.NET Memory Primer (Martin Kulov)

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In this session we will look over the various ways .NET is collecting memory, tips how to help GC perform better and tools that will save your day. This is a must attend session for those who still do not know how to troubleshoot memory issues. For the rest it is a nice refresh and new look of features in .NET 4.5. As usual there will be lots of demos.

Technology

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.NET Memory Primer
Martin Kulov
martin@kulov.net

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Huge thanks to our sponsors & partners!

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"Out of CPU, memory and disk, memory is typically
the most important for overall system performance."
Mark Russinovich
“All you worry about in a .NET application is the
memory.”
John Robbins

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• x86
–2 ^ 32 bits = 4GB /0x FFFF FFFF/
• x64
–2 ^ 64 bits = 16 EB /0x FFFF FFFF' FFFF FFFF/
Virtual Memory Limits

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x86 Memory Mapping
* PFN - Page Frame Number database

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• Max 4GB
–Windows Client, Windows Srv 2008 Standard
• Max 128GB
–Windows Srv 2003 SP1 Datacenter (PAE)
x86 Physical Memory Limits

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x64 Memory Mapping

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• Max 4TB - Windows Srv 2012 Standard
• Limited per SKU
x64 Physical Memory Limits

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Canonical Form Addresses
48-bit implementation 56-bit implementation 64-bit implementation

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Virtual Address Space

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• Code
• Data
• Stacks
• Heaps
User Mode Memory

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• Created for Each Thread
• Default to 1MB
• Hold Method Data /stack frame/
–Parameters
–Local variables
–Return address
• First In, First Out
Stacks

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Stack Layout

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• ChildEBP RetAddr Caller,Callee
• 08e4e1a4 751b149d _WaitForSingleObjectEx@12+0x98, calling _ZwWaitForSingleObject@12
• 08e4e1e8 718b53c2 ?LeaveRuntimeNoThrow@Thread@@SGJI@Z+0xd7, calling __EH_epilog3
• 08e4e210 755b1194 _WaitForSingleObjectExImplementation@12+0x75, calling
_WaitForSingleObjectEx@12
• 08e4e228 718b54d7 ?LoadImage@PEImage@@SGPAV1@PAUHINSTANCE__@@@Z+0x1af
• ...
• 08e4f5f4 71a10647 ?intermediateThreadProc@Thread@@CGKPAX@Z+0x49
• 08e4f784 71a10635 ?intermediateThreadProc@Thread@@CGKPAX@Z+0x37, calling
__alloca_probe_16
• 08e4f798 755b336a @BaseThreadInitThunk@12+0xe
• 08e4f7a4 77639f72 ___RtlUserThreadStart@8+0x70
• 08e4f7e4 77639f45 __RtlUserThreadStart@8+0x1b, calling ___RtlUserThreadStart@8
Call Stack Example

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• Hold Dynamically Allocated Data
• 1 Heap Per Logical Processor
• Heap Has Segments
–Process Heap
–Code Heap /JITed code/
–Small Object Heap /SOH/
–Large Object Heap /LOH/
Heaps

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• Stack
–Value Types /Int32, Bool, Struct, etc…/
–Pointers to Reference Types
• Heap
–Reference Types /Object, String, Array, etc…/
–Free Areas
Allocating .NET Memory

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DEMO: ALLOCATING MEMORY

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• Stack References
• Static References /Fields, ThreadStatic/
• CPU Registers
• Interop References /COM, API calls/
• Finalization Queue References
Object Roots /GC Roots/

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• a.k.a. Generational Garbage Collector /GC/
• Three Generations /SOH/
–Gen0 – short lived
–Gen1 – medium lived
–Gen2 – long lived
Nondeterministic Finalization

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Before GC #1
Gen1 Gen0
Before GC #500
Gen2
Gen2
Gen2 Gen1 Gen0
Gen0
Before GC #0
Before GC #2
Gen2 Gen1 Gen0
Before GC #100
Gen2
Gen2 Gen1 Gen0

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• Gen0 is Full
• Induced GC /System.GC.Collect()/
• System Pressure
Collection - When

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• Rule of Thumb – Ratio 1:10:100
• .NET CLR Memory% time in GC
• .NET CLR Memory# Induced GC
• .NET CLR Memory# Gen X collections
Collection - Cost

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• Size > 85KB
• Memory is marked as free during Gen2
• Avoid Temporary Large Objects
• Reuse Objects in LOH If Possible
• Many LOH Segments
• Fragmentation Problems
Large Object Heap

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• Suspend Managed Threads
• Collect Garbage
• Resume Managed Threads
• Two Phases of GC
–Mark
–Compact
Collection - How

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• Workstation GC – Non Concurrent
• Server GC – Non Concurrent
• Workstation GC – Concurrent
–Background GC /New in .NET 4/
• Server GC – Background /New in .NET 4.5/
GC Types

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Workstation GC

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Server GC

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Concurrent GC – Before and After

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Testing Concurrent Server GC

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Let's face it, our world will be taken over by robots, or at least our jobs as the scary ML & AI speculations seem to say. But until that day arrives, I want to take you on a hypothetical journey of designing and creating a fully automated restaurant of the future, where a fine tuned and efficiently orchestrated group of RoboChefs will cook your desired meal perfectly each time. And all of this is possible thanks to Actions, Timers, Monitors, Orchestrators, Sub-Orchestrators and more, all concepts from Azure Durable Functions, the real focus of this session, an extension to Functions that adds state, and which are part of Azure's Serverless Compute technologies.

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.NET Memory Primer (Martin Kulov)

1. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# .NET Memory Primer Martin Kulov martin@kulov.net

2. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Huge thanks to our sponsors & partners!

3. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# "Out of CPU, memory and disk, memory is typically the most important for overall system performance." Mark Russinovich “All you worry about in a .NET application is the memory.” John Robbins

4. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • x86 –2 ^ 32 bits = 4GB /0x FFFF FFFF/ • x64 –2 ^ 64 bits = 16 EB /0x FFFF FFFF' FFFF FFFF/ Virtual Memory Limits

5. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# x86 Memory Mapping * PFN - Page Frame Number database

6. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Max 4GB –Windows Client, Windows Srv 2008 Standard • Max 128GB –Windows Srv 2003 SP1 Datacenter (PAE) x86 Physical Memory Limits

7. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# x64 Memory Mapping

8. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Max 4TB - Windows Srv 2012 Standard • Limited per SKU x64 Physical Memory Limits

9. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Canonical Form Addresses 48-bit implementation 56-bit implementation 64-bit implementation

10. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Virtual Address Space

11. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Code • Data • Stacks • Heaps User Mode Memory

12. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Created for Each Thread • Default to 1MB • Hold Method Data /stack frame/ –Parameters –Local variables –Return address • First In, First Out Stacks

13. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Stack Layout

14. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • ChildEBP RetAddr Caller,Callee • 08e4e1a4 751b149d _WaitForSingleObjectEx@12+0x98, calling _ZwWaitForSingleObject@12 • 08e4e1e8 718b53c2 ?LeaveRuntimeNoThrow@Thread@@SGJI@Z+0xd7, calling __EH_epilog3 • 08e4e210 755b1194 _WaitForSingleObjectExImplementation@12+0x75, calling _WaitForSingleObjectEx@12 • 08e4e228 718b54d7 ?LoadImage@PEImage@@SGPAV1@PAUHINSTANCE__@@@Z+0x1af • ... • 08e4f5f4 71a10647 ?intermediateThreadProc@Thread@@CGKPAX@Z+0x49 • 08e4f784 71a10635 ?intermediateThreadProc@Thread@@CGKPAX@Z+0x37, calling __alloca_probe_16 • 08e4f798 755b336a @BaseThreadInitThunk@12+0xe • 08e4f7a4 77639f72 ___RtlUserThreadStart@8+0x70 • 08e4f7e4 77639f45 __RtlUserThreadStart@8+0x1b, calling ___RtlUserThreadStart@8 Call Stack Example

15. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Hold Dynamically Allocated Data • 1 Heap Per Logical Processor • Heap Has Segments –Process Heap –Code Heap /JITed code/ –Small Object Heap /SOH/ –Large Object Heap /LOH/ Heaps

16. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Stack –Value Types /Int32, Bool, Struct, etc…/ –Pointers to Reference Types • Heap –Reference Types /Object, String, Array, etc…/ –Free Areas Allocating .NET Memory

17. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# DEMO: ALLOCATING MEMORY

18. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Stack References • Static References /Fields, ThreadStatic/ • CPU Registers • Interop References /COM, API calls/ • Finalization Queue References Object Roots /GC Roots/

19. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • a.k.a. Generational Garbage Collector /GC/ • Three Generations /SOH/ –Gen0 – short lived –Gen1 – medium lived –Gen2 – long lived Nondeterministic Finalization

20. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Before GC #1 Gen1 Gen0 Before GC #500 Gen2 Gen2 Gen2 Gen1 Gen0 Gen0 Before GC #0 Before GC #2 Gen2 Gen1 Gen0 Before GC #100 Gen2 Gen2 Gen1 Gen0

21. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Gen0 is Full • Induced GC /System.GC.Collect()/ • System Pressure Collection - When

22. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Rule of Thumb – Ratio 1:10:100 • .NET CLR Memory% time in GC • .NET CLR Memory# Induced GC • .NET CLR Memory# Gen X collections Collection - Cost

23. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Size > 85KB • Memory is marked as free during Gen2 • Avoid Temporary Large Objects • Reuse Objects in LOH If Possible • Many LOH Segments • Fragmentation Problems Large Object Heap

24. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Suspend Managed Threads • Collect Garbage • Resume Managed Threads • Two Phases of GC –Mark –Compact Collection - How

25. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# • Workstation GC – Non Concurrent • Server GC – Non Concurrent • Workstation GC – Concurrent –Background GC /New in .NET 4/ • Server GC – Background /New in .NET 4.5/ GC Types

26. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Workstation GC

27. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Server GC

28. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Concurrent GC – Before and After

29. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Testing Concurrent Server GC

30. Premium community conference on Microsoft technologies itcampro@ itcamp14# Q & A

.NET Memory Primer (Martin Kulov)

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