American Journalism History and Technologiesshuckabe
The First Amendment to the US Constitution protects several fundamental rights including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. It prohibits the government from making laws that infringe on these rights. Early newspapers had to be careful of criticizing the government due to sedition laws which criminalized dissent. Over time, landmark court cases and America's founding principles established broad protections for freedom of the press that enabled the growth and development of journalism.
History of journalism for journalism 1 slideshareshuckabe
This document summarizes the history of freedom of the press in the United States from the colonial era to modern times. It describes how early colonial newspapers faced censorship from British authorities and how the case of John Peter Zenger established truth as a defense against libel charges. It then discusses the role of the partisan press during debates over the Constitution and the rise of modern newspapers in the 19th century. The document outlines key developments in radio, television, and the internet that changed how news is delivered. It concludes by noting that while forms of journalism are changing, the public will always demand news.
Niall Ferguson argues that the US fails at empire because it is not committed to imperialism long-term. It wants to quickly fix problems and leave, rather than staying to fully civilize and rebuild societies as required. The author agrees that establishing the rule of law is important for progress but says the US does not understand that this requires long-term commitment and involvement instead of short-term interventions. Ferguson believes the US could learn from the British Empire, which stayed long-term in its colonies and established strong institutions and cultural influence, becoming the model for an effective modern empire.
A Satanic Plot For A One World Government Illuminativader Jakob
The document outlines a conspiracy theory about a secret society called the Illuminati that aims to establish a one world government. It claims the Illuminati was founded in the late 18th century and has been orchestrating wars and revolutions since then to weaken nations and religions. The ultimate goal is to gain complete control of the world through a totalitarian one world government, destroying existing governments and religions in the process. Key events and organizations like the French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, Communist Manifesto, World Wars, and United Nations are portrayed as steps in the Illuminati's long-term plan to achieve global domination.
The penny press era of the mid-1800s saw the rise of mass communication in the US, with citizens reading multiple newspapers daily. Competition between newspapers intensified in the late 1800s, leading to the yellow journalism era where sensationalized stories were used to sell more papers. In the early 1900s, the tabloid journalism era emphasized sex, violence and celebrity affairs. By the 1960s, radio and television news reduced newspaper readership.
The document is a series of questions about US history, political philosophy, economics, and religion. Some of the questions addressed include the effects of the Enlightenment, natural rights philosophy, John Locke's ideas, John Marshall's role in strengthening the Supreme Court, consequences of American imperialism, the impact of the railroad boom, Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle, the First Great Awakening religious revival, John F. Kennedy's Catholic faith as an election issue, what the First Amendment includes, the Americanization movement to assimilate immigrants, why political machines gained support in cities, muckraking journalists during the Progressive Era, Henry Ford's Model T production line, the purpose of high tariff barriers, the
Fake NewsThe dynamics of Fake News Critical analysis of its c.docxlmelaine
Fake News
The dynamics of Fake News: Critical analysis of its causes, accelerators and impacts; A case of Ukraine and the US
Name
School
Senior Seminar
12/16/2019
Introduction
Fake news has been circulating for a long time in news outlets and recently, it has been pumped into the public eye like never before. Major news channels have broadcasted false stories about almost anything from war crimes and corruption to celebrity scandals to shape the public view, spread fear, and cause mayhem. I want to research fake news because their spread has made us more ignorant, sew divide between us, and have spread hate among us. As recently warned in the world economic forum (2013) about the so-called "digital wildfires," i.e. fake news going viral through digital media could be taken as the most significant threats that societies and governments face. The discourses revolving around fake news have been in existent for quite some time now- even though known by different names and definitions, only in recent years has the term drawn so much interests and public discourses.
As argued by Allcott & Gentzkow, (2017), the topic of fake news has been extensively covered in psychology, economics, computer science, and political science. For the past decade, scholars have analyzed the ways in which entertainment can affect politics. In particular, the satirical nature of talk shows. This has drawn interests on how news coated with entertainment may affect the political space. Holbert (2005) asserts that the daily shows are programs that propagate fake news. He argues that such programs revolve around political satire, therefore, passing across a message that most falsified information is majorly political. Across countries, whether with authoritative or democratic regimes, fake news has diminished the credibility of legit media sites. This has led to the polarization of the public. However, the advent of the internet has been attributed to the rise of fake news. Finneman &Thomas (2018) attributes this growth of falsified information to the fact that anyone is capable of posting anything online. The rising popularity of social media has significantly contributed to the rise of fake news. In 2016, Facebook users reached 1.8 billion with Twitter registering about 400 million users. The shift has also been attributed to the declining trust in mainstream media. The biggest factor behind the growth of misleading information is their social engagement. For example, Silverman (2016) argues that during the 2016 presidential elections in the USA, the public engaged with misleading information more on Facebook than in mainstream media. Allcot & Gentzknow (2017) assert that in the month before the 2016 elections, people spent about one hour or more engaging with social media news.
Research Question
Given the fact that the Russian government has spread lies and propaganda across news outlets and social media, how does fake news affect public perception in Ukraine and ...
American Journalism History and Technologiesshuckabe
The First Amendment to the US Constitution protects several fundamental rights including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government. It prohibits the government from making laws that infringe on these rights. Early newspapers had to be careful of criticizing the government due to sedition laws which criminalized dissent. Over time, landmark court cases and America's founding principles established broad protections for freedom of the press that enabled the growth and development of journalism.
History of journalism for journalism 1 slideshareshuckabe
This document summarizes the history of freedom of the press in the United States from the colonial era to modern times. It describes how early colonial newspapers faced censorship from British authorities and how the case of John Peter Zenger established truth as a defense against libel charges. It then discusses the role of the partisan press during debates over the Constitution and the rise of modern newspapers in the 19th century. The document outlines key developments in radio, television, and the internet that changed how news is delivered. It concludes by noting that while forms of journalism are changing, the public will always demand news.
Niall Ferguson argues that the US fails at empire because it is not committed to imperialism long-term. It wants to quickly fix problems and leave, rather than staying to fully civilize and rebuild societies as required. The author agrees that establishing the rule of law is important for progress but says the US does not understand that this requires long-term commitment and involvement instead of short-term interventions. Ferguson believes the US could learn from the British Empire, which stayed long-term in its colonies and established strong institutions and cultural influence, becoming the model for an effective modern empire.
A Satanic Plot For A One World Government Illuminativader Jakob
The document outlines a conspiracy theory about a secret society called the Illuminati that aims to establish a one world government. It claims the Illuminati was founded in the late 18th century and has been orchestrating wars and revolutions since then to weaken nations and religions. The ultimate goal is to gain complete control of the world through a totalitarian one world government, destroying existing governments and religions in the process. Key events and organizations like the French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, Communist Manifesto, World Wars, and United Nations are portrayed as steps in the Illuminati's long-term plan to achieve global domination.
The penny press era of the mid-1800s saw the rise of mass communication in the US, with citizens reading multiple newspapers daily. Competition between newspapers intensified in the late 1800s, leading to the yellow journalism era where sensationalized stories were used to sell more papers. In the early 1900s, the tabloid journalism era emphasized sex, violence and celebrity affairs. By the 1960s, radio and television news reduced newspaper readership.
The document is a series of questions about US history, political philosophy, economics, and religion. Some of the questions addressed include the effects of the Enlightenment, natural rights philosophy, John Locke's ideas, John Marshall's role in strengthening the Supreme Court, consequences of American imperialism, the impact of the railroad boom, Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle, the First Great Awakening religious revival, John F. Kennedy's Catholic faith as an election issue, what the First Amendment includes, the Americanization movement to assimilate immigrants, why political machines gained support in cities, muckraking journalists during the Progressive Era, Henry Ford's Model T production line, the purpose of high tariff barriers, the
Fake NewsThe dynamics of Fake News Critical analysis of its c.docxlmelaine
Fake News
The dynamics of Fake News: Critical analysis of its causes, accelerators and impacts; A case of Ukraine and the US
Name
School
Senior Seminar
12/16/2019
Introduction
Fake news has been circulating for a long time in news outlets and recently, it has been pumped into the public eye like never before. Major news channels have broadcasted false stories about almost anything from war crimes and corruption to celebrity scandals to shape the public view, spread fear, and cause mayhem. I want to research fake news because their spread has made us more ignorant, sew divide between us, and have spread hate among us. As recently warned in the world economic forum (2013) about the so-called "digital wildfires," i.e. fake news going viral through digital media could be taken as the most significant threats that societies and governments face. The discourses revolving around fake news have been in existent for quite some time now- even though known by different names and definitions, only in recent years has the term drawn so much interests and public discourses.
As argued by Allcott & Gentzkow, (2017), the topic of fake news has been extensively covered in psychology, economics, computer science, and political science. For the past decade, scholars have analyzed the ways in which entertainment can affect politics. In particular, the satirical nature of talk shows. This has drawn interests on how news coated with entertainment may affect the political space. Holbert (2005) asserts that the daily shows are programs that propagate fake news. He argues that such programs revolve around political satire, therefore, passing across a message that most falsified information is majorly political. Across countries, whether with authoritative or democratic regimes, fake news has diminished the credibility of legit media sites. This has led to the polarization of the public. However, the advent of the internet has been attributed to the rise of fake news. Finneman &Thomas (2018) attributes this growth of falsified information to the fact that anyone is capable of posting anything online. The rising popularity of social media has significantly contributed to the rise of fake news. In 2016, Facebook users reached 1.8 billion with Twitter registering about 400 million users. The shift has also been attributed to the declining trust in mainstream media. The biggest factor behind the growth of misleading information is their social engagement. For example, Silverman (2016) argues that during the 2016 presidential elections in the USA, the public engaged with misleading information more on Facebook than in mainstream media. Allcot & Gentzknow (2017) assert that in the month before the 2016 elections, people spent about one hour or more engaging with social media news.
Research Question
Given the fact that the Russian government has spread lies and propaganda across news outlets and social media, how does fake news affect public perception in Ukraine and ...
This document proposes establishing a new democratic system called "World People Power" to replace capitalist systems. It discusses the founding of the US democratic system and notes that democracy is at risk of failure or corruption. It argues that current US political and economic systems are dominated by wealthy elites and fail to uphold democratic values. A new approach is needed that strengthens democratic principles and popular sovereignty.
This document proposes establishing a new democratic system called World LoD to replace capitalist systems and prioritize bettering humanity. It discusses the founding of the US democratic system and notes that democracy can devolve into despotism if people become corrupt. The document also warns of issues like violence, gun deaths, and the outsized influence of wealthy elites in politics. It calls for democratic dialogue and union of the people to realize the promise of democracy established in the US Constitution.
1) In the mid-20th century, the mainstream media like newspapers and network news were highly trusted institutions in America, with over 60% of Americans viewing them as fair. However, trust in the media has sharply declined, with only around 10% having a great deal of confidence in the national news media today.
2) As the media landscape has expanded to include more partisan outlets, the mainstream media has faced increasing criticism and now struggles to compete against less conventional news sources. Journalists are also much less trusted by the public than in the past.
3) Many commentators lament the declining role and influence of the mainstream media, arguing that a powerful media establishment free from criticism once served as an important check
This document discusses the theory that the founding of the United States was orchestrated by secret societies like the Illuminati in order to advance their agenda of a New World Order. It claims figures like George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Francis Bacon were members of secret societies that had a centuries-old plan to create an independent America as an instrument of their Luciferian world government agenda. The document argues America's wars and promotion of democracy are part of spreading this agenda globally.
This document provides an introduction to the book "The Milner-Fabian Conspiracy" which aims to expand on previous works detailing an international elite that seeks to dominate the world. The introduction outlines how the book will examine socialism and its links to events like the Russian Revolution and World Wars. It will also analyze modern issues like immigration, multiculturalism, and Islamization which are negatively impacting populations. The goal is to provide information to encourage political debate and action to combat tyranny and reestablish democracy and freedom.
Lansley plays1: Dr N.H.Service, Ms Surveillance, and Sir Lansley Burnham-BallsTaxFries
The document summarizes a satirical story about a British Secretary of State who seeks to hire a German psychiatrist, Dr. N.H. Service, to conduct experiments on patients without oversight in order to produce evidence to support increasingly authoritarian policies. Dr. Service's background and methods mirror those of controversial real-world figures. The story suggests Britain has adopted disturbing surveillance and policing tactics against dissidents reminiscent of totalitarian regimes, threatening civil liberties, and questions whether such abuses are driven more by bureaucratic self-interest than ideology.
How Did The Enlightenment Philosophies Influence Modern Political ThoughtMartin Mongiello
The enlightenment philosophies of freedom, democracy, reason, and separation of church and state greatly influenced modern political thought. These ideas challenged traditional systems of monarchy, aristocracy, and religious authority. Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Adams, Hume, and Jefferson promoted natural rights, consent of the governed, and prioritized human reason over tradition and divine right. Their ideas shaped the American and French Revolutions and continue to underpin democratic systems today.
Us media history (American Media History)uni of Gujrat
During the 19th century, newspapers began to expand and appear outside the cities of the Eastern United States. From the 1830s onward the penny press began to play a major role in American journalism.
Chapter 1b of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
The document discusses planning for material and resource requirements in operations management. It describes the relationships between forecasting, aggregate planning, master scheduling, MRP, and capacity planning. A case study is provided on how a toy company develops its aggregate production plan and master production schedule to meet demand forecasts while maintaining consistent production levels and workforce. The master schedule is adjusted as actual customer orders are received to ensure demand can be met from current inventory and production levels.
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant.docxpriestmanmable
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant number if they had more resources and discrimination of color was ceased. Must include those who discriminate against skin color and must include facts from sources that help individuals gain insight on the possibility of colored individuals thriving in society if same resourcesAnd equal opportunity was provided.
.
92 Academic Journal Article Critique Help with Journal Ar.docxpriestmanmable
92 Academic Journal Article Critique
Help with Journal Article Critique Assignment
Ensure the structure of the assignment will include the following:
Title Page
Introduction
Description of the Problem or Issue
Analysis
Discussion
Critique
Conclusion
References
.
A ) Society perspective90 year old female, Mrs. Ruth, from h.docxpriestmanmable
A ) Society perspective
90 year old female, Mrs. Ruth, from home with her daughter, is admitted to hospital after sustaining a hip fracture. She has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen and moderate to severe aortic stenosis. (Obstruction of blood flow through part of the heart) She undergoes urgent hemiarthroplasty (hip surgery) with an uneventful operative course.
The patient and her family are of Jewish background. The patient’s daughter is her primary caregiver and has financial power-of-attorney, but it is not known whether she has formal power of attorney for personal care. Concerns have been raised to the ICU team about the possibility of elder abuse in the home by the patient’s daughter.
Unfortunately, on postoperative day 4, the patient develops delirium with respiratory failure secondary to hospital acquired pneumonia and pulmonary edema. (Fluid in the lungs) Her goals of care were not assessed pre-operatively. She is admitted to the ICU for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for 48 hours, and then deteriorates and is intubated. After 48 hours of ventilation, it was determined that due to the severity of her underlying cardio-pulmonary status (COPD and aortic stenosis), ventilator weaning would be difficult and further ventilation would be futile.
The patient’s daughter is insistent on continuing all forms of life support, including mechanical ventilation and even extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (does the work of the lungs) if indicated. However, the Mrs Ruth’s delirium clears within the next 24 hours of intubation, and she is now competent, although still mechanically ventilated. She communicated to the ICU team that she preferred 1-way extubation (removal of the ventilator) and comfort care. This was communicated in writing to the ICU team, and was consistent over time with other care providers. The patient went as far to demand the extubation over the next hour, which was felt to be reasonable by the ICU team.
The patient’s daughter was informed of this decision, and stated that she could not come to the hospital for 2 hours, and in the meantime, that the patient must remain intubated.
At this point, the ICU team concurred with the patient’s wishes, and extubated her before her daughter was able to come to the hospital.
The daughter was angry at the team’s decision, and requested that the patient be re-intubated if she deteriorated. When the daughter arrived at the hospital, the patient and daughter were able to converse, and the patient then agreed to re-intubation if she deteriorated.
(1) What are the ethical issues emerging in this case? State why? (
KRISTINA)
(2) What decision model(s) would be ideal for application in this case? State your justification.
(Lacey Powell
)
(3) Who should make decisions in this situation? Should the ICU team have extubated the patient?
State if additional information was necessary for you to arrive at a better decision(s) in your case.
9 dissuasion question Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2017)..docxpriestmanmable
9 dissuasion question
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2017). Criminal behavior: A psychological approach (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 12, “Sexual Assault” (pp. 348–375)
Chapter 13, “Sexual Abuse of Children and Youth” (pp. 376–402)
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Learning Resources.
Think about the following two statements:
Rape is seen as a pseudosexual act.
Rape is always and foremost an aggressive act.
Consider the two statements above regarding motivation of sexual assault. Is rape classified as a pseudosexual act to you, or is it more or less than that? Explain your stance. Do you see rape as an aggressive act by nature, or can it be considered otherwise in certain situations? Explain your reasoning for this.
Excellent - above expectations
Main Discussion Posting Content
Points Range:
21.6 (54%) - 24 (60%)
Discussion posting demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
all
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
19.2 (48%) - 21.57 (53.92%)
Discussion posting demonstrates a
good
understanding of
most
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting provides moderate detail (including at least one pertinent example), evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
16.8 (42%) - 19.17 (47.93%)
Discussion posting demonstrates a
fair
understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting may be
lacking
or incorrect in some area, or in detail and specificity, and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Points Range:
0 (0%) - 16.77 (41.93%)
Discussion posting demonstrates
poor or no
understanding of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting is incorrect and/or shallow and/or does not include any pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Reply Post & Peer Interaction
Points Range:
7.2 (18%) - 8 (20%)
Student interacts
frequently
with peers. The feedback postings and responses to questions are excellent and fully contribute to the quality of interaction by offering constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly, empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.
Points Range:
6.4 (16%) - 7.16 (17.9%)
Student interacts
moderately
with peers. The feedback postings and responses to questions are good, but may not fully contribute to the quality of interaction by offering constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly, empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.
Points Range:
5.6 (14%) - 6.36 (15.9%)
Student interacts
minimally
with peers .
9 AssignmentAssignment Typologies of Sexual AssaultsT.docxpriestmanmable
9 Assignment
Assignment: Typologies of Sexual Assaults
There are many different types of sexual assaults and many different types of offenders. Although they are different, they can be classified in order to create a common language between the criminal justice field and the mental health field. This in turn will enable more accurate research, predict future offenses, and assist in the prosecution and rehabilitation of the offenders.
In this Assignment, you compare different typologies of sexual offenders to determine the differences in motivation, expression of aggression, and underlining personality structure. You also determine the best way to interview each typology of sexual offenders.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review the Learning Resources.
Select two typologies of sexual offenders listed in the resources.
By Day 7
In a 3- to 5- page paper:
Compare the two typologies of sexual offenders you selected by explaining the following:
The motivational differences between the two typologies
The expression of aggression in the two typologies
The differences in the underlining personality structure of the two typologies
Excellent - above expectations
Points Range:
47.25 (63%) - 52.5 (70%)
Paper demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
all
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
42 (56%) - 47.2 (62.93%)
Paper demonstrates a
good
understanding of
most
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper includes moderate detail, evidence from the readings, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
36.75 (49%) - 41.95 (55.93%)
Paper demonstrates a
fair
understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper may be
lacking
in detail and specificity and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Points Range:
0 (0%) - 36.7 (48.93%)
Paper demonstrates poor understanding of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper is missing detail and specificity and/or does not include any pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Writing
Points Range:
20.25 (27%) - 22.5 (30%)
Paper is
well
organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is
fully
consistent with graduate level writing style. Paper contains
multiple
, appropriate and exemplary sources expected/required for the assignment.
.
The document discusses a new guidance published by Public Health England to enhance the public health role of nurses and midwives. It aims to make every contact with patients by nurses and midwives count towards health promotion and disease prevention. The guidance prioritizes areas like reducing preventable deaths, tackling long-term conditions, and improving children's health. It also emphasizes place-based public health approaches. The document outlines specific actions nurses and midwives can take to contribute to public health at the individual, community and population levels, such as providing health advice to patients and engaging with communities.
9 Augustine Confessions (selections) Augustine of Hi.docxpriestmanmable
9 Augustine
Confessions
(selections)
Augustine of Hippo wrote his Confessions between 397 -400 CE. In it he gives an
autobiographical account of his whole life up through his conversion to Christianity.
In Book 2, excerpted here, he thinks over the passions and temptations of his youth,
especially during a period where he had to come home from where he was studying
and return to living with his parents. His mother Monica was already Christian and
his father was considering it. They want him to be academically successful and
become a great orator.
From Augustine, Confessions. Translated by Caroline J-B Hammond. Loeb Classical
Library Harvard University Press 2014
(Links to an external site.)
.
1. (1) I wish to put on record the disgusting deeds in which I engaged, and
the corrupting effect of sensual experience on my soul, not because I love
them, but so that I may love you, my God. I do this because of my love for
your love, to the end that—as I recall my wicked, wicked ways in the
bitterness of recollection—you may grow even sweeter to me. For you are
a sweetness which does not deceive, a sweetness which brings happiness
and peace, pulling me back together from the disintegration in which I was
being shattered and torn apart, when I turned away from you who are unity
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
and dispersed into the multiplicity that is oblivion. For there was a time
during my adolescence when I burned to have my fill of hell. I ran wild and
reckless in all manner of shady liaisons, and my outward appearance
deteriorated, and I degenerated before your eyes as I went on pleasing
myself and desiring to appear pleasing in human sight.
2. (2) What was it that used to delight me, if not loving and being loved? But
there was no boundary maintained between one mind and another, and
reaching only as far as the clear confines of friendship. Instead the slime
of fleshly desire and the spurts of adolescence belched out their fumes,
and these clouded and obscured my heart, so that it was impossible to
distinguish the purity of love from the darkness of lust. Both of them
together seethed in me, dragging my immaturity over the heights of bodily
desire, and plunging me down into a whirlpool of sin. Your anger grew
strong against me, but I was unaware of it. I had been deafened by the
loud grinding of the chain of my mortality, the punishment for the pride of
my soul, and I went even further away from yo.
8.3 Intercultural Communication
Learning Objectives
1. Define intercultural communication.
2. List and summarize the six dialectics of intercultural communication.
3. Discuss how intercultural communication affects interpersonal relationships.
It is through intercultural communication that we come to create, understand, and transform culture and identity. Intercultural communication is communication between people with differing cultural identities. One reason we should study intercultural communication is to foster greater self-awareness (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). Our thought process regarding culture is often “other focused,” meaning that the culture of the other person or group is what stands out in our perception. However, the old adage “know thyself” is appropriate, as we become more aware of our own culture by better understanding other cultures and perspectives. Intercultural communication can allow us to step outside of our comfortable, usual frame of reference and see our culture through a different lens. Additionally, as we become more self-aware, we may also become more ethical communicators as we challenge our ethnocentrism, or our tendency to view our own culture as superior to other cultures.
As was noted earlier, difference matters, and studying intercultural communication can help us better negotiate our changing world. Changing economies and technologies intersect with culture in meaningful ways (Martin & Nakayama). As was noted earlier, technology has created for some a global village where vast distances are now much shorter due to new technology that make travel and communication more accessible and convenient (McLuhan, 1967). However, as the following “Getting Plugged In” box indicates, there is also a digital divide, which refers to the unequal access to technology and related skills that exists in much of the world. People in most fields will be more successful if they are prepared to work in a globalized world. Obviously, the global market sets up the need to have intercultural competence for employees who travel between locations of a multinational corporation. Perhaps less obvious may be the need for teachers to work with students who do not speak English as their first language and for police officers, lawyers, managers, and medical personnel to be able to work with people who have various cultural identities.
“Getting Plugged In”
The Digital Divide
Many people who are now college age struggle to imagine a time without cell phones and the Internet. As “digital natives” it is probably also surprising to realize the number of people who do not have access to certain technologies. The digital divide was a term that initially referred to gaps in access to computers. The term expanded to include access to the Internet since it exploded onto the technology scene and is now connected to virtually all computing (van Deursen & van Dijk, 2010). Approximately two billion people around the world now access the Internet regularl.
This document proposes establishing a new democratic system called "World People Power" to replace capitalist systems. It discusses the founding of the US democratic system and notes that democracy is at risk of failure or corruption. It argues that current US political and economic systems are dominated by wealthy elites and fail to uphold democratic values. A new approach is needed that strengthens democratic principles and popular sovereignty.
This document proposes establishing a new democratic system called World LoD to replace capitalist systems and prioritize bettering humanity. It discusses the founding of the US democratic system and notes that democracy can devolve into despotism if people become corrupt. The document also warns of issues like violence, gun deaths, and the outsized influence of wealthy elites in politics. It calls for democratic dialogue and union of the people to realize the promise of democracy established in the US Constitution.
1) In the mid-20th century, the mainstream media like newspapers and network news were highly trusted institutions in America, with over 60% of Americans viewing them as fair. However, trust in the media has sharply declined, with only around 10% having a great deal of confidence in the national news media today.
2) As the media landscape has expanded to include more partisan outlets, the mainstream media has faced increasing criticism and now struggles to compete against less conventional news sources. Journalists are also much less trusted by the public than in the past.
3) Many commentators lament the declining role and influence of the mainstream media, arguing that a powerful media establishment free from criticism once served as an important check
This document discusses the theory that the founding of the United States was orchestrated by secret societies like the Illuminati in order to advance their agenda of a New World Order. It claims figures like George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Francis Bacon were members of secret societies that had a centuries-old plan to create an independent America as an instrument of their Luciferian world government agenda. The document argues America's wars and promotion of democracy are part of spreading this agenda globally.
This document provides an introduction to the book "The Milner-Fabian Conspiracy" which aims to expand on previous works detailing an international elite that seeks to dominate the world. The introduction outlines how the book will examine socialism and its links to events like the Russian Revolution and World Wars. It will also analyze modern issues like immigration, multiculturalism, and Islamization which are negatively impacting populations. The goal is to provide information to encourage political debate and action to combat tyranny and reestablish democracy and freedom.
Lansley plays1: Dr N.H.Service, Ms Surveillance, and Sir Lansley Burnham-BallsTaxFries
The document summarizes a satirical story about a British Secretary of State who seeks to hire a German psychiatrist, Dr. N.H. Service, to conduct experiments on patients without oversight in order to produce evidence to support increasingly authoritarian policies. Dr. Service's background and methods mirror those of controversial real-world figures. The story suggests Britain has adopted disturbing surveillance and policing tactics against dissidents reminiscent of totalitarian regimes, threatening civil liberties, and questions whether such abuses are driven more by bureaucratic self-interest than ideology.
How Did The Enlightenment Philosophies Influence Modern Political ThoughtMartin Mongiello
The enlightenment philosophies of freedom, democracy, reason, and separation of church and state greatly influenced modern political thought. These ideas challenged traditional systems of monarchy, aristocracy, and religious authority. Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Adams, Hume, and Jefferson promoted natural rights, consent of the governed, and prioritized human reason over tradition and divine right. Their ideas shaped the American and French Revolutions and continue to underpin democratic systems today.
Us media history (American Media History)uni of Gujrat
During the 19th century, newspapers began to expand and appear outside the cities of the Eastern United States. From the 1830s onward the penny press began to play a major role in American journalism.
Chapter 1b of a university course in media history by Prof. Bill Kovarik, based on the book Revolutions in Communication: Media History from Gutenberg to the Digital Age (Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2015).
The document discusses planning for material and resource requirements in operations management. It describes the relationships between forecasting, aggregate planning, master scheduling, MRP, and capacity planning. A case study is provided on how a toy company develops its aggregate production plan and master production schedule to meet demand forecasts while maintaining consistent production levels and workforce. The master schedule is adjusted as actual customer orders are received to ensure demand can be met from current inventory and production levels.
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant.docxpriestmanmable
a 12 page paper on how individuals of color would be a more dominant number if they had more resources and discrimination of color was ceased. Must include those who discriminate against skin color and must include facts from sources that help individuals gain insight on the possibility of colored individuals thriving in society if same resourcesAnd equal opportunity was provided.
.
92 Academic Journal Article Critique Help with Journal Ar.docxpriestmanmable
92 Academic Journal Article Critique
Help with Journal Article Critique Assignment
Ensure the structure of the assignment will include the following:
Title Page
Introduction
Description of the Problem or Issue
Analysis
Discussion
Critique
Conclusion
References
.
A ) Society perspective90 year old female, Mrs. Ruth, from h.docxpriestmanmable
A ) Society perspective
90 year old female, Mrs. Ruth, from home with her daughter, is admitted to hospital after sustaining a hip fracture. She has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen and moderate to severe aortic stenosis. (Obstruction of blood flow through part of the heart) She undergoes urgent hemiarthroplasty (hip surgery) with an uneventful operative course.
The patient and her family are of Jewish background. The patient’s daughter is her primary caregiver and has financial power-of-attorney, but it is not known whether she has formal power of attorney for personal care. Concerns have been raised to the ICU team about the possibility of elder abuse in the home by the patient’s daughter.
Unfortunately, on postoperative day 4, the patient develops delirium with respiratory failure secondary to hospital acquired pneumonia and pulmonary edema. (Fluid in the lungs) Her goals of care were not assessed pre-operatively. She is admitted to the ICU for non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for 48 hours, and then deteriorates and is intubated. After 48 hours of ventilation, it was determined that due to the severity of her underlying cardio-pulmonary status (COPD and aortic stenosis), ventilator weaning would be difficult and further ventilation would be futile.
The patient’s daughter is insistent on continuing all forms of life support, including mechanical ventilation and even extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (does the work of the lungs) if indicated. However, the Mrs Ruth’s delirium clears within the next 24 hours of intubation, and she is now competent, although still mechanically ventilated. She communicated to the ICU team that she preferred 1-way extubation (removal of the ventilator) and comfort care. This was communicated in writing to the ICU team, and was consistent over time with other care providers. The patient went as far to demand the extubation over the next hour, which was felt to be reasonable by the ICU team.
The patient’s daughter was informed of this decision, and stated that she could not come to the hospital for 2 hours, and in the meantime, that the patient must remain intubated.
At this point, the ICU team concurred with the patient’s wishes, and extubated her before her daughter was able to come to the hospital.
The daughter was angry at the team’s decision, and requested that the patient be re-intubated if she deteriorated. When the daughter arrived at the hospital, the patient and daughter were able to converse, and the patient then agreed to re-intubation if she deteriorated.
(1) What are the ethical issues emerging in this case? State why? (
KRISTINA)
(2) What decision model(s) would be ideal for application in this case? State your justification.
(Lacey Powell
)
(3) Who should make decisions in this situation? Should the ICU team have extubated the patient?
State if additional information was necessary for you to arrive at a better decision(s) in your case.
9 dissuasion question Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2017)..docxpriestmanmable
9 dissuasion question
Bartol, C. R., & Bartol, A. M. (2017). Criminal behavior: A psychological approach (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 12, “Sexual Assault” (pp. 348–375)
Chapter 13, “Sexual Abuse of Children and Youth” (pp. 376–402)
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the Learning Resources.
Think about the following two statements:
Rape is seen as a pseudosexual act.
Rape is always and foremost an aggressive act.
Consider the two statements above regarding motivation of sexual assault. Is rape classified as a pseudosexual act to you, or is it more or less than that? Explain your stance. Do you see rape as an aggressive act by nature, or can it be considered otherwise in certain situations? Explain your reasoning for this.
Excellent - above expectations
Main Discussion Posting Content
Points Range:
21.6 (54%) - 24 (60%)
Discussion posting demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
all
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
19.2 (48%) - 21.57 (53.92%)
Discussion posting demonstrates a
good
understanding of
most
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting provides moderate detail (including at least one pertinent example), evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
16.8 (42%) - 19.17 (47.93%)
Discussion posting demonstrates a
fair
understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting may be
lacking
or incorrect in some area, or in detail and specificity, and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Points Range:
0 (0%) - 16.77 (41.93%)
Discussion posting demonstrates
poor or no
understanding of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Posting is incorrect and/or shallow and/or does not include any pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Reply Post & Peer Interaction
Points Range:
7.2 (18%) - 8 (20%)
Student interacts
frequently
with peers. The feedback postings and responses to questions are excellent and fully contribute to the quality of interaction by offering constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly, empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.
Points Range:
6.4 (16%) - 7.16 (17.9%)
Student interacts
moderately
with peers. The feedback postings and responses to questions are good, but may not fully contribute to the quality of interaction by offering constructive critique, suggestions, in-depth questions, use of scholarly, empirical resources, and stimulating thoughts and/or probes.
Points Range:
5.6 (14%) - 6.36 (15.9%)
Student interacts
minimally
with peers .
9 AssignmentAssignment Typologies of Sexual AssaultsT.docxpriestmanmable
9 Assignment
Assignment: Typologies of Sexual Assaults
There are many different types of sexual assaults and many different types of offenders. Although they are different, they can be classified in order to create a common language between the criminal justice field and the mental health field. This in turn will enable more accurate research, predict future offenses, and assist in the prosecution and rehabilitation of the offenders.
In this Assignment, you compare different typologies of sexual offenders to determine the differences in motivation, expression of aggression, and underlining personality structure. You also determine the best way to interview each typology of sexual offenders.
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review the Learning Resources.
Select two typologies of sexual offenders listed in the resources.
By Day 7
In a 3- to 5- page paper:
Compare the two typologies of sexual offenders you selected by explaining the following:
The motivational differences between the two typologies
The expression of aggression in the two typologies
The differences in the underlining personality structure of the two typologies
Excellent - above expectations
Points Range:
47.25 (63%) - 52.5 (70%)
Paper demonstrates an
excellent
understanding of
all
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper provides significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other sources, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
42 (56%) - 47.2 (62.93%)
Paper demonstrates a
good
understanding of
most
of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper includes moderate detail, evidence from the readings, and discerning ideas.
Points Range:
36.75 (49%) - 41.95 (55.93%)
Paper demonstrates a
fair
understanding of the concepts and key points as presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper may be
lacking
in detail and specificity and/or may not include sufficient pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Points Range:
0 (0%) - 36.7 (48.93%)
Paper demonstrates poor understanding of the concepts and key points of the text/s and Learning Resources. Paper is missing detail and specificity and/or does not include any pertinent examples or provide sufficient evidence from the readings.
Writing
Points Range:
20.25 (27%) - 22.5 (30%)
Paper is
well
organized, uses scholarly tone, follows APA style, uses original writing and proper paraphrasing, contains very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and is
fully
consistent with graduate level writing style. Paper contains
multiple
, appropriate and exemplary sources expected/required for the assignment.
.
The document discusses a new guidance published by Public Health England to enhance the public health role of nurses and midwives. It aims to make every contact with patients by nurses and midwives count towards health promotion and disease prevention. The guidance prioritizes areas like reducing preventable deaths, tackling long-term conditions, and improving children's health. It also emphasizes place-based public health approaches. The document outlines specific actions nurses and midwives can take to contribute to public health at the individual, community and population levels, such as providing health advice to patients and engaging with communities.
9 Augustine Confessions (selections) Augustine of Hi.docxpriestmanmable
9 Augustine
Confessions
(selections)
Augustine of Hippo wrote his Confessions between 397 -400 CE. In it he gives an
autobiographical account of his whole life up through his conversion to Christianity.
In Book 2, excerpted here, he thinks over the passions and temptations of his youth,
especially during a period where he had to come home from where he was studying
and return to living with his parents. His mother Monica was already Christian and
his father was considering it. They want him to be academically successful and
become a great orator.
From Augustine, Confessions. Translated by Caroline J-B Hammond. Loeb Classical
Library Harvard University Press 2014
(Links to an external site.)
.
1. (1) I wish to put on record the disgusting deeds in which I engaged, and
the corrupting effect of sensual experience on my soul, not because I love
them, but so that I may love you, my God. I do this because of my love for
your love, to the end that—as I recall my wicked, wicked ways in the
bitterness of recollection—you may grow even sweeter to me. For you are
a sweetness which does not deceive, a sweetness which brings happiness
and peace, pulling me back together from the disintegration in which I was
being shattered and torn apart, when I turned away from you who are unity
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
https://www-loebclassics-com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/view/augustine-confessions/2014/pb_LCL026.61.xml
and dispersed into the multiplicity that is oblivion. For there was a time
during my adolescence when I burned to have my fill of hell. I ran wild and
reckless in all manner of shady liaisons, and my outward appearance
deteriorated, and I degenerated before your eyes as I went on pleasing
myself and desiring to appear pleasing in human sight.
2. (2) What was it that used to delight me, if not loving and being loved? But
there was no boundary maintained between one mind and another, and
reaching only as far as the clear confines of friendship. Instead the slime
of fleshly desire and the spurts of adolescence belched out their fumes,
and these clouded and obscured my heart, so that it was impossible to
distinguish the purity of love from the darkness of lust. Both of them
together seethed in me, dragging my immaturity over the heights of bodily
desire, and plunging me down into a whirlpool of sin. Your anger grew
strong against me, but I was unaware of it. I had been deafened by the
loud grinding of the chain of my mortality, the punishment for the pride of
my soul, and I went even further away from yo.
8.3 Intercultural Communication
Learning Objectives
1. Define intercultural communication.
2. List and summarize the six dialectics of intercultural communication.
3. Discuss how intercultural communication affects interpersonal relationships.
It is through intercultural communication that we come to create, understand, and transform culture and identity. Intercultural communication is communication between people with differing cultural identities. One reason we should study intercultural communication is to foster greater self-awareness (Martin & Nakayama, 2010). Our thought process regarding culture is often “other focused,” meaning that the culture of the other person or group is what stands out in our perception. However, the old adage “know thyself” is appropriate, as we become more aware of our own culture by better understanding other cultures and perspectives. Intercultural communication can allow us to step outside of our comfortable, usual frame of reference and see our culture through a different lens. Additionally, as we become more self-aware, we may also become more ethical communicators as we challenge our ethnocentrism, or our tendency to view our own culture as superior to other cultures.
As was noted earlier, difference matters, and studying intercultural communication can help us better negotiate our changing world. Changing economies and technologies intersect with culture in meaningful ways (Martin & Nakayama). As was noted earlier, technology has created for some a global village where vast distances are now much shorter due to new technology that make travel and communication more accessible and convenient (McLuhan, 1967). However, as the following “Getting Plugged In” box indicates, there is also a digital divide, which refers to the unequal access to technology and related skills that exists in much of the world. People in most fields will be more successful if they are prepared to work in a globalized world. Obviously, the global market sets up the need to have intercultural competence for employees who travel between locations of a multinational corporation. Perhaps less obvious may be the need for teachers to work with students who do not speak English as their first language and for police officers, lawyers, managers, and medical personnel to be able to work with people who have various cultural identities.
“Getting Plugged In”
The Digital Divide
Many people who are now college age struggle to imagine a time without cell phones and the Internet. As “digital natives” it is probably also surprising to realize the number of people who do not have access to certain technologies. The digital divide was a term that initially referred to gaps in access to computers. The term expanded to include access to the Internet since it exploded onto the technology scene and is now connected to virtually all computing (van Deursen & van Dijk, 2010). Approximately two billion people around the world now access the Internet regularl.
8413 906 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.comPage 1 .docxpriestmanmable
8/4/13 9:06 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.com
Page 1 of 4http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/04/sunday-review/life-in-a-toxic-country.html?ref=world&pagewanted=all&pagewanted=print
August 3, 2013
Life in a Toxic Country
By EDWARD WONG
BEIJING — I RECENTLY found myself hauling a bag filled with 12 boxes of milk powder and a
cardboard container with two sets of air filters through San Francisco International Airport. I was
heading to my home in Beijing at the end of a work trip, bringing back what have become two of
the most sought-after items among parents here, and which were desperately needed in my own
household.
China is the world’s second largest economy, but the enormous costs of its growth are becoming
apparent. Residents of its boom cities and a growing number of rural regions question the safety of
the air they breathe, the water they drink and the food they eat. It is as if they were living in the
Chinese equivalent of the Chernobyl or Fukushima nuclear disaster areas.
Before this assignment, I spent three and a half years reporting in Iraq, where foreign
correspondents talked endlessly of the variety of ways in which one could die — car bombs,
firefights, being abducted and then beheaded. I survived those threats, only now to find myself
wondering: Is China doing irreparable harm to me and my family?
The environmental hazards here are legion, and the consequences might not manifest themselves
for years or even decades. The risks are magnified for young children. Expatriate workers
confronted with the decision of whether to live in Beijing weigh these factors, perhaps more than at
any time in recent decades. But for now, a correspondent’s job in China is still rewarding, and so I
am toughing it out a while longer. So is my wife, Tini, who has worked for more than a dozen years
as a journalist in Asia and has studied Chinese. That means we are subjecting our 9-month-old
daughter to the same risks that are striking fear into residents of cities across northern China, and
grappling with the guilt of doing so.
Like them, we take precautions. Here in Beijing, high-tech air purifiers are as coveted as luxury
sedans. Soon after I was posted to Beijing, in 2008, I set up a couple of European-made air
purifiers used by previous correspondents. In early April, I took out one of the filters for the first
time to check it: the layer of dust was as thick as moss on a forest floor. It nauseated me. I ordered
two new sets of filters to be picked up in San Francisco; those products are much cheaper in the
United States. My colleague Amy told me that during the Lunar New Year in February, a family
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/w/edward_wong/index.html
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/china/index.html?inline=nyt-geo
8/4/13 9:06 AMLife in a Toxic Country - NYTimes.com
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8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2.docxpriestmanmable
8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design: - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2 as independent variables)
Dr. Boonghee Yoo
[email protected]
RMI Distinguished Professor in Business and
Professor of Marketing & International Business
Make changes on the names, labels, and measure on the variable view.
Check the measure.
Have the same keys between “Name” and “Label.”
Run factor analysis for ys (dependent variables).
Select “Principal axis factoring” from “Extraction.”
The two-factor solution seems the best as (1) they are over one eigenvalue each and (2) the variance explained for is over 60%.
The new eigenvalues after the rotation.
The rotated factor matrix is clear.
But note that y3 and y1 are collapsed into one factor.
If not you should rerun factor analysis after removing the most problematic item one at a time.
Repeat this procedure until the rotated factor pattern has
(1) no cross-loading,
(2) no weak factor loading (< 0.5), and
(3) an adequate number of items (not more than 5 items per factor).
If a clear factor pattern is obtained, name the factors.
Attitude and purchase intention (y3 and y1)
Boycotting intention (y2)
Compute the reliability of the items of each factor
Make sure all responses were used.
Cronbach’s a (= Reliability a) must be greater than 0.70. Then, you can create the composite variable out of the member items.
Means and STDs must be similar among the items.
No a here should be greater than Cronbach’s a. If not, you should delete such item(s) to increase a.
Create the composite variable for each factor.
BI = mean (y2_1,y2_2,y2_3)
“PI” will be added to the data.
Go to the Variable View and change its “Name” and “Label.”
8. A 2 x 2 Experimental Design: - Quality and Economy (x1 and x2 as independent variables)
Dr. Boonghee Yoo
[email protected]
RMI Distinguished Professor in Business and
Professor of Marketing & International Business
BLOCK 1. Title and introductory paragraph.
Title and introductory paragraph
Plus, background questions
BLOCK 2 to 5. Show one of four treatments randomly.
x1(hi), x2 (hi)
x1 (hi), x2 (low)
x1 (low), x2 (hi)
x1 (low), x2 (low)
BLOCK 6. Questions.
Manipulation check questions (multi-item scales)
y1, y2, and y3 (multi-item scales)
Socio-demographic questions
Write “Thank you for participation.”
The questionnaire (6 blocks)
A 2x2 between-sample design: SQ (Service quality and ECON (Contribution to local economy)
Each of the four BLOCKs consist of:
The instruction: e.g., “Please read the following description of company ABC carefully.”
The scenario: An image file or written statement
(No questions inside the scenario blocks)
Qualtrics Survey Flow (6 blocks)
Manipulation check questions y1, y2, …, yn
Questions to verify that subjects were manipulated as intended. For example, if the stimulus is dollar-amount price, the manipulation check.
800 Words 42-year-old man presents to ED with 2-day history .docxpriestmanmable
800 Words
42-year-old man presents to ED with 2-day history of dysuria, low back pain, inability to fully empty his bladder, severe perineal pain along with fevers and chills. He says the pain is worse when he stands up and is somewhat relieved when he lies down. Vital signs T 104.0 F, pulse 138, respirations 24. PaO2 96% on room air. Digital rectal exam (DRE) reveals the prostate to be enlarged, extremely tender, swollen, and warm to touch.
In your Case Study Analysis related to the scenario provided, explain the following:
The factors that affect fertility (STDs).
Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.
Why prostatitis and infection happen. Also explain the causes of systemic reaction.
Why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP.
Anemia and the different kinds of anemia (i.e., micro, and macrocytic).
.
8.1 What Is Corporate StrategyLO 8-1Define corporate strategy.docxpriestmanmable
8.1 What Is Corporate Strategy?
LO 8-1
Define corporate strategy and describe the three dimensions along which it is assessed.
Strategy formulation centers around the key questions of where and how to compete. Business strategy concerns the question of how to compete in a single product market. As discussed in Chapter 6, the two generic business strategies that firms can follow to pursue their quest for competitive advantage are to increase differentiation (while containing cost) or lower costs (while maintaining differentiation). If trade-offs can be reconciled, some firms might be able to pursue a blue ocean strategy by increasing differentiation and lowering costs. As firms grow, they are frequently expanding their business activities through seeking new markets both by offering new products and services and by competing in different geographies. Strategic leaders must formulate a corporate strategy to guide continued growth. To gain and sustain competitive advantage, therefore, any corporate strategy must align with and strengthen a firm’s business strategy, whether it is a differentiation, cost-leadership, or blue ocean strategy.
Corporate strategy comprises the decisions that leaders make and the goal-directed actions they take in the quest for competitive advantage in several industries and markets simultaneously.3 It provides answers to the key question of where to compete. Corporate strategy determines the boundaries of the firm along three dimensions: vertical integration along the industry value chain, diversification of products and services, and geographic scope (regional, national, or global markets). Strategic leaders must determine corporate strategy along the three dimensions:
1. Vertical integration: In what stages of the industry value chain should the company participate? The industry value chain describes the transformation of raw materials into finished goods and services along distinct vertical stages.
2. Diversification: What range of products and services should the company offer?
3. Geographic scope: Where should the company compete geographically in terms of regional, national, or international markets?
In most cases, underlying these three questions is an implicit desire for growth. The need for growth is sometimes taken so much for granted that not every manager understands all the reasons behind it. A clear understanding will help strategic leaders to pursue growth for the right reasons and make better decisions for the firm and its stakeholders.
WHY FIRMS NEED TO GROW
LO 8-2
Explain why firms need to grow, and evaluate different growth motives.
Several reasons explain why firms need to grow. These can be summarized as follows:
1. Increase profits.
2. Lower costs.
3. Increase market power.
4. Reduce risk.
5. Motivate management.
Let’s look at each reason in turn.
INCREASE PROFITS
Profitable growth allows businesses to provide a higher return for their shareholders, or owners, if privately held. For publicly trade.
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS These guidelines address postgr.docxpriestmanmable
8.0 RESEARCH METHODS
These guidelines address postgraduate students who have completed course
requirements and assumed to have sufficient background experience of high-level
engagement activities like recognizing, relating, applying, generating, reflecting and
theorizing issues. It is an ultimate period in our academic life when we feel confident
at embarking on independent research.
It cannot be overemphasized that we must enjoy the experience of research process
and not look at it as an academic chore.
To enable such a desired behaviour, these guidelines consider the research process
in terms of the skills and knowledge needed to develop independent and critical
styles of thinking in order to evaluate and use research as well as to conduct fresh
research.
The guidelines should be viewed as briefs which the Research Supervisors are expected
to exemplify based on their own experience as well as expertise.
8.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction
INTRODUCE the subject or problem to be studied. This might require the
identification of key managerial concerns, theories, laws and governmental rulings,
critical incidents or social changes, and current environmental issues, that make the
subject critical, relevant and worthy of managerial or research attention.
• To inform the Reader (stylistically - forthright, direct, and brief / concise),
• The first sentence should begin with `This Study was intended
to’….’ And immediately tell the Reader the nature of the study for the
reader's interest and desire to read on.
8.1.1 The Research Problem
What is the statement of the problem? The statement of the problem or problem
statement should follow logically from what has been set forth in the background of
the problem by defining the specific research need providing impetus for the
study, a need not met through previous research. Present a clear and precise
statement of the central question of research, formulated to address the need.
8.1.2 The Purpose of the Study
What is the purpose of the study? What are the RESEARCH QUESTION (S) of
the study? What are the specific objective (s) of the study? Define the specific
research objective (s) that would answer the research Question (s) of the study.
8.1.3 The Rationale of the Study:
1. Why in a general sense?
2. One or two brief references to previous research or theories critical in structuring
this study to support and understand the rationale.
3. The importance of the study for the reader to know, to fully appreciate the need
for the study - and its significance.
4. Own professional experience that stimulated the study or aroused interest in the
area of research.
5. The Need for the Study - will deal with valid questions or professional concerns
to provide data leading to an answer - reference to literature helpful and
appropriate.
8.1.4 The Significance of the Study:
1. Clearly .
95People of AppalachianHeritageChapter 5KATHLEEN.docxpriestmanmable
95
People of Appalachian
Heritage
Chapter 5
KATHLEEN W. HUTTLINGER and LARRY D. PURNELL
Overview, Inhabited Localities,
and Topography
OVERVIEW
Appalachia consists of that large geographic expanse in
the eastern United States that is associated with the
Appalachian mountain system, a 200,000-square-mile
region that extends from the northeastern United States
in southern New York to northern Mississippi. It includes
all of West Virginia and parts of Alabama, Georgia,
Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee,
and Virginia. This very rural area is characterized by a
rolling topography with very rugged ridges and hilltops,
some extending over 4000 feet high, with remote valleys
between them. The surrounding valleys are often 2000
feet or more in elevation and give one a sense of isolation,
peacefulness, and separateness from the lower and more
heavily traveled urban areas. This isolation and rough
topography have contributed to the development of
secluded communities in the hills and natural hollows or
narrow valleys where people, over time, have developed a
strong sense of independence and family cohesiveness.
These same isolated valleys and rugged mountains pre-
sent many transportation problems for those who do not
have access to cars or trucks. Very limited public trans-
portation is available only in the larger urbanized areas.
Even though the Appalachian region includes several
large cities, many people live in small settlements and in
inaccessible hollows or “hollers” (Huttlinger, Schaller-
Ayers, & Lawson, 2004a). The rugged location of many
communities in Appalachia results in a population that is
often isolated from the mainstream of health-care ser-
vices. In some areas of Appalachia, substandard secondary
and tertiary roads, as well as limited public bus, rail, and
airport facilities, prevent easy access to the area (Fig. 5–1).
Difficulty in accessing the area is partially responsible for
continued geographic and sociocultural isolation. The
rugged terrain can significantly delay ambulance response
time and is a deterrent to people who need health care
when their health condition is severe. This is one area in
which telehealth innovations can and often do provide
needed services.
Many of the approximately 24 million people who live
in Appalachia can trace their family roots back 150 or
more years, and it is common to find whole communities
comprising extended, related families. The cultural her-
itage of the region is rich and reflected in their distinctive
music, art, and literature. Even though family roots are
strong, many of the region’s younger residents have left
the area to pursue job opportunities in the larger urban
cities of the north. The remaining, older population
reflects a group that often has less than a high-school edu-
cation, is frequently unemployed, may be on welfare
and/or disability, and is regularly uninsured (20.4 per-
cent) (Virginia He.
8-10 slide Powerpoint The example company is Tesla.Instructions.docxpriestmanmable
8-10 slide Powerpoint The example company is Tesla.
Instructions
As the organization’s top leader, you are responsible for communicating the organization’s strategies in a way that makes the employees understand the role that they play in helping to achieve the organization’s strategies. Design a presentation that explains the following:
The company is Tesla
1. Your Organization's Mission and Vision
2. Your organization’s overall strategies and how they align with the Mission and Vision
3. At least five of your organization’ strategic SMART goals that align with the overall organizational strategy
4. At least three different departments’ specific roles in helping to achieve those strategic SMART goals
5. This can be a PowerPoint presentation with a voice-over or it can be a video presentation.
Length: 8 – 10 slides, not including title and reference slide.
Notes Length: 200-250 words for each slide.
References: Include a minimum of five scholarly resources.
I will do the voice over. I do not need a separate document of speaker notes as long as the PowerPoint has the requested 200-250 words for each slide
.
8Network Security April 2020FEATUREAre your IT staf.docxpriestmanmable
8
Network Security April 2020
FEATURE
Are your IT staff ready
for the pandemic-driven
insider threat? Phil Chapman
Obviously the threat to human life is
the top concern for everyone at this
moment. But businesses are also starting
to suffer as productivity slips globally
and the workforce itself is squeezed.
The UK Government’s March budget
did announce some measures, especially
for small and medium-size enterprises
(SMEs), that will make this period
slightly less painful for organisations.
However, as is apparent from the tank-
ing stock market (the FTSE 100 has
hit levels not seen since June 2012) the
economy and pretty much all businesses
in the country (unless you produce hand
sanitiser) are going to suffer. There is no
time like now for the UK to embrace
its mantra of ‘keep calm and carry on’
because that is what we must do if we’re
going to keep business flowing.
For the IT department at large there is
lots of urgent work to do to ensure that
the business is prepared to keep running
smoothly even if people are having to
work remotely. The task at hand for cyber
security professionals is arguably even
larger as Covid-19 is seeing cyber criminals
capitalising on the fact that the insider
threat is worse than ever, with more people
working remotely from personal devices
than many IT and cyber security teams
have likely ever prepared for.
This article will argue that the cyber
security workforce, which is already suf-
fering a digital skills crisis, may also be
lacking the adequate soft skills required
to effectively tackle the insider threat
that has been exacerbated by the pan-
demic. It will first examine the insider
threat, and why this has become so
much more insidious because of Covid-
19. It will then look into the essential
soft skills required to tackle this threat,
before examining how organisations can
effectively implement an apprentice-
ship strategy that generates professionals
with both hard and soft skills, includ-
ing advice from the CISO of globally
respected law firm Pinsent Masons, who
will provide insight into how he is mak-
ing his strategy work. It will conclude
that many of these issues could be solved
if the industry didn’t rely so heavily on
recruiting graduates and rather looked
towards hiring apprentices.
The insider threat
In the best of times, every cyber-pro-
fessional knows that the biggest threat
to an organisation’s IT infrastructure
is people, both malicious actors and
– much more often – employees and
partners making mistakes. The problem
is that people lack cyber knowledge and
so commit careless actions – for exam-
ple, forwarding sensitive information to
the wrong recipient over email or plug-
ging rogue USBs into their device (yes,
that still happens). Cyber criminals
capitalise on this ignorance by utilising
social engineering tactics ranging from
the painfully simple, like fake emails
from Amazon, to the very sophisticated,
such as.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
2. said, the Al Qaeda leader had been making a bomb when it blew
up. Khan’s photos showed something else—fragments of a U.S.
Hellfire missile. Khan’s story, with photos, reported that the
missile had been fired from a U.S. spy drone—a sensational re-
port that contradicted both U.S. and Pakistani official insistence
that the U.S. anti-terrorism resources were honoring Pakistan’s
sovereignty and staying within the borders of neighboring
Afghanistan.
Officials at the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, which oper-
ates drones, were displeased with Khan’s reporting. So was the
Pakistani government. Within days of Khan’s revelations, Khan
vanished. Six months later his body was found dumped in
northern
Waziristan, handcuffed and shot in the back.
Khan’s family blamed the Pakistani government. The govern-
ment blamed intrigue—somebody out to malign the government.
Whatever the truth, Khan’s death is testimony to the danger
facing war correspondents, especially in tribal no-man’s territo-
ries. Over two years, five reporters who ventured into
Waziristan
were killed. Now almost all reporting from the area is second-
hand, with reporters using telephones to call into the region
from
the relative safety of Peshawar and faraway cities.
429
LEARNING AHEAD
� Mass media reflect a
nation’s political system.
� War can force compro-
3. mises in media freedom.
� Market forces are trans-
forming some Arab
media.
� Terrorists have adapted
digital media as a
propaganda tool.
� Media are central in a
Cold War-style battle for
reforms in Iran.
� China has the broadest
censorship apparatus in
history.
� Variations exist among
national media systems,
even in democracies.
17
Global Mass Media
Hellfire Evidence. Missile fragments photographed by
Hayatullah Khan suggest that the
U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was responsible for a remote-
control bombing in a remote
Pakistani region that killed an Al Qaeda leader. It was contrary
to official policy for U.S. military
to be venturing into Pakistan.
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5. Democracy and a free
mass media are in the libertarian tradition.
GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
After the 2005 terrorist subway and bus bombings in London,
the British news media
flooded the streets and airwaves with stories about the suspects.
Understandably,
coverage was emotional. When the first arrests were made, the
front page of the
tabloid Sun blared: “Got the Bastards.” Then the media went
silent. British law for-
bids news coverage once a criminal charge has been filed. The
rationale is to not
prejudice potential jurors. It’s a silly law by standards in the
United States, where
jury contamination is avoided through jury selection
procedures, jury sequestering
and relocation of trials. But the British system had
accomplished the same purpose
too—until now.
Hungry for news about the terrorism investigation and the
people arrested,
Britons needed to look no further than the Internet. The
Internet’s most-used
coding structure is called the World Wide Web for a reason.
And just down the
street, newsstands stocked foreign newspapers and magazines
full of ongoing reve-
lations about the suspects. Legally, the imported publications,
as well as Internet
coverage, could be banned under the 1981 Contempt of Court
Act. But how? The
logistics would be overwhelming.
6. Throughout the world, not only in Britain, the power that
governments once
wielded over mass communication has eroded. The challenges
for governments,
especially in countries with repressive regimes, is how to
impede unwanted outside
messages from getting in. On a global scale, the struggle is
between two intellectual
Color-Coding Freedom.
Freedom House, which tracks
the freedom of the new media
worldwide, reports relatively
few countries where news and
information flow freely within
and across their borders.
Green shows countries that
Freedom House regards as free,
yellow as partly free, and pur-
ple as not free. The number of
free countries has grown over
20 years from 31 percent to 40
percent.
In this chapter you will discover how the mass media fit into
the global geopolitical environment. The media are players not
only in crisis moments, like war, but also in evolving
globalization.
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8. Franco Spain in the 1900s. The Soviets had their own twist on
authoritarianism.
Today, dictatorships and theocracies continue the tradition. A
premise of authoritarian
systems is that the government is infallible, which places its
policies beyond ques-
tioning. The media’s role in an authoritarian society is
subservience to government.
� Henry VIII. When Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type
in the 1400s,
authorities were enthusiastic. Early printers produced Bibles
and religious tracts, which
was consistent with the intertwined institutions of government
and church. Within
two generations, however, presses also were occasionally
producing materials that
bordered on sedition and treason. Authorities clamped down.
What happened in
England was typical. In 1529 King Henry VIII outlawed
imported publications. So it
was decreed that every printer must be licensed. Printers caught
publishing anything
objectionable to the Crown lost their licenses. In effect, they
were put out of business.
Remaining in the government’s good graces brought favors. A
license was a guar-
anteed local monopoly and a lock on government and church
printing jobs.
In addressing a crisis of the time, Henry VIII became the model
for authoritarian
control of mass media.
� Censorship. Authoritarian regimes have found numerous
ways, both blatant
9. and subtle, to control mass media. Censorship is one. The most
thorough
censoring requires that manuscripts be read by government
agents before being
printed or aired. To work, prepublication censorship requires a
government
agent in every newsroom and everywhere else that mass-media
messages are
produced. Such thorough censorship is hardly practicable,
although governments
sometimes establish censorship bureaucracies during wartime to
protect sensitive
military information and to ban information that runs counter to
their
propaganda. Most authoritarian regimes have opted instead for
post-publication
action against dissidents. The effect of the execution of a media
person who strayed
� libertarianism
Given time and access to good in-
formation, people ultimately make
the right decisions; basis of demo-
cratic governance
� authoritarianism
Top-down governance, such as a
monarchy or dictatorship
Authoritarian Execution.
Authoritarian governments
prevent mass-media criticism
of their policies with numerous
methods, including execution.
In authoritarian England, the
Crown made spectacles of
10. executions. Here, a crowd
gathered in 1619 to witness
the execution of John de
Barneveld, which had a chilling
effect on other people who
might have challenged the
Crown.
� Henry VIII
British monarch who began crack-
down on printed materials in 1529
� prepublication censorship
Authorities preview material before
dissemination
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The Media of Mass Communication, Ninth Edition, by John C.
Vivian. Published by Allyn & Bacon.
12. paper and on the air.
� Authoritarian Effectiveness. Authoritarian controls can have
short-term
effectiveness, but truth is hard to suppress for very long. In
Franco’s Spain, which
was allied with Germany in World War II, the news media were
mum for years
about Nazi atrocities against Jews. Despite the media blackout,
the Spanish people
were aware of the Holocaust. People do not receive all their
information through
the mass media. Especially if people have come to distrust the
accuracy or
thoroughness of an authoritarian medium, they pay special
attention to alternative
sources. They talk to travelers. They read contraband
publications. They listen
secretly to transborder newscasts. They tap into the Internet. In
recent years China
has created the largest censorship apparatus in history to
maintain ideological
control, complete with electronic and Internet monitoring and
intercepts, but the
system leaks. It’s an open question whether the Chinese will
come to recognize the
futility of prepublication censorship, as have earlier
authoritarian-minded regimes.
� Global Authoritarianism. Authoritarianism dies hard. The
organization
Freedom House, which monitors press freedom worldwide, lists
45 nations that
deny a broad range of freedoms. The eight worst-rated countries
include Cuba and
North Korea, both Marxist-Leninist regimes. Turkmenistan and
13. Uzbekistan in
Central Asia are ruled by dictators with roots in the Soviet
period. Arab countries
Libya and Syria are under secular dictatorships. Sudan is under
leadership that has
elements of both radical Islamism and military juntas. Burma
has a tightly
controlled military dictatorship. Tibet, although not a country
but under Chinese
jurisdiction, rates among the bottom-most territories. So does
the former Soviet
republic of Chechnya, where an indigenous Islamic population
is engaged in a
brutal guerrilla war for independence from Russia.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Give examples of authoritarian censorship and bribery.
� Why do authoritarian governments generally favor post-
publication review to
prepublication censorship?
AUTHORITARIAN PREMISES
Authoritarian media systems make sense to anyone who accepts
the premise that
the government, whether embodied by a monarch or a dictator,
is right in all that
it says and does. Such a premise is anathema to most
Americans, but merely 400
years ago it was mainstream Western thought. King James VII
of Scotland, who
later became James I of England, made an eloquent argument
for the divine right
of kings in 1598. He claimed that legitimate monarchs were
anointed by an
14. Almighty and thereby were better able to express righteousness
and truth than anyone
else. By definition, therefore, anybody who differed with the
monarch was em-
bracing falsity and probably heresy.
Divine Right. King James I,
who fancied himself a scholar,
wrote a treatise in 1598 that
claimed monarchies were legiti-
mate because of a pipeline to
God. His theory, called the
divine right of kings, is a classic
defense for authoritarian politi-
cal and media systems.
� King James VII
Articulated the divine right of kings
theory
� divine right of kings
Proper decisions follow the monarch’s
will, which is linked to an Almighty
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16. many tradition-bound countries in
emerging from authoritarianism.
Turkey, as an example, is torn be-
tween strong nationalism that dates
to the Ottoman empire and the need
to join the European Union to grow
its economy. A condition for
European Union membership is em-
bracing fully the Western value of free
expression. The European Court of
Human Rights has been unequivocal
about the right “to criticize public in-
stitutions in very strong terms.”
Although Turkey revised its laws on
free expression in 2004, parts of old
laws remain intact, including the pro-
vision against “insulting Turkish iden-
tity.” At the time of Pamuk’s trial, 65
free expression cases were before the
courts in Turkey.
The Pamuk case grew out of an in-
terview in a Swiss newspaper in which
he discussed the deaths of 1 million
Armenians and 30,000 Kurds in the late
Ottoman period, which Western histori-
ans call the first genocide of the 20th
century but which Turkey officially calls
“internecine fighting.” Pamuk also said
that Turkish security forces shared re-
sponsibility for an estimated 30,000
Kurd deaths during separatist fighting
The authoritarian line of reasoning justifies suppression of ideas
and informa-
17. tion on numerous grounds:
� Truth is a monopoly of the regime. Commoners can come to
know truth
only through the ruler, who in King James’ thinking had an
exclusive
pipeline to an Almighty. Advocates of authoritarianism hold
little confidence
in individuals.
� Challenges to government are based on falsity. It could not
be otherwise,
considering the premise that government is infallible.
in the 1980s and 1990s.
Pamuk did not use the
hot-button word genocide,
but he must have realized
he was venturing into
dangerous territory. About
the mass killings, he said:
“Nobody but me dares to
talk about it.”
For fierce Turkish na-
tionalists, this was too
much. A provincial gover-
nor ordered Pamuk’s
books burned, including
several that contributed
to his winning the
German Peace Prize for lit-
erature. Despite the at-
tacks and threats, Pamuk
was defiant. Awaiting trial,
he honed in on the
18. Turkish dilemma: “What
am I to make of a country
that insists that the Turks,
unlike their Western neigh-
bors, are a compassionate
people, incapable of
genocide, while nationalist
political groups are pelting
me with death threats?”
In 2005 Pamuk’s trial
was adjourned on techni-
cal grounds. But under
pressure from ultranation-
alists, the government
continued to prosecute other writers,
including journalists and scholars.
W H AT D O Y O U T H I N K ?
� Will European economic pressure on
Turkey be effective over the long term
in softening a nationalist streak that
condones censorship?
media people
orhan pamuk
Insulted the State. Turkish author Orhan Pamuk
found himself the victim of nationalist extremism for
a critical assessment of Ottoman history. Although
prosecuted for defiling Turkish national honor, Pamuk
survived the trial. There were death threats. A provin-
cial governor ordered his books burned.
20. To the authoritarian mind, media people who support the
government are pur-
veying truth and should be rewarded. The unfaithful, those who
criticize, are
spreading falsity and should be banished. It all makes sense if
King James was right
about his divine right theory. It’s no wonder that John Twyn
was sentenced to die
so gruesomely.
An inherent contradiction in authoritarianism is the premise that
the ruler is
uniquely equipped to know truth. Experience over the centuries
makes it clear that
monarchs and dictators come in many stripes. Regimes have
been known to change
their definitions of truth in midstream, as in Henry VIII’s
change of heart on Roman
Catholicism. A fair question to pose to authoritarianism
advocates is whether
Henry was right when he was a Catholic or later, when he was
an Anglican.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� What is the notion of truth that is at the heart of
authoritarianism?
� Was Henry VIII right when he was a Catholic or when he was
an Anglican?
LIBERTARIANISM
Libertarian thinkers, in contrast to authoritarians, have faith in
the ability of in-
dividual human beings to come to know great truths by applying
reason. This
21. distinction is the fundamental difference between libertarian
and authoritarian
perspectives.
Physicists love telling young students the story of an English
lad, Isaac
Newton. Sitting in an orchard one late summer day, young Isaac
was struck on the
head by a falling apple. At that moment the law of gravity was
instantly clear to
him. It’s a good story, although probably not true. Deriving the
law of gravi-
tation was a much more sophisticated matter for Newton, the
leading 17th
century physicist. But the orchard story lives on. It is a story
also told to
pupils in their first world history class to illustrate a period in
intellectual
history called the Enlightenment. In that version, young Newton
not
only discovered gravity at the very instant that he was bumped
on the head,
but he also realized that he could come to know great truths like
the law of
gravity by using his own mind. He did not need to rely on a
priest or a
monarch or anyone else claiming a special relationship with an
Almighty.
He could do it on his own. This revelation, say the history
teachers, was a
profound challenge to authoritarian premises and ushered in the
era of ra-
tional thinking that sets the modern age apart. Individually and
together,
people are capable of learning the great truths, called natural
22. law, unassisted
by authorities. The insight was that human beings are rational
beings. It was
a realization that began quantum leaps in the sciences. The
insight also con-
tributed to the development of libertarianism, which held the
intellectual
roots of modern democracy.
� Marketplace of Ideas. An English writer, John Milton, was
the
pioneer libertarian. In his 1644 pamphlet Areopagitica, Milton
made a case
for free expression based on the idea that individual human
beings are
capable of discovering truth if given the opportunity. Milton
argued for a
free and open exchange of information and ideas—a
marketplace of
ideas. Just as people at a farmers’ market can pinch and inspect
a lot of
vegetables until they find the best, so can people find the best
ideas if they
have a vast array from which to choose. Milton’s marketplace is
not a place
but a concept. It exists whenever people exchange ideas,
whether in
conversation or letters or the printed word.
� Enlightenment
Period of rationalist thought; begin-
ning foreshadowed by early libertar-
ians
Marketplace of Ideas. A marital
spat and a confrontation with the king
23. led John Milton to write Areopagitica
in 1644. The tract challenged royal
authority on intellectual and moral
grounds and paved the way for liber-
tarianism. Milton made a case that
everyone should be free to express
ideas for the consideration of other
people, no matter how traitorous, blas-
phemous, deleterious or just plain silly.
It was a strong argument against
restrictions on free expression.
� John Milton
Early libertarian thinker
� marketplace of ideas
An unbridled forum for free inquiry
and free expression
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25. Over time, people
will shed flawed ideas for better ones. This is called the self-
righting process.
� First Amendment. Libertarianism took strong root in Britain’s
North
American colonies in the 1700s. Thomas Paine stirred people
against British author-
itarianism and incited them to revolution. The rhetoric of the
Enlightenment was
clear in the Declaration of Independence, which was drafted by
libertarian
philosopher Thomas Jefferson. His document declares that
people have natural
rights and are capable of deciding their own destiny. No king is
needed. There is
an emphasis on liberty and individual rights. Libertarianism
spread rapidly as
colonists rallied against Britain in the Revolutionary War.
Not everyone who favored independence was a firm libertarian.
When it came
time to write a constitution for the new republic, there was a
struggle between lib-
ertarian and authoritarian principles. The libertarians had the
greater influence, but
sitting there prominently were Alexander Hamilton and a coterie
of individuals
who would have severely restricted the liberties of the common
people. The consti-
tution that resulted was a compromise. Throughout the
Constitution, an implicit
trust of the people vies with an implicit distrust. Even so, the
government that
emerged was the first to be influenced by libertarian principles,
and “the great ex-
26. periment in democracy,” as it’s been called, began.
By the time the Constitution was ratified, it had been expanded
to include the
First Amendment, which bars government from interfering in
the exchange of
ideas. The First Amendment declares that “Congress shall make
no law . . . abridg-
ing the freedom of speech, or of the press. . . .”
In practice there have been limits on both free speech and free
expression since
the beginning of the republic. Legal scholars debate where to
draw the line when
the First Amendment comes into conflict with other civil rights,
such as the right
to a fair trial. Even so, for 200 years the First Amendment has
embodied the ideals
of the Enlightenment. The United States clearly is in the
libertarian tradition, as are
the other Western-style democracies that followed.
� Global Libertarianism. On its scale of Free and Not Free, the
Freedom House
organization, which tracks freedom globally, says that
democracy and freedom are
the dominant trends in Western and East-central Europe, in the
Americas, and
increasingly in the Asia-Pacific region. In the former Soviet
Union, Freedom House
says the picture remains mixed. In Africa, free societies and
electoral democracies
are a minority despite recent progress. The Middle East has
experienced gains for
freedom, although the region as a whole overwhelmingly
consists of countries that
27. Freedom House rates as Partly Free or Not Free.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Explain how libertarianism is optimistic about human reason
and how authori-
tarianism is pessimistic.
� How does the Enlightenment relate to libertarianism?
� How does the First Amendment embody the ideals of the
Enlightenment?
CHAPTER 17 Global Mass Media 435
� First Amendment
The free expression section
of the U.S. Constitution
� self-righting process
Although people make occasional
errors in truth-seeking, they eventu-
ally discover and correct them
� natural rights
Inherent human rights, including
self-determination
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29. struggle for an answer is rooted deeply in the American
experience.
� Civil War. The Civil War was the first that had a large
contingent of reporters
accompanying the armies, about 500. After some fumbling with
how to deal with the
reporters, the secretary of war, Edwin Stanton, ordered that
stories go to censors to
delete sensitive military matters. In general, the system worked,
from Stanton’s
perspective. Toward the end of the war General William
Sherman marched all the
way from Chattanooga, Tennessee, through hostile Georgia to
the sea at Savannah, a
nine-month campaign, without a hint in the press to tip off the
Confederacy.
� World War II. In World War II correspondents wore uniforms
with the rank
of captain and usually had a driver and a Jeep. The reporters
generated lots of field
coverage, but the reporting, reflecting the highly patriotic spirit
of the times, as
evident in the reporters wearing military uniforms, was hardly
dispassionate and
sometimes propagandist.
� Vietnam. Reporters had great freedom in reporting the
Vietnam War in the
1960s and 1970s. Almost at will, reporters could link up with
South Vietnamese or
U.S. units and go on patrols. The result, dubbed rice-roots
reporting, included
lots of negative stories on what was, in fact, an unsuccessful
military campaign that
30. was unpopular among many troops and a growing majority at
home. For the first
time the reporting was filmed for television, with gruesome
footage being pumped
by the networks into living rooms across the nation on the
evening news,
deepening opposition to the war.
Commanders didn’t like negative reports, which some blamed
for losing the
public’s support for the war. In the end, demoralized, the United
States withdrew in
defeat—the first war in its history the nation had lost.
� Grenada. For the next wars, relatively quick incursions, the
Pentagon had new
rules. In 1983, when the United States took over the Caribbean
nation of Grenada,
a naval blockade kept reporters out. The war, secretly planned,
surprised the news
media. Scrambling to get on top of the story but barred from the
action, enterprising
reporters hired small boats to run the blockade but were
intercepted.
Major newspapers, the networks and news agencies protested
loudly at being
excluded from covering the Grenada invasion. Acknowledging
that the policy had
ridden roughshod over the democratic principles on which the
nation was
founded, with an informed electorate essential for the system to
work, the
Pentagon agreed to sit down with news media leaders to devise
new ground rules.
The result was a pool system, in which a corps of reporters
31. would be on call on a
rotating basis to be shuttled to combat areas on short notice for
the next quick war.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Would news audiences have problems today with a policy to
put journalists in
military uniforms?
� What are the advantages and disadvantages of reporter pools?
436 PART THREE Mass-Media Issues
� Edwin Stanton
Union secretary of state who organ-
ized Civil War censorship of sensi-
tive military news
� rice-roots reporting
Uncensored field reporting from the
Vietnam War
� pool system
Reporters chosen on a rotating
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33. Areopagitica
John Milton argued for robust
discourse in seeking truth (1644)
1700s First Amendment
U.S. Constitution bars government
control of press (1791)
1800s Civil War
U.S. government limited war
reporting (1862)
2000s Chinese Censorship
China installed filters on incoming
Internet communication (2001)
Pan-Arab Media
Dubai launched media enterprise
for multinational audiences (2003)
Iraq Infowar
Digital media used by Iraqi insurgents
for propaganda (2003– )
1900s Global Shortwave
British Broadcasting Corporation
created (1927)
Uniformed Journalists
U.S. government credentialed
reporters (1942)
Airwave Propaganda
U.S. created Voice of America (1942)
Satellite Broadcasting
34. CNN launched a 24/7 news
channel, later went global (1976)
Reporter Pools
Government allowed coverage
of Panama invasion through
reporter pools (1989)
Embeds
Reporters embedded with combat
units (1993)
Al-Jazeera
Qatar sheik created Al-Jazeera news
channel (1996)
� Printing presses throughout
Europe (1500– )
� Age of Science, Age of
Reason, Enlightenment
(1600s– )
� Revolutionary War
(1776–1781)
� Morse invented telegraph
(1844)
� U.S. Civil War (1861–1864)
� World War II (1941–1945)
� Russian–Western rivalry
triggered Cold War (1945)
35. � Vietnam War (1964–1973)
� Soviet empire imploded
(1989)
� Persian Gulf War (1991)
� 9/11 terrorist attacks
(2001)
� Iraq War (2003– )
Milton would let Truth
and Falsehood grapple
Voice of America as a Cold
War tool
Al-Jazeera sought pan-Arab,
global news audience
Liu Di under lifetime of
Chinese government
“permanent surveillance”
King James saw divine
anointment.
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37. devices that insurgents had been per-
fecting since early in the Iraq War.
Although a veteran war reporter,
Dozier said the experience that fateful
day was a revelation: “You think how
many lives, day after day after day, are
being torn apart, how many sacrifices
are being made. I thought I under-
stood that, but I didn’t really under-
stand it until I lived through it.”
W H AT D O Y O U T H I N K ?
� What if reporters were all afraid to
volunteer for Iraq assignments?
F
or a story on U.S. soldiers on patrol
in a ravaged Baghdad neighbor-
hood, a three-person CBS televi-
sion crew joined an infantry unit for
the day. Embeds, the reporters were
called. For most practical purposes,
they were part of the unit, embedded.
As their Hummer negotiated the
streets, a yellow taxi alongside, packed
with 300 to 500 pounds of explosives,
was detonated remotely. Cameraman
Paul Douglas and soundman James
Brolan were wounded mortally. So were
an Army captain and his Iraqi translator.
The wounded also included CBS
correspondent Kimberly Dozier. Near
38. death with shredded upper legs, severe
burns and shrapnel in her head, Dozier
was rushed to a combat hospital.
Unconscious, having lost tremendous
amounts of blood, Dozier’s heart
stopped twice. Technically she was
dead. Both times surgeons brought
her back and kept her alive.
Two dozen surgeries later back in
the United States, Dozier was consid-
ering how to resume her work as a for-
eign correspondent. She had been in
Baghdad three years, knowing every
day the dangers. The work, she said,
was essential: “The world is watching.
The story needs to be told.” At the
same time, Dozier was hesitant to put
her family through the trauma of her
438 PART THREE Mass-Media Issues
EMBEDDED REPORTERS
The Iraq War, beginning in 2003, was covered by journalists
like no other. The U.S.
government, after flip-flopping on rules for war correspondents
for 50 years,
seemed to recognize the futility of trying to manipulate
information in the digital
age. Months before the invasion, the Pentagon chief for media
relations, Victoria
Clarke, invited news organizations to send reporters to special
combat mini-courses
to get up to speed—and also into physical shape—to go to war
with combat units.
Commanders were told to let the cameras roll whenever the
39. journalists wanted.
The embed system has been fine-tuned as the war has ground
on. Even so, the
system has problems. A military unit with an embedded reporter
needs to assign
additional soldiers to address security. If a reporter is wounded,
resources have to be
diverted from the mission to evacuate the reporter. This became
a growing issue in
the Iraq War. By mid-2007, more than 100 reporters had been
mortally wounded.
Medical Evacuation. CBS reporter Kimberly Dozier survived a
car bomb in
which two crew members were killed, among 104 reporters who
had died in
the Iraq War by mid-2004. Also killed in the explosion were an
Army cap-
tain and a translator.
� embeds
News reporters who are with mili-
tary units on missions
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41. told to think of them “not so much as news but as
messages Iraqis needed to hear.” Propaganda? That’s the issue.
Certainly, the stories
being planted in Iraqi newspapers were not from the detached,
neutral journalistic
perspective that is the American democratic ideal.
During one two-month period the Lincoln Group proposed a $19
million multimedia
blitz. Marx found an Iraqi company that would produce a half-
minute television spot for
$10,000. Iraq’s national station said it could air the spot during
its most expensive time
for $2,000. The Lincoln Group was charging the military $1
million for the spot. Marx
found himself driving through Baghdad with $3 million in cash
in the trunk of the car.
For his summer internship, Marx was paid $1,000 a month.
The Los Angeles Times broke the story about Lincoln’s contract
with the Pentagon
to pay Iraqi news media to anonymously publish stories written
by U.S. military person-
nel. Soon after, the Pentagon launched an investigation, which
ultimately found that
indeed the government could legally spread propaganda in
foreign nations.
The Lincoln Group defended its work as an attempt to level the
playing field in Iraqi
media. Said one Lincoln adviser: “The opposition is very clever
and basically gets a free
run in the media over there.” Other Pentagon defenders argued
that different ethical
standards are needed in a combat zone.
42. There is no evidence that the stories planted in Iraqi media were
untrue. The con-
troversy is whether the stories, for the sake of honesty and
transparency, should have
been attributed to the U.S. military.
Government manipulation of media content bothers John
Schulz, dean of commu-
nication at Boston University. Schulz sees the issue going to the
core of an American
ideal. “In the very process of attempting to either lead by
example or actually instill a
democracy, which is the main mission in Iraq as we understand
it now, we’re subverting
democracy at the very core by subverting the legitimate process
of journalism,” Schulz
said. “There needs to be an agonizing reappraisal of what they
mean about trusting the
news media and whether soldiers and plants and public relations
firms can function in
the place of effective news media. I don’t think so.”
DEEPENING YOUR MEDIA LITERACY
E X P L O R E T H E I S S U E
List the reasons the U.S. military would pay to have its own
stories published in the Iraqi
press. Then list ways that democracy and an effective media
interact.
D I G D E E P E R
Do you see any intersections between your two lists? Where do
ethics fit into them?
43. W H AT D O Y O U T H I N K ?
Is a trust in the media necessary for a successful democracy? Is
it OK to follow different
media ethics in a new, unstable democracy? Was it worth the
price the U.S. paid to get
its stories in the Iraqi press?
Old Tech Message. Despite
a costly U.S. information
campaign that vilified Iraq
leader Saddam Hussein, the
people of Fallujah renamed
one of their streets the Street
of the Martyr Saddam Hussein.
Slickly produced media mes-
sages for television, no matter
the budget or talent that goes
into them, failed to offset
insurgents’ YouTube-type calls
for resistance. George Bush
was there, old-media style,
and not getting through.
Everybody, it seems, has a
video cell phone.
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45. S T U D Y P R E V I E W
Media in Islamic regions do not fit a single mold. They operate
in diverse political
systems, some driven by theologies that themselves are
inconsistent. Others are
pragmatically oriented to create pan-Arabic mass audiences.
Among the most
successful is Al-Jazeera.
DIVERSE MEDIA STRUCTURES
Media systems of the nations comprising Islam-dominated
regions are as diverse as
the nations themselves. These nations span from northern Africa
to southeast Asia.
Many resemble classic authoritarian systems, some being among
the planet’s last
theocracies with clerics dominating public policy. Variations,
however, are signifi-
cant. Islamic dogma ranges widely among sects vying for
dominance. The civil war
into which Iraq fell during the U.S. occupation, for example,
was a clash of different
traditions and strains of Islam going back centuries. In contrast,
in the sheikdom of
Dubai, whose governance resembles a monarchy, economic
growth has trumped
divisive issues with overt pan-Arabic attempts to accommodate
diverse traditions.
Media systems in some Arabic areas reflect values from periods
of overbearing
European dominance, mixed with resurgent indigenous
traditions and values.
Some of this Western influence continued long after this
dominance had ended. In the
46. 1990s, for example, the British Broadcasting Corporation, with
a history of inter-
national broadcasting in the region, spent two years setting up
an Arab-language
service. Obstacles led BBC to abandon the project in 1996. But,
seeing a vacuum, the
government of the tiny Gulf state of Qatar, already committed
to creating itself as a
regional media center, created a 24/7 television news service,
modeled on U.S.-based
CNN. Sheikh Hammad bin Khalifa put up the money. Thus Al-
Jazeera was
born, which today has been ranked the world’s fifth-best-known
brand.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Describe the diversity in political systems and their media
components in Arabic
and Islamic regions.
AL-JAZEERA
Al-Jazeera picked up its journalistic tradition largely through
Brits who had been
with the abandoned BBC project. For the Middle East, the
approach was fresh—live
coverage of breaking news told dispassionately and as
thoroughly as possible, no
holds barred. Viewers glommed to the channel. Call-in shows
were uncensored.
Arabs suddenly had an avenue to unload on their governments,
many of them
despotic and unevenly responsive to public needs.
Al-Jazeera was applauded in the West as a voice for democracy
and reform. But
47. things changed after Arab terrorists killed thousands of people
in New York City
and Washington in 2001. As the Bush administration moved
toward war in Iraq,
the Arab perspective inherent in Al-Jazeera included
independent reporting that
sometimes was at odds with U.S. portrayals. Commentary was
from all sides, including
� Hammad bin Khalifa
Founder of Al-Jazeera television
news network
� Al-Jazeera
Qatar-based satellite news channel
for Arab audiences; now global
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49. language anchors have familiar faces, some formerly with CNN,
Sky News and BBC.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� What are challenges facing Al-Jazeera and its competitors in
reaching Arab
audiences?
� When agents of master terrorist Osama Bin Laden supplied
video of his anti-
Western political messages to Al-Jazeera, the network aired
them as news. Was
this the right thing to do?
� The White House said the Bin Laden tapes might carry
embedded instructions to
terror cells and asked U.S. television networks not to air the
tapes. How would
you as a network executive respond to the White House request?
TRANSNATIONAL ARABIC COMPETITION
The Arabic television field is becoming increasingly crowded.
Saudi satcaster MBC
has set up an all-news channel. Dubai TV’s One TV has added
an English-language
entertainment network. Lebanon has become a powerhouse of
pan-Arab television pro-
gramming, including reality shows and talent contests. BBC,
meanwhile, has decided
to try an Arab-language news network again. The global reach
of Arab media has ex-
tended to Latin America, where Telsur has gone into
multinational satellite newscasts.
In Arab countries, the proliferation of satellite channels is
50. expected to peak at
some point soon. The survivors will be operations with deep,
deep pockets. The
business development manager at MBC in Saudi Arabia, Michel
Constandi, estimates
the combined operating budgets of the region’s free satellite
channels at $3 bil-
lion a year. The estimated ad market is only $30 million.
Control Room. The Al-Jazeera
control room in Qatar is staffed
by a mix of former British
Broadcasting Corporation
employees and Arabian jour-
nalists. Al-Jazeera’s reporting
during the U.S.-led war on Iraq
displeased President Bush, who,
according to British press
reports, suggested to British
Prime Minister Tony Blair in
2004 that the network’s head-
quarters be bombed.
� satcaster
A television station that transmits
to an orbiting satellite, which beams
signals back down directly to
individual receivers
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52. As a nation, Dubai might seem a mere speck of sand on the
Persian Gulf—674,000
people, only 265,700 in its main city. From under the sand,
though, has come oil
that has brought spectacular wealth to the tiny emirate. But
what will happen
when the wells run dry? Resources extractable from the earth
inevitably run out.
The government has set a deliberate course to create a post-oil
financial infra-
structure. The plan includes lavish hotels to transform Dubai
into a tourism magnet.
Beaches line the Gulf for miles, easily only a day’s flight from
major population
centers in Europe, south Asia and, of course, the rest of the
Arab world.
And so much sunshine. Could Dubai also become the Arabian
Hollywood? It
was California sunshine, after all, that drew the infant U.S.
filmmaking industry
from the East Coast to Hollywood early in the 1900s. The more
sunshine, the more
days for outdoor shooting. With moviemaking could come a
host of related media
industries—particularly television.
The brainstorming that began with a tourist-oriented Dubailand
complex
mushroomed. In 2003 the government converted its Ministry of
Information into
Dubai Media Incorporated to run the nation’s television system.
DMI is a
quasi-government agency but is set up to operate like a private
company. Ninety-
53. seven billion dollars has gone into construction. More than
1,000 television and
film companies have taken up residence, availing themselves of
the sunshine and
also the government’s tax-free incentives.
Dubai Media Incorporated, with audience goals far beyond the
emirate’s bor-
ders, operates four television channels. These include an Arab-
language general
entertainment channel. The channel became the second-most-
watched pan-Arabian
satellite station, second only to the older Saudi-owned, London-
based MBC. The
Dubai Sports Channel, the only 24-hour Arab sports channel,
has exclusive rights to
the World Cup of horse racing. Arab soccer also is exclusive.
An English-language
service carries mostly movies and imported programs. In
addition, a local channel
aims at audiences within the United Arab Emirates, of which
Dubai is part.
In the culturally and religiously fractured Arab region, Dubai
TV and its com-
petitors are on a tightrope in choosing content. Hussein Ali
Lootah, chief executive,
sees Dubai TV’s greatest achievement in introducing Gulf-
oriented programming
that has not alienated Arabs on the Mediterranean. Creativity is
within the bounds
of local sensitivities, he says. For news, Dubai TV avoids the
hard-hitting journalism
of Al-Jazeera by having a deliberately friendly, informal
approach. On magazine
and talk shows there is more analysis, less polemics.
54. On the English-language One TV, programs and movies are
chosen because
they are “relevant and sensitive to our culture,” says manager
Naila Al-awadhi.
Shows are subtitled and promoted in Arabic.
Dubai TV claims 50 percent market penetration, which means a
reach of 100
million Arabs across the region. Dubai’s pre-2004 predecessor
earned less than
$4 million. The 2006 gross reached $40 million. DMI claims
English-language One
TV can reach 70 million Arab households.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� How is the emirate of Dubai seeking to become a global
entertainment industry player?
� What obstacles does the Dubai enterprise face?
� Dubai Media Incorporated
Quasi-government agency building
Dubai to be a Mideast entertain-
ment production center
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56. channeling their oil
wealth into Al Qaeda terrorism and to militant Islam imams who
saw their holy
book, the Koran, as justifying terrorism. Then came a 2003
terrorist bombing in
Saudi Arabia itself. Eighteen people, all Arabs, were killed. It
was a pivotal mo-
ment. Soon came a wave of mini-series and dramas, some
produced in Saudi
Arabia, challenging the notion that Islam somehow justifies
terrorism. These pro-
grams play on Arab channels throughout the Middle East. Some,
like The Beautiful
Virgins, lead the ratings with an anti-terrorism theme woven
into a trans-Arab
story line with characters of Egyptian, Jordanian, Lebanese,
Moroccan, Palestinian,
and Syrian descent.
Beautiful Virgins, written by a former Al Qaeda member, is
narrated by a Syrian
girl who was burned in the 2003 attack. Amid all kinds of
problems, including
marital infidelity, drug addiction and wife beating, the core
issue is the loving versus
the dark side of Islam as told through the conflict within a
young Saudi man torn
between militant and moderate readings of the Koran. Which
way does he go to
find the virgins whom the Koran, at least metaphorically, says
await good Islamic
men in paradise?
Militant imams deride Beautiful Virgins as sacrilege, which
points out that
Islamic Arabs are hardly of one mind. The show was panned on
57. militant Web sites.
Station executives have received death threats. Even so, the
show has led viewer-
ship not only in Saudi Arabia but also in other Islamic
countries. At the Saudi-
owned Middle East Broadcasting Corporation, based in Dubai,
production manager
Abe al Masry has described Beautiful Virgins as an integral part
of the new Arab
battle against terrorism.
It wasn’t always so. The producer of a 2001 show, The Road to
Kabul, which por-
trayed the Afghan Taliban negatively, caved to death threats
after eight install-
ments. But that was before the 2003 attack in Saudi Arabia.
Today The Rocky Road
story line hints at hypocrisy and Afghan corruption. Another
show, What Will Be,
Will Be, portrays conservative village sheiks as bumbling
bumpkins, not unlike the
sheriff in The Dukes of Hazzard, albeit with political edginess.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Why has anti-terrorism become fashionable in Saudi Arabian
media?
MEDIA AS TERRORISM TOOL
Islamic radicals including Al Qaeda have adapted low-cost
digital media to their
needs. During the U.S. presence in Iraq, insurgents have learned
to plan multicamera,
high-resolution video shots of large-scale attacks on U.S.
forces. The videos are
quickly edited into hyped narratives and spliced with stock clips
59. The adroit use of technology—all it takes is a laptop—figures
into internecine
tensions. A ghoulish sectarian video of a Sunni militiaman
sawing off the head of a
Shiite prisoner with a five-inch knife stirred Sunni emotion. The
Shiites, of course,
have no monopoly on the new tools of the information and
propaganda war.
When secretly shot video of the hanging of Iraqi leader Saddam
Hussein leaked
onto the Internet, his neck cracked in the noose, close up,
incensed Shiites rioted
in Anbar province.
New media can give underdogs an identity against forces that
are superior by
traditional measures. In Fallujah, an insurgent stronghold
northwest of Baghdad,
the United States created a multimillion-dollar campaign with
traditional public
relations and propaganda tools to win over the people. The other
side, however,
carried the day. The people renamed a major thoroughfare the
Street of the Martyr
Saddam Hussein.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� How have underground forces glommed onto inexpensive new
media forms to
mobilize many Iraqis to their cause?
� How can the United States deal with grassroots media tactics
that use new
digital media?
60. Battle for Iran
S T U D Y P R E V I E W
Geopolitically strategic Iran has emerged in the crosshairs of
the East-West
confrontation that has been shaped by global terrorism. In Los
Angeles, where
many Iranian expatriates live, satellite television stations aim at
homeland
reforms. The U.S. State Department, meanwhile, has
implemented soft diplomacy
with its own media messages. In reaction, the Iran government
is trying to block
transborder communication.
TEHRANGELES
Outside of Iran itself, no city is home to more Iranians than Los
Angeles. The nick-
name Tehrangeles, however, didn’t catch on much until Zia
Atabay realized he
could lease time on an orbiting satellite to send television
programs from Los Angeles
to anybody with a dish receiver in Iran. Atabay’s goal: To
encourage political reform
and democracy in an Islamic society that’s divided between old
ways and new.
Thus in 2000 was born, in Los Angeles, the National Iranian
Television network.
Atabay poured $6 million into NITV, hoping it would become
financially self-
sustaining through advertising. It didn’t. In 2006 the operation
went dark. By then,
however, 20 other satellite stations, funded by Iranians in the
United States, were
61. beaming signals to Iran. Although most are talk shows,
programming at surviving
Tehrangeles operations is all over the map. Think Iranian MTV.
Or Iranian ESPN.
How effective has Tehrangeles television been as an alternative
to state-
controlled television and radio in Iran, all heavily censored?
Measures are hard to
come by. No doubt, though, the Los Angeles stations have
audiences, judging by
talk-show call-ins from Iran. Too, although satellite television
is illegal in Iran,
about half the population, roughly 20 million people, have
dishes. But is it effective?
The 2005 election of conservative Islamic Mahmoud
Ahmadinejad as president has
been called a backlash against the often-virulent anti-regime
polemics from
Los Angeles. Some observers say, however, that the music clips
and sports on other
satellite stations may be doing more to encourage social and
other fundamental
reforms by broadening the cultural exposure of Iranian young
people.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Is it wrong for Iranian ex-patriates to try to influence public
policy in Iran with
appeals directly to the Iranian people?
� Can such projects succeed?
� Tehrangeles
Nickname for Los Angeles as home
63. Department beams into Iran. Unlike the fiery commercial
stations broadcast from Los Angeles, the State Department
hopes to sway Iranians with “soft diplomacy.” This in-
cludes news programs that, although from a U.S. perspec-
tive, are not propagandistic.
The U.S. State Department has decades-long experience
in broadcasting directly to people in repressed areas. Radio
Free Europe and Voice of America were created after World
War II, first under the guise of being citizen-generated proj-
ects. The goal ostensibly was to present information on U.S.
positions on issues that
were being distorted or unreported in Eastern Europe and the
Soviet Union. It was
soft-sell propaganda, but also was exposing people behind the
so-called Iron Curtain
to insights into Western pop culture and music, as well as
dangling lures of advanced
Western countries before repressed, impoverished people.
Old-style Voice of America and similar U.S. projects, including
Radio Martí and
television aimed at Cuba, also carried an antagonistic message
to regimes in target
countries. The projects have since added digital components.
Attempts by the gov-
ernment to connect directly with Iranians, for example, include
a Farda Web site.
The main Iranian target is young adults, who tend to be well
educated and techni-
cally savvy and more inclined as a group to political reform.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� What do you know about the role of Voice of America in
64. facilitating the collapse
of the Soviet Union and ending the Cold War?
� What are the prospects for the U.S. State Department’s Radio
Farda?
IRAN BLOCKAGES
Typical of authoritarian regimes, the Iranian government tries to
block signals from
sources it considers unfavorable. The militia-like Revolutionary
Guard jams signals.
The British Broadcasting Corporation’s Farsi service is a
frequent target. The state
Administration for Culture and Islamic Guidance assumed
control of blogs in 2006
� Radio Farda
U.S. government-funded Farsi-
language service aimed at Iran
� Voice of America
U.S. government-funded broadcast
service sent into nations with state-
controlled media to articulate U.S.
policies directly to the people
Voice of America. From studios in Washington, D.C.,
Luna Shadzi anchors a Persian-language news program
beamed into Iran. Voice of America broadcasters believe
Iranians deserve an alternative to the propoganda from
their government.
Tehrangeles. Half a world away in Los Angeles, Alireza
Nourizadeh offers commentary aimed at Iranian viewers of
Channel One’s Window on the Fatherland. Nourizadeh, who
favors regime change, takes calls from Iranians in the country
66. had been locked up
five years earlier, was engaging in a hunger strike and could
die. After bloggers
spread the word about Ganji’s prison treatment, re-igniting
public interest in his
case, the government freed him.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Eastern European regimes jammed Voice of America and
similar programs during
the Cold War but with limited success. VOA changed
frequencies often. Would
you expect Iran to be more successful in its blockage attempts?
China Media
S T U D Y P R E V I E W
The struggle between freedom and tyranny plays and replays
itself out with the
mass media offering case studies on broader issues. Among
major nations, China
has suppressed challenges to government authority with the
most labor-intensive
censorship initiative in history.
CHINESE POLICY
Chinese authorities were less than amused at the free-wheeling
satire of someone on
the Internet going by the name Stainless Steel Mouse. The
Mouse was tapping out
stinging quips about ideological hypocrisy among the country’s
communist leaders.
When government agents tracked the commentaries to Liu Di, a
psychology major
at a Beijing university, they jailed her for a year without
67. charges. Finally, figuring the
publicity about the arrest would be enough to chill other
freethinkers into silence,
the authorities let Liu Di go—on condition she not return to her
old ways.
The government’s rationale has been articulated at the highest
levels. In a
speech, President Jiang Zemin put the necessity of absolute
government control
this way: “We must be vigilant against infiltration, subversive
activities, and sepa-
ratist activities of international and domestic hostile forces.
Only by sticking to and
perfecting China’s socialist political system can we achieve the
country’s unifica-
tion, national unity, social stability, and economic development.
The Western
mode of political systems must never be copied.”
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� How does China justify its tight controls on media content?
� Liu Di
Under the pseudonym Stainless
Steel Mouse, she satirized the
Chinese government until arrested
and silenced
Web Censorship
China and Iran are the most aggressive nations in blocking
political content from other countries but they are not
alone. The Open Net Initiative—a consortium of Harvard,
Cambridge, Oxford and Toronto universities—says at least
25 nations restrict citizen access to certain Web sites, some
69. CHAPTER 17 Global Mass Media 447
CHINESE NEWS CONTROL
The rise of a market economy in China has loosened the
financial dependence of
newspapers on the ruling Communist Party. Competing for
readers in this emerg-
ing marketplace, the predictable and dull propagandist thrust of
many newspapers
has begun to dim. More reporting is appearing, for example, on
disasters and other
previously off-limits spot news.
In 2005, after 121 Guangdong miners died in a mine flood,
China Business
Times launched a journalistic examination that concluded that
mine authorities
had known of safety violations and had taken bribes to look the
other way. With
the revelation, there was no choice but for the government to
prosecute.
Eighteen men, including a high-ranking government official,
were hauled into
court. In the past, misdeeds within the power structure had been
ignored or
dealt with quietly. That is no longer so easily done, now that a
journalistic dragon
is stirring.
Most accidents, even disasters, still go unreported. Of the 3,300
mine accidents
in China in 2005, few garnered much coverage. But some
newspapers have started
going after these kinds of stories. When a Jilin factory
explosion dumped 100 tons
70. of toxic chemicals into the Songhua River, the government
naïvely assumed it
could keep a lid on the situation. Wrong. Chinese newspapers
told the story, albeit
in bits and pieces. The government was embarrassed when
downstream Russians
learned the river was dangerous. It was an international incident
that the govern-
ment blamed on the newspapers.
The extent to which the Chinese go to keep negative
information out of circu-
lation was demonstrated in 2007 when a contaminated
ingredient imported from
China began killing pets in the United States. When
international inspectors
arrived at the facilities of origin, the equipment was nowhere to
be found. It was
like the place had never existed. The Chinese explained that
they had completed
their own inspection and corrected any problems. No plant, no
story.
To rein in journalism, the influential State Council has proposed
an
Emergency Response Law to “manage news” about emergencies.
Censorship?
The proposal’s language is iffy. Permission would be required
for reporting that
“causes serious consequences.” What does that mean? The State
Council says
“normal” reporting would be OK under its law, whatever that
means.
The government’s justification for the restrictions on coverage
is to encourage
71. stability. News about government corruption, as in the
Guangdong mine flood, or
government incompetence, as in disaster relief, does not inspire
public confidence
Chinese Quandary. A guard
on solemn duty at the bird’s
nest at National Olympic
Stadium in Beijing metaphori-
cally poses the question of how
China would accommodate
20,000 foreign journalists for
the 2008 Olympics in Beijing
and also maintain the so-called
Firewall, whose censors monitor
all incoming communications.
Reporters need unfettered com-
munication back and forth with
their editors back home to cover
the games, which China wants
to be a national showcase.
Liu Di. Government agents
arrested college student Liu Di
for her Internet essays, some of
which mocked the government.
Agents jailed her in a cell with
a convicted murderer. After a
year she was released subject
to “permanent surveillance.”
She was told never to speak to
foreign journalists.
� Emergency Response Law
Chinese limits on news reporting
of disasters, ostensibly to ensure
73. papers, feeling a new sense of journalistic self-empowerment,
have taken strident
positions against the proposed law. Editors have scoffed in print
at the law’s provi-
sion for local governments to be the sole source of disaster and
accident informa-
tion and to report such information in “a timely manner.” The
problem, the editors
argue, is government cover-ups. And who defines “timely”?
Who decides how
much information is released? And which is, and which isn’t?
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� How would China’s proposed Emergency Response Law
affect reporting about
disasters?
� If the United States had such a law, how would government
sluggishness have
been reported in the 2005 Hurricane Katrina disaster on the U.S.
Gulf Coast?
� Do you accept the Chinese government’s argument that
restrictions on journalists
are needed to prevent inaccuracies in reporting that could work
against social
and political stability?
CHINESE FIREWALL
The Chinese government has expended major resources to limit
Internet commu-
nication, particularly from abroad. To exclude unwanted
messages, the Chinese
government has undertaken numerous initiatives. One of them
has been likened to
74. a 21st century version of the Great Wall of China, a 1,500-mile
fortress barrier built
in ancient times along the Mongolian frontier to keep invaders
out.
The Chinese didn’t invent their firewall. It came from the U.S.
network
design company Cisco, which devised filters in the early 1990s
for corporate clients
to filter employee access to the Internet. The goal of these
firewalls was productivity,
to keep employees who are equipped with desktop computers
from whiling away
company minutes, hours even, on sites featuring entertainment
and diversions.
When Cisco went courting the Chinese as customers, the filters
seemed perfect for
China to block unwanted material from outside the country.
Cisco filters soon were
installed at the gateways for Internet messages into China.
Here’s how it works: The
filters subtly “lose” messages from banned sites abroad. If a
Chinese user seeks
access to a verboten foreign site, an error message or a message
saying “site not
found” appears on the screen. Whether it’s censorship or a
technical glitch, the user
never knows.
Never Happened. A major
industrial fire in China wasn’t
what authorities regarded as
something that should be re-
ported. A careful reading of
Jilan newspapers, however,
revealed bits and pieces that
76. media people
bill xia
C
hinese Web surfers who crave
uncensored news have friends
at a handful of U.S. companies
that penetrate the Chinese govern-
ment’s firewall that’s designed to
block outside information. Bill Xia, a
Chinese expatriate in the United
States, operates one such company,
Dynamic Internet Technology. Xia sets
up Web sites with pass-through links
to Voice of America and other outside
sites that the Chinese government
bans.
It works this way:
• The sponsor of a censored site,
such as Voice of America, Human
Rights in China, or Radio Free Asia,
hires DIT to create a proxy site at a
new Internet address.
• DIT sends mass e-mails to Chinese
Web surfers with the address of the
new site.
• Chinese Web users can then down-
load software that hides their visits
77. to the DIT site.
• When Chinese Web police identify
the proxy sites and shut them
down, often within 24 hours, never
more than 72, DIT creates a new
proxy site at a new address. And
the process begins again.
It’s cat-and-mouse and also a hassle,
but DIT, always a step ahead of the
censors, claims as many as 160,000
users. A few other companies, includ-
ing UltraReach, provide similar proxy
services.
Xia sees traffic spikes after the
occurrence of major events on which
the Chinese government has placed
a lid. This happened when authori-
ties tried in 2003 to conceal news of
an epidemic of the virulently infec-
tious SARS virus. It happened again
in 2005 when police shot protesters
in a village in south China.
Traffic also increased in 2006 when
Google yielded to Chinese pressure
to cooperate with the government’s
censorship in order to be allowed to
build its business in China. Microsoft
and Yahoo earlier had made the same
business decision.
DIT and other proxy companies re-
78. flect a zealous aversion to censorship.
In some cases they reflect insurgent
politics. DIT’s Bill Xia, for example,
is a member of the revolutionary Falun
Gong movement, which Chinese
leaders particularly fear. Concerned
that his family back in China might be
persecuted, Xia declines to be pho-
tographed or even to identify his
home region or divulge his birthday.
He won’t even talk about DIT’s loca-
tion except to say that it’s somewhere
in North Carolina.
W H AT D O Y O U T H I N K ?
� Who will win the cat-and-mouse
game between Chinese web censor-
ship and companies like DIT? Could it
go on forever?
There is dark humor among critics of the Chinese firewall.
Noting the role of Cisco,
they say: “The modern Great Wall of China was built with
American bricks.”
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� How does the Chinese firewall work?
INTERNAL CHINESE CONTROLS
To control communication within the country, the Chinese
Ministry of Public
Security bans Internet service providers from carrying anything
that might jeopardize
national security, social stability—or even to spread false news,
79. superstition or ob-
scenity. As a condition of doing business in China, the U.S.
company Yahoo agreed to
the terms in 2002. So have Microsoft and other service
providers. The system is called
the Golden Shield. The shield complements the work of the
firewall against un-
wanted foreign messages by controlling communication inside
the country.
Even tighter control is expected through a huge intranet that the
Chinese gov-
ernment is building within the country—the Next Carrying
Network. CN2, as
it’s called for short, was designed from scratch—unencumbered
by the older techni-
cal standards that have been cobbled together for the system
that serves the rest of
the planet. CN2’s technical advantages include exceptional
capacity and speed.
Also, because CN2 uses its own technical standards that are not
easily compatible
with the global Internet, the system fits neatly with the
government’s policy to
limit contact with the outside. Communications from abroad can
be received on
CHAPTER 17 Global Mass Media 449
� Golden Shield
Chinese system to control Internal
Internet communication within the
country
� Next Carrying Network (CN2)
Fast Chinese Internet protocols built
81. global community?
Could this work against China’s commercial goals?
CHINESE CENSORSHIP APPARATUS
Because prior censorship, reviewing messages before they reach
an audience, is
hugely labor-intensive, seldom in human history has it been
practiced on a large
scale. Past authoritarian regimes have relied almost wholly on
post-publication
sanctions with severe penalties against wayward printers and
broadcasters to keep
others in line. The Chinese, however, are engaging in
prepublication censorship on
an unprecedented scale.
Chinese censorship is partly automated. Internet postings are
machine-scanned
for words and terms like human rights, Taiwan independence
and Falun Gong (a forbid-
den religious movement) and dropped from further routing. The
system also catches
other terms that signal forbidden subjects, like oral sex and
pornography.
No one outside the government has numbers on the extent of
human involve-
ment in censorship, but there appears to be significant human
monitoring at work.
Western organizations, including Reporters Without Borders,
occasionally test the
Chinese system by posting controversial messages, some with
terms that machines
can easily spot, some with trickier language. Postings with
easy-to-catch terms like
Falun Gong never make it. Postings with harder-to-spot
82. language but nonetheless
objectionable content last a bit longer, although seldom more
than an hour, which
suggests a review by human eyes.
Who are these censors? How many are there? The consensus
among experts
outside the country is that China, whose Internet users number
100 million-plus,
must be a massive censorship bureaucracy. A rare peek into the
system appeared in
a 2005 interview in Nanfang Weekend with a censor in Siquan,
Ma Zhichun, whose
background is in journalism. Ma discusses his job as an Internet
coordinator in the
municipal External Propaganda Office, where, without
identifying himself online
as a government agent, he guides discussions in the
government’s favor. Ma is part
of elaborate mechanisms to keep online dialogue on the right
track, particularly in
chatrooms, but like thousands of other propaganda officers
throughout the coun-
try, Ma is in a position to spot banned postings and report them.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� If you were a Chinese censor, what terms would you use to
intercept Internet
content that should be checked?
OVERT CHINESE CONTROLS
Although a lot of Chinese government control of Internet
postings is invisible,
some is overt. Because users are required to use a government-
issued personal iden-
83. tification number to log on, citizens know they’re subject to
being monitored.
Operators of blog sites, which number 4 million, need to
register with the govern-
ment. Cybercafés, which have been woven into the lifestyles of
many Chinese,
must be licensed. At cybercafés, cameras look over users’
shoulders for what’s on-
screen. Police spend a lot of time in cafés looking over
shoulders too.
The government’s seriousness about regulating the Internet was
unmistakable
when thousands of illegal cafés were shut down in a series of
sweeps in the early
2000s.
Arrests are publicized, which has a chilling effect. One
especially notable case
involved Wang Youcai, who, during President Clinton’s historic
1998 visit to China,
proposed an opposition political party in the U.S. tradition.
Wang filed papers to
450 PART THREE Mass-Media Issues
� prior censorship
Government review of content
before dissemination
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85. � Chinese punishments for bloggers who engage in frowned-
upon content has a
chilling effect. What is that chilling effect?
� As a traveler in China, would you be comfortable in a
cybercafé engaging in the
kinds of everyday Internet communication that you do at home?
CHINESE BROADCASTING
Although political issues are the major focus of Chinese
censorship, the govern-
ment discourages what it sees as a creeping intrusion of
Western values and sexuality.
In a clampdown on racy radio gab and, lo and behold, orange-
tinted hair on televi-
sion, the State Administration for Radio, Film and Television
issued an edict:
Enough. To television hosts, the order was no vulgarity. That
includes “overall
appearance.” Specifically forbidden: “multicolor dyed hair” and
“overly revealing
clothing.” There also are new bans on things sexual. Violence,
murder and horrors
are out until 11 p.m. So too are “fights, spitting, littering and
base language.”
The restrictions, which are periodically issued as media stray,
are consistent
with the communist notion that government and media are
inseparably linked in
moving the society and culture to a better future. As the
Chinese put it, the media
are the houshe, the throat and tongue, of the ruling Communist
Party.
Chinese nationalism takes unexpected turns. Broadcasters, for
86. example, peri-
odically are instructed to use only Mandarin. Foreign words,
including Westernisms
like OK and yadda-yadda, are not allowed. Not allowed either
are dialects from
separatist Taiwan. Also, a strict cap was put on imported soap
operas and martial
arts programs for television. Imports can’t constitute more than
25 percent of the
total of such programs.
Even in Hong Kong, the British colony that was returned to
China in 1997
and that was to be governed by different rules that honored its
tradition of free
expression, Beijing-approved governors were appointed to
comport with official
policies. Political cartoonists also have been reined in.
Is government pressure effective? In Fujian province, the hosts
of the program
Entertainment Overturning the Skies gave up their blond dye
jobs after one crackdown.
CHAPTER 17 Global Mass Media 451
Yogurt Girl. A touch of
democracy swept China when
people were asked to vote for
their favorite talent in an Idol-
style television show sponsored
by the Mongolian Cow Sour
Yogurt brand. Authorities didn’t
much like the idea. Whether
societal reforms will be inspired
by the show seems dubious, al-
88. for a couple
months, and then their clothes will get tighter and their hair will
get wilder.”
Even so, legal scholars Jack Goldsmith of Harvard and Tim Wu
of Columbia,
who have studied government controls on media content
globally, say controls do
not have to be absolute to be effective. Goldsmith and Wu offer
copyright law as an
example. Infringements of copyright in, say, illegal music
downloads, are in-
evitable, but the threat of civil or criminal sanctions keeps
violations at a rate that
copyright owners are willing to live with. Such, they note, is the
same with the cen-
sorious Chinese government. Nobody is so unrealistic to claim
that all dissidence
can be suppressed. The goal, rather, is to keep dissidence from
breaking beyond an
easily manageable level.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Why are Chinese media discouraged from using Westernisms
in scripts, like
yadda-yadda and OK?
EFFECTIVENESS OF CHINESE CONTROLS
An Idol-like mania swept China when an upstart television
station in remote
Hunan province put its show Supergirl on satellite. Despite
admonitions against
lyrics in English and gyrating hips, contestants pushed the
envelope of govern-
ment acceptability in front of huge audiences. That viewers
89. could vote their prefer-
ences by mobile phones raised a specter of nascent democracy
in a country where
people can’t vote for their leadership. Most analysts, however,
have concluded that
the phenomenon was an anomaly in the tightly controlled
society. Even so, winners,
who are called Mongolian Cow Sour Yogurt Supergirls, because
of the dairy that
sponsored the show, have gone on to singing and modeling
careers.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� Could American Idol-like television shows that encourage
viewers to vote be a
preamble to democracy in China?
Distinctive Media Systems
S T U D Y P R E V I E W
Nations organize their media systems differently. Even largely
similar systems like
those in Britain and the United States have distinctive methods
for funding. Some
countries like India have unique features. Some countries have
unique
developmental needs.
BRITAIN
Almost everybody has heard of the BBC, Britain’s venerable
public-service radio
and television system. Parliament created the British
Broadcasting Corporation in
1927 as a government-funded entity that, despite government
support, would have
90. as much programming autonomy as possible. The idea was to
avoid private owner-
ship and to give the enterprise the prestige of being associated
with the Crown. The
government appoints a 12-member board of governors to run the
BBC. Although
the government has the authority to remove members of the
board, it never has.
The BBC has developed largely independently of the politics of
the moment, which
has given it a credibility and stature that are recognized
worldwide.
The Beeb, as the BBC is affectionately known, is financed
through an annual
licensing fee, about $230, on television receivers.
452 PART THREE Mass-Media Issues
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92. L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� What sets the BBC apart from other international broadcast
organizations?
� Is the BBC a government mouthpiece? Explain.
INDIA
The world’s largest democracy, India, has a highly developed
movie industry that
took root by providing affordable entertainment to mass
audiences when the coun-
try was largely impoverished. The industry, called Bollywood, a
contrivance of its
historic roots in Bombay and the U.S. movie capital Hollywood,
is adapting as India
moves rapidly out of its Third World past. Today India is
becoming a model for new
media applications, like wi-fi, as the country brings itself into
modern times.
� Bollywood. At 85 cents a seat, people jam Indian movie
houses in such
numbers that some exhibitors schedule five showings a day
starting at 9 a.m. Better
seats sell out days in advance in some cities. There is no
question that movies are
the country’s strongest mass medium. Even though per capita
income is only
$1,360 a year, Indians find enough rupees to support an industry
that cranks out
as many as 1,200 movies a year, twice as many as U.S.
moviemakers. Most are
B-grade formula melodramas and action stories. Screen credits
often include a
93. director of fights. Despite their flaws, Indian movies are so
popular that it is not
unusual for a movie house in a Hindi-speaking area to be
packed for a film in
another Indian language that nobody in the audience
understands. Movies are
produced in 16 Indian languages.
Bollywood. The Indian movie
industry, centered in Bombay
and sometimes called
Bollywood, pumps out an
incredible 1,200 movies a
year, Although India has some
internationally recognized
movie-makers, most Bollywood
productions are formulaic
action movies that critics
derisively label “curry
westerns.”
� Bollywood
Nickname for India’s movie industry
CHAPTER 17 Global Mass Media 453
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95. � Wi-Fi. India has taken a lead in linking remote villages with
the rest of the world
through wireless technology. Villagers and farmers who once
had to walk several
miles to pay their power bills now go to a “knowledge center”
as it’s called—several
rooms equipped with desktop computers, connected by wi-fi to
the Internet—and
pay online. Such “knowledge centers” are being installed in
600,000 villages in a
government-enterpreneurial program launched in 2005.
Eventually, all 237,000
villages in India large enough to have a governing unit will be
equipped.
The Indian experience is a model for extending mass-media
links into isolated,
poverty-ridden areas in Africa and eastern Europe. Farmers can
learn market corn
prices to decide when it’s best to sell. Faraway doctors can
diagnose illnesses through
digital electrocardiography. In India a company named n-Logue
has designed wi-fi
kiosks for rural villages at $1,200 a unit, complete with a
computer, software, a digi-
tal camera, paper and a backup power supply. Kiosks can have
ATM banking too.
A remaining obstacle is the diversity in languages in many
underdeveloped
parts of the world. Google doesn’t translate universally.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
� How do you explain the powerful influence of the Indian
96. movie industry?
� Is wi-fi the way to bring remote parts of India into the
country’s mainstream
economic expansion? How so?
� wi-fi
Wireless fidelity technology, which
offers limited-range downloading
454 PART THREE Mass-Media Issues
India Censorship. After 207
people were killed by terrorist
bombs on Mumbai commuter
trains, India’s Department of
Telecommunications ordered
Google and other Web portal
companies to block access to
specified Web sites. The action
was inconsistent with India’s
democratic tradition, but the
government decreed that con-
tinuing access to the sites was
a threat to security. The bomb-
ings were blamed on militant
Islamists from neighboring
Pakistan.
COLOMBIA
High drama is popular on Colombian radio stations, but it is
hardly theatrical. In
Colombia thousands of people, both wealthy and ordinary, are
kidnapped captives.
Families go on the air to express their love and support in the
hope that their kid-
98. Journalists, 31 journalists were killed because of their work.
Sixteen others have
died in incidents that may or may not have been related to their
work. In a typical
year, six to 10 journalists are kidnapped in a country whose
population is less than
that of the U.S. Pacific Coast states.
A political satirist, Jamie Garzón, was shot to death in 1999
after a television
show. El Espectador, a leading newspaper, has armed guards at
every entrance and
around the perimeter, as do most media operations. Many
reporters are assigned
bodyguards, usually two, both armed. Two El Espectador
reporters have fled the
country under threat. The editor of another daily, El Tiempo,
fled in 2000 after sup-
porting a peace movement.
Beset with corruption fueled by the powerful cocaine industry,
the government
has no handle on assaults against the media. Although
hypersensitive to negative
coverage, the drug industry is not the only threat to the
Colombian media. The
Committee to Protect Journalists, Human Rights Watch,
Amnesty International
and other watchdogs blame renegade paramilitary units and
guerrillas, some of
whom are ideologically inspired. Also, the Colombian military
itself and some gov-
ernment agencies have been implicated.
L E A R N I N G C H E C K
99. � What steps can be taken in a country like Colombia to create
an environment in
which newspeople can perform their highest service?
A
fter Jineth Bedoya Lima wrote
about executions during a
Bogota prison riot, she got
word that a paramilitary leader inside
the prison wanted to give her his side.
“Come alone,” she was told. Like all
Colombian journalists, Bedoya, 25 at
the time, was aware of the dangers of
reporting news, especially on subjects
sensitive to warring factions. Her edi-
tor and a photographer went with her.
As they waited outside the prison,
the photographer left to buy sodas,
then the editor followed him. When
they came back, Bedoya was gone.
Guards at the prison gate said they
had seen nothing.
Many hours later, a taxi driver found
Bedoya at a roadside garbage dump.
She said that two men had grabbed her
and forced a drugged cloth over her
face. She regained consciousness in a
nearby house, where her captors taped
her mouth, blindfolded her and bound
her hands and feet. They then drove her
three hours to another city. They said
they were going to kill her, as well as sev-
eral other journalists they named. Then
100. they beat and raped her and threw her
out at the dump.
Her story, typical
of violence against
media people in
Colombia, was dis-
seminated widely by
the Committee to
Protect Journalists. It’s
a cautionary tale.
Bedoya, who believed
that she was still be-
ing trailed months
later, was assigned
two government
bodyguards. Even so,
she feels at risk. Why
does she still do it?
Frank Smyth of CPJ,
writing in Quill maga-
zine, quoted her: “I
love my work, and I
want to keep doing it.
The worst thing that
could happen has al-
ready happened.”
W H AT D O Y O U T H I N K ?
� Consider a world where journalists
refuse to take risks. How would so-
ciety be different?
In Pursuit of a Story. Lima was kidnapped and raped
while pursuing a story.