires an input of heat energy known as latent heat. The temperature and pressure at which melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation occur depend on the type of substance and can be used to characterize its properties.
Work is done when a force causes an object to move, and is calculated by multiplying the force by the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. Work is a scalar quantity measured in joules. Work is positive when the force and displacement are in the same direction, and negative when they are in opposite directions. No work is done when an object moves in a circular path because the force is always perpendicular to the displacement. Energy exists in different forms and can be transformed from one to another, but cannot be created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy.
1. Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium for propagation. It is produced by vibrating sources and transfers through compression and rarefaction regions where the density of particles in the medium is higher or lower than normal.
2. The speed of sound depends on the temperature and nature of the transmitting medium, being faster in solids than liquids or gases.
3. Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions, while frequency is the number of oscillations per second.
The document defines key concepts related to motion, including:
1) Rest is when an object's position does not change over time, while motion is when its position changes.
2) Distance is the total path traveled, while displacement is the straight-line distance between start and end points.
3) Uniform motion means traveling equal distances in equal time intervals, while non-uniform motion means unequal distances in equal time.
4) Speed, velocity, acceleration, and other concepts are defined, and graphs are used to represent motion.
Gravity for Elementary and Middle students (Teach)Moira Whitehouse
Gravity is a force that pulls all objects towards one another. The more mass an object has, the stronger its gravitational pull. While it appears lighter objects fall slower on Earth, this is due to air resistance, not differences in mass - in a vacuum all objects fall at the same rate. The amount of gravity and weight experienced varies on different planets depending on their mass.
The document discusses the law of universal gravitation and gravity. It states that all objects with mass exert gravitational attraction on each other, and that the gravitational force depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between them. It also explains that while the Earth exerts a force we can feel, we cannot feel the force of nearer objects like desks because their force is smaller due to lower mass and closer proximity.
The document discusses the structure and function of cells. It defines cells as the fundamental unit of life and notes that organisms can be unicellular or multicellular. The key components of cells are then described, including the plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles. Specifically, it outlines the roles of the plasma membrane in regulating transport, the nucleus in controlling metabolism, and mitochondria and chloroplasts in releasing energy and photosynthesis respectively.
The document discusses different types of tissues in plants and animals. It explains that tissues are groups of specialized cells that work together to perform a common function. In plants, there are two main types of tissues - meristematic tissues found in growing areas and permanent tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Animal tissues include epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissues. Connective tissues bind and support the animal body and include bone, cartilage and blood. Muscular tissues allow for movement via contraction, and nervous tissues transmit electrical signals in the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
Matter in our surroundings consists of particles that occupy space and have mass. Solids have a definite shape and volume, liquids have a fixed volume but no definite shape, and gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. The three states of matter - solid, liquid, and gas - differ in their compressibility, with gases being the most compressible and solids the least. A change of state, such as melting or boiling, requires an input of heat energy known as latent heat. The temperature and pressure at which melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation occur depend on the type of substance and can be used to characterize its properties.
Work is done when a force causes an object to move, and is calculated by multiplying the force by the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. Work is a scalar quantity measured in joules. Work is positive when the force and displacement are in the same direction, and negative when they are in opposite directions. No work is done when an object moves in a circular path because the force is always perpendicular to the displacement. Energy exists in different forms and can be transformed from one to another, but cannot be created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy.
1. Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium for propagation. It is produced by vibrating sources and transfers through compression and rarefaction regions where the density of particles in the medium is higher or lower than normal.
2. The speed of sound depends on the temperature and nature of the transmitting medium, being faster in solids than liquids or gases.
3. Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefactions, while frequency is the number of oscillations per second.
The document defines key concepts related to motion, including:
1) Rest is when an object's position does not change over time, while motion is when its position changes.
2) Distance is the total path traveled, while displacement is the straight-line distance between start and end points.
3) Uniform motion means traveling equal distances in equal time intervals, while non-uniform motion means unequal distances in equal time.
4) Speed, velocity, acceleration, and other concepts are defined, and graphs are used to represent motion.
Work is done when a force causes an object to move, and is calculated by multiplying the force by the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. Work is a scalar quantity measured in joules. Work is positive when the force and displacement are in the same direction, and negative when they are in opposite directions. No work is done when an object moves in a circular path, since the force is always perpendicular to the displacement. Energy exists in different forms and can be transformed from one to another, but cannot be created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and key concepts related to forces. It defines force as a push or pull on an object and explains balanced and unbalanced forces. Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's second law relates the rate of change of momentum to applied force. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction between interacting objects.
The document discusses the diversity of living organisms and their classification. It explains that organisms can be classified based on their cellular structure, whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic, and whether their cells have walls. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are described: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Key characteristics used to classify organisms within the kingdoms, like their cellular structure and nutrition, are also outlined. The document provides examples of classification schemes for plants and animals.
This document discusses various ways to improve food resources in India. It covers topics like increasing crop yields through improved varieties, fertilizers, irrigation, and pest management. It also discusses improving livestock through better breeding and care of cattle, poultry, fish, and bees. The overall goal is to sustainably increase food production to meet the needs of India's growing population through practices like the green and white revolutions.
The document discusses natural resources and their importance for life on Earth. It explains that all life requires energy from the sun and resources from the biosphere like land, water and air. The biosphere is the zone where the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere interact, and contains both biotic and abiotic factors. Several natural resources are discussed in detail, including the atmosphere, soil, water and their roles in ecosystems and the environment. Biogeochemical cycles that transfer matter and energy around the biosphere are also explained.
1. The document discusses key concepts relating to atoms, molecules, ions, and chemical formulas. It covers Dalton's atomic theory, isotopes, relative atomic mass, ion formation, and rules for writing chemical formulas.
2. The main topics covered include the basic structure of atoms and molecules, including that atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds. It also addresses limitations of Dalton's theory regarding isotopes and isobars.
3. The document defines important terms like molecules, ions, valency, and molar mass and explains the relationship between mass and moles of a substance.
1. Matter can be classified as pure substances or mixtures. Pure substances have a fixed composition, while mixtures contain two or more substances mixed together without a chemical reaction.
2. Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout, like solutions, while heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform composition with distinguishable parts, like suspensions.
3. Mixtures can be separated through various techniques like filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, distillation and evaporation that exploit differences in properties of the substances involved.
1. Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge and most of the atom's mass, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
2. One out of every 12,000 alpha particles was deflected at a large angle, indicating the positive charge in an atom is concentrated in a very small nucleus.
3. Rutherford concluded atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing the atom's positive charge and most of its mass, with electrons orbiting the nucleus, resolving limitations of the previous Thomson model.
The document discusses the causes and transmission of diseases. It states that health depends on proper functioning of cells and tissues, and any dysfunction can affect the entire body. Diseases are caused by infectious agents like viruses and bacteria, or non-infectious internal factors, and may be acute and chronic. Infectious diseases spread through air, water, food, sexual contact, or vectors. Prevention is better than treatment and can be achieved through public hygiene, immunization, and vaccines that train the immune system to remember pathogens.
1. Early chemists like Dobereiner and Newlands attempted to classify elements based on their properties, but their systems had limitations as they could not accommodate all known elements.
2. Mendeleev organized the known elements into the first periodic table based on their atomic masses and properties, allowing elements with similar properties to be grouped together. He also predicted new elements, and his table became the basis for modern classifications.
3. The modern periodic table is arranged by atomic number rather than atomic mass. Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons and similar properties, while periods correspond to the filling of electron shells as atomic number increases from left to right.
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines these substances and classifies them based on various properties such as origin, strength and concentration. Acids are classified as organic or mineral, strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Bases are called alkalies and are also classified as strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic vs basic solutions and help identify their nature. The document also discusses the reactions of acids and bases with water, metals, metal carbonates, bicarbonates, and each other. It describes pH and the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. Living organisms are sensitive to pH and maintaining the proper pH is important.
1. The document discusses key concepts around light reflection and refraction including the laws of reflection, the formation of real and virtual images using plane, convex, and concave mirrors, and the laws of refraction when light passes from one medium to another.
2. It also covers lenses and explains how convex and concave lenses converge and diverge light rays and how the size and position of an image formed by a convex lens depends on the position of the object.
3. Important optical concepts like focal length, refractive index, magnification, and power of a lens are defined. Diagrams and equations relating these concepts are also provided.
The document discusses the magnetic effects of electric current. It explains that a compass needle behaves like a small magnet, and that a magnetic field exists around any magnet or current-carrying conductor. It also describes how electromagnets, electric motors, and generators work based on the principles of magnetic fields and electromagnetic induction. Additionally, it provides details about household AC power distribution, including the purpose of the three wires used in electrical wiring.
The document appears to be the blueprint for a 12th grade physics exam. It includes the exam structure and breakdown of questions by topic, including the number and point value of various short answer questions, long answer questions, and total points for each topic. It also includes sample exam questions on various physics topics like electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, electromagnetic waves, optics, atomic structure, and electronics. The document provides the framework and examples to prepare students for the exam.
1. The document discusses key concepts around light reflection and refraction including the laws of reflection, the formation of real and virtual images using plane, convex, and concave mirrors, and the laws of refraction when light passes from one medium to another.
2. It also covers lenses and explains how convex and concave lenses converge and diverge light rays and how the size and position of an image formed by a convex lens depends on the position of the object.
3. Important optical concepts like focal length, refractive index, magnification, and power of a lens are defined. Diagrams and equations relating these concepts are also provided.
The document discusses various sources of energy including renewable and non-renewable sources. Renewable energy sources like windmills, water wheels, and hydroelectric power harness the kinetic energy of moving air and water. Solar energy from the sun can be captured through solar heating devices, solar cookers, and solar cells. Other renewable sources include biomass, geothermal, and tidal energy. Non-renewable sources that are finite like coal, natural gas, and petroleum are extracted from fossilized remains of ancient organisms. Nuclear energy is produced through controlled nuclear fission in reactors, generating heat used to power electricity generation.
Electricity is defined by key concepts:
1. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor.
2. A battery provides the driving force to move charges through a wire, maintaining a constant voltage difference between the wire's terminals.
3. Ohm's law states that the potential difference across a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it.
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines these substances and classifies them based on various properties such as origin, strength and concentration. Acids are classified as organic or mineral, strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Bases are called alkalies and are also classified as strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic vs basic solutions and help determine the pH. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxyl ions (OH-) to determine if a solution is acidic, basic or neutral. Living organisms and processes like digestion require specific pH ranges to function properly.
1. A chemical reaction involves the formation of new substances through the rearrangement of atoms. Reactants undergo chemical changes to form products with different properties.
2. A chemical equation symbolically represents a chemical reaction, showing the reactants on the left and products on the right, separated by an arrow.
3. Key types of chemical reactions include combination, decomposition, displacement, and redox reactions. Combination reactions form one product from two or more reactants, while decomposition reactions involve a single reactant breaking into multiple products.
Carbon forms covalent bonds and a large number of compounds due to its tetravalency and ability to catenate. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points and are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Carbon-carbon single bonds result in saturated hydrocarbons while double and triple bonds produce unsaturated varieties. Hydrocarbons can be classified as aliphatic or cyclic and aromatic compounds have benzene rings. Functional groups impart specific properties to compounds and change names based on prefixes or suffixes. Soaps and detergents clean through micelle formation, with detergents avoiding hard water scum due to different charged ends.
Work is done when a force causes an object to move, and is calculated by multiplying the force by the displacement of the object in the direction of the force. Work is a scalar quantity measured in joules. Work is positive when the force and displacement are in the same direction, and negative when they are in opposite directions. No work is done when an object moves in a circular path, since the force is always perpendicular to the displacement. Energy exists in different forms and can be transformed from one to another, but cannot be created or destroyed according to the law of conservation of energy.
This document discusses Newton's laws of motion and key concepts related to forces. It defines force as a push or pull on an object and explains balanced and unbalanced forces. Newton's first law states that an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with uniform motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Newton's second law relates the rate of change of momentum to applied force. Newton's third law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction between interacting objects.
The document discusses the diversity of living organisms and their classification. It explains that organisms can be classified based on their cellular structure, whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic, and whether their cells have walls. The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are described: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Key characteristics used to classify organisms within the kingdoms, like their cellular structure and nutrition, are also outlined. The document provides examples of classification schemes for plants and animals.
This document discusses various ways to improve food resources in India. It covers topics like increasing crop yields through improved varieties, fertilizers, irrigation, and pest management. It also discusses improving livestock through better breeding and care of cattle, poultry, fish, and bees. The overall goal is to sustainably increase food production to meet the needs of India's growing population through practices like the green and white revolutions.
The document discusses natural resources and their importance for life on Earth. It explains that all life requires energy from the sun and resources from the biosphere like land, water and air. The biosphere is the zone where the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere interact, and contains both biotic and abiotic factors. Several natural resources are discussed in detail, including the atmosphere, soil, water and their roles in ecosystems and the environment. Biogeochemical cycles that transfer matter and energy around the biosphere are also explained.
1. The document discusses key concepts relating to atoms, molecules, ions, and chemical formulas. It covers Dalton's atomic theory, isotopes, relative atomic mass, ion formation, and rules for writing chemical formulas.
2. The main topics covered include the basic structure of atoms and molecules, including that atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds. It also addresses limitations of Dalton's theory regarding isotopes and isobars.
3. The document defines important terms like molecules, ions, valency, and molar mass and explains the relationship between mass and moles of a substance.
1. Matter can be classified as pure substances or mixtures. Pure substances have a fixed composition, while mixtures contain two or more substances mixed together without a chemical reaction.
2. Homogeneous mixtures have a uniform composition throughout, like solutions, while heterogeneous mixtures have a non-uniform composition with distinguishable parts, like suspensions.
3. Mixtures can be separated through various techniques like filtration, centrifugation, chromatography, distillation and evaporation that exploit differences in properties of the substances involved.
1. Rutherford's alpha particle scattering experiment showed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing positive charge and most of the atom's mass, with electrons orbiting the nucleus.
2. One out of every 12,000 alpha particles was deflected at a large angle, indicating the positive charge in an atom is concentrated in a very small nucleus.
3. Rutherford concluded atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing the atom's positive charge and most of its mass, with electrons orbiting the nucleus, resolving limitations of the previous Thomson model.
The document discusses the causes and transmission of diseases. It states that health depends on proper functioning of cells and tissues, and any dysfunction can affect the entire body. Diseases are caused by infectious agents like viruses and bacteria, or non-infectious internal factors, and may be acute and chronic. Infectious diseases spread through air, water, food, sexual contact, or vectors. Prevention is better than treatment and can be achieved through public hygiene, immunization, and vaccines that train the immune system to remember pathogens.
1. Early chemists like Dobereiner and Newlands attempted to classify elements based on their properties, but their systems had limitations as they could not accommodate all known elements.
2. Mendeleev organized the known elements into the first periodic table based on their atomic masses and properties, allowing elements with similar properties to be grouped together. He also predicted new elements, and his table became the basis for modern classifications.
3. The modern periodic table is arranged by atomic number rather than atomic mass. Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons and similar properties, while periods correspond to the filling of electron shells as atomic number increases from left to right.
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines these substances and classifies them based on various properties such as origin, strength and concentration. Acids are classified as organic or mineral, strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Bases are called alkalies and are also classified as strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic vs basic solutions and help identify their nature. The document also discusses the reactions of acids and bases with water, metals, metal carbonates, bicarbonates, and each other. It describes pH and the pH scale for measuring acidity and alkalinity. Living organisms are sensitive to pH and maintaining the proper pH is important.
1. The document discusses key concepts around light reflection and refraction including the laws of reflection, the formation of real and virtual images using plane, convex, and concave mirrors, and the laws of refraction when light passes from one medium to another.
2. It also covers lenses and explains how convex and concave lenses converge and diverge light rays and how the size and position of an image formed by a convex lens depends on the position of the object.
3. Important optical concepts like focal length, refractive index, magnification, and power of a lens are defined. Diagrams and equations relating these concepts are also provided.
The document discusses the magnetic effects of electric current. It explains that a compass needle behaves like a small magnet, and that a magnetic field exists around any magnet or current-carrying conductor. It also describes how electromagnets, electric motors, and generators work based on the principles of magnetic fields and electromagnetic induction. Additionally, it provides details about household AC power distribution, including the purpose of the three wires used in electrical wiring.
The document appears to be the blueprint for a 12th grade physics exam. It includes the exam structure and breakdown of questions by topic, including the number and point value of various short answer questions, long answer questions, and total points for each topic. It also includes sample exam questions on various physics topics like electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, electromagnetic waves, optics, atomic structure, and electronics. The document provides the framework and examples to prepare students for the exam.
1. The document discusses key concepts around light reflection and refraction including the laws of reflection, the formation of real and virtual images using plane, convex, and concave mirrors, and the laws of refraction when light passes from one medium to another.
2. It also covers lenses and explains how convex and concave lenses converge and diverge light rays and how the size and position of an image formed by a convex lens depends on the position of the object.
3. Important optical concepts like focal length, refractive index, magnification, and power of a lens are defined. Diagrams and equations relating these concepts are also provided.
The document discusses various sources of energy including renewable and non-renewable sources. Renewable energy sources like windmills, water wheels, and hydroelectric power harness the kinetic energy of moving air and water. Solar energy from the sun can be captured through solar heating devices, solar cookers, and solar cells. Other renewable sources include biomass, geothermal, and tidal energy. Non-renewable sources that are finite like coal, natural gas, and petroleum are extracted from fossilized remains of ancient organisms. Nuclear energy is produced through controlled nuclear fission in reactors, generating heat used to power electricity generation.
Electricity is defined by key concepts:
1. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor.
2. A battery provides the driving force to move charges through a wire, maintaining a constant voltage difference between the wire's terminals.
3. Ohm's law states that the potential difference across a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it.
The document discusses acids, bases and salts. It defines these substances and classifies them based on various properties such as origin, strength and concentration. Acids are classified as organic or mineral, strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Bases are called alkalies and are also classified as strong or weak, and dilute or concentrated. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic vs basic solutions and help determine the pH. The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) or hydroxyl ions (OH-) to determine if a solution is acidic, basic or neutral. Living organisms and processes like digestion require specific pH ranges to function properly.
1. A chemical reaction involves the formation of new substances through the rearrangement of atoms. Reactants undergo chemical changes to form products with different properties.
2. A chemical equation symbolically represents a chemical reaction, showing the reactants on the left and products on the right, separated by an arrow.
3. Key types of chemical reactions include combination, decomposition, displacement, and redox reactions. Combination reactions form one product from two or more reactants, while decomposition reactions involve a single reactant breaking into multiple products.
Carbon forms covalent bonds and a large number of compounds due to its tetravalency and ability to catenate. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points and are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Carbon-carbon single bonds result in saturated hydrocarbons while double and triple bonds produce unsaturated varieties. Hydrocarbons can be classified as aliphatic or cyclic and aromatic compounds have benzene rings. Functional groups impart specific properties to compounds and change names based on prefixes or suffixes. Soaps and detergents clean through micelle formation, with detergents avoiding hard water scum due to different charged ends.
1. Gravitation
Key Learning:
1. According to the law of gravitation the force of attraction
between any two objects is proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. The law applies to objects anywhere
in the universe. Such a law is said to be universal.
2. Universal gravitational constant
3. Gravitation is a weak force unless large masses are
involved.
4. Acceleration with which a body falls towards the centre of
the earth is called acceleration due to gravity (g).
5. The force of gravity decreases with altitude. It also varies
on the surface of the earth, decreasing from poles to the
equator.
6. Mass is the quantity of matter contained in the body.
7. Weight of the body is the force with which the earth
attracts the body.
8. The weight is equal to the product of mass and
acceleration due to gravity.
9. Mass of a body does not change but weight of a body is
different at
different places.
10. The force acting on a body perpendicular to its surface is
called thrust.
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2. 11. The force acting per unit area of the object is known as
pressure.
12. The upward force exerted by a liquid when a body is
immersed in the liquid is called up thrust or buoyant force.
13. Objects having density less than that of the liquid in
which they are immersed, float on the surface of the liquid.
If the density of the object is more than the density of the
liquid in which it is immersed then it sinks in the liquid.
14. According to Archimedes’ principle, when a body is
partially or fully immersed in a fluid, it experiences an up
thrust which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
the body.
Top Formulae:
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