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Submitted to:
Prof. Dr. Seema
Submitted by:
Angel William
Id. No. 15MED003
 lu~ 1813 bZ0 ds pkVZj }kjk vaxzsth “kklu us bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dks
Hkkjrh; f”k{kk ds nkf;Ro dks xzg.k djus ds fy, ck/; fd;k vkSj rnuUrj 1857
bZ0 rd og ml mRrjnkf;Ro dks fuoZgu djrh jghA
 1858 bZ0 esa Hkkjr esa vaxzth jktk Lfkkfir gks x;k ftlesa bXySa.M dh
egkjkuh foDVksfj;k Hkkjr dh egkjkuh cuhA vkSj ogh ls “kklu o f”k{kk
uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k “kq: gks x;kA1858 bZ0 rd gh Hkkjr esa bZlkbZf”k{kk
n”kZu ij vk/kkfjr vaxzsth f”k{kk izkFkfed] ek/;fed] mPp] O;kolkf;d vkfn
LrjksaijvPNh rjg Nk x;h vkSjiwjs Hkkjresa 1947 bZ0 rd Nk;h jghA
 blkbZ er ds vkfnHkkZo ds iwoZ fo|eku lalkj ds
/keZ oSfnd] ikjlh] ckS) vkfn ekuks /kjrh ij blhfy,
mRiUu gq, fd os ifjiw.kZ /keZ& bZlkbZ /keZ dk
ekeZ iz”kLr djsa rFkk bZlkbZ er ;fn mPprj lR; gS
rks mldhrqyukesa vU; /keZgsRokHkklek=gSA
bZlkbZ /keZ dh fuEu fo”ks’krk,¡ gS &
 ,ds”ojoknh n`f’Vdks.k & bZlkbZ /keZ o n”kZu ,ds”ojoknh dgk tk ldrk gS
D;ksafd mldk fo”okl ,d bZ”oj xkWM esa vVwV gSA vU; dksbZ nsoh nsork
bZlkbZ /keZ esa ugh ik;s tkrs gSA
 Lkw{e fl)kUr o fpUru & bZlkbZ /keZ lw{e fpUru o fpUrj ij vk/kkfjr gSA
lw{e fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z ppZ tks /keZ dk L=ksr gS o LFkku ij fu/kkZfjr gSA
ppZ esa dsoy Økl gksrh gS tks bZlk elhg dh izrhd gSA
 bZlkbZ /keZ euq’; dk lgk;d & ckbfcy esa
U;VsLVkesUV u;k fu;e ds “kq: esa fy[kk gS tcfd euq’;
Hk;] fpUrk] grk”kk] vfo”okl] vj{kk vkfn dk lkeuk djrk gS
rc mldhlgk;rk bZ”ojdjrk gSA
 bZlkbZ /keZ }kjk bZlk dks ,dek= iFk izn”kZd ekuuk
& ;g ,d bZlk gS vkSj vdsys bZlk gS tks cpkrk gSA bZlk ds
thou ls Li’V gS fd mlds ikfi;ksa nq’Vksa Hkz’Vksa vksj
vukpkfj;ksa dks fdl rjg “kj.k nh mUgs fdl rjg lgh iFk
izn”kZu fd;kA
 bZlkbZ /keZ ds }kjk lR; dks izse vkSj izse dks lR;
rFkk bZ”oj ekuuk & ckbfcy esa lUr ywdk Y;wd dk
dFku gS fd rw Lokeh vius ijesa”oj ls izse dj vius iwjs fny
ls viuh cqjh vkRek ls vkSj viuh iwjh rkdr ls rw vius
iM+kslh lsvius leku izse djA
 Laklkj esa thou ds nks ekxZ & igyk ekxZ pkSM+k gS
tks fouk”k vkSj e`R;q dh vkSj ys tkrk gS vkSj nwljk ekxZ
ladh.kZ lw{e ekxZ gS tks LoxZ vkSj “kk”or thou dh vksj
ys tkrk gSA
 bZlkbZ /kEkZ }kjk ekuo dk bZ”oj esa vVwV fo”okl & u;s
fu;e dh vk;rksa esa fy[kk gS ftlls Li’V gS fd ;fn rw bZ”oj ls Mjs
ml Lokeh esa fo”okl djs rks og rsj lgkjk vkSj rsjk j{kd gksxkA
Lokeh ge yksxksa dk /;ku j[krk gS] og gesa vkUkUn iznku
djsxk LokehrqEgsa vkSj rqEgkjh lUrku dh vf/kd c<+rh djsxkA
 bZlkbZ /keZ vkSj ppZ & bZlkbZ /keZ vius ekuus okyksa dks
ppZ esa izfrfnu vkSj fo”ks’kdj izfr jfookj ys tkrk gS] ,slk
/kekZns”k gSA /keZ oLrqr% uSfrd thou dh f”k{kk nsrk gS vkSj
thou esa uSfrdrk dk O;kgkfjd :Ik ykrk gS ppZ }kjk ifo= thou
/kkj.kdjus dkvkfn izksRlkguvksj izsj.kknsrk gSA
 bZlkbZ n”kZu dk lEcU/k thou vkSj f”k{kk nksuksa ?kfu’B gS tks bl izdkj
gS%&
 v}Srokn & bZlkbZ n”kZu v}Srokn ekuk tk ldrk gS
D;ksafd mlesa dsoy ,d gh bZ”oj dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ckbfcy esa fy[kk
gS & opu lalkj dh l`f’V ls igys Fkk vkSj opu ijes”oj ds lkFk gSA
 bZ”oj loZlz’Vk & bZlkbZ /keZ ds -vuq;kf;;ksa esa ;g fo”okl fnykrk gS fd
mlds }kjk oLrqvksa dh mRifRr gqbZ vkSj tks dqN Hkh mRiUu gqvk
muesa ls,d gh oLrq mlds fcuk mRiUu ugh gqbZA
 bZ”oj LFkwy inkFkZ ugh & iRFkj dh izfrek ;s lc euq’; dh dyk
vkSj dYiuk dh mit gSA og loZ= gksrs gq, Hkh lksuk pkanh
iRFkj dh ewfrZ;ksa esa ugh ik;k tkrk gS og fujkdkj] fujax] fufyIr
rRo gSA
 bZ”oj izkfIr ds lk/ku & bZlkbZ n”kZu ds vuqlkj bZ”oj izkfIr
dk eq[; lk/ku ijesa”oj dk Hkstk gqvk euq’; gS ftls ;h”kq uke fn;k
x;k gS] ;g izkf.k;ksa dk izHkq dgk tkrk gSA ;g izHkq izsf’kr euq’;
gS ije T;ksfr dks Qsykus okyk gSA u;k tUe ysuk Kku izkfIr gS
vkSj Kku izkfIr ls vkRek dk izdk”k gksrk gS lc dqN Kkr gksrk
gSA
 ifo= =Sdrk & bZlkbZ n”kZu ds ekuus okyksa dk fo”okl ifo= =Sdrk gksyh
fVªfuVh fl)kUr esa xgjk ik;k tkrk gSA blesa ifo= vkRek “kSrku] izHkq ;h”kq
“kkfey fd, x, gSA ;g ekuuk gS fd “kSrku euq’; dh nq’izo`fRr;k¡ gSA ifo=
vkRek lgh ekxZ ij ys tkrk gS vksj ;h”kq mins”k nsrs gS ftlls ijes”oj ds
lkezkT; esa igqprs gSA
 ifo=rkokn vkSj lk/kqokn & bldk rkRi;Z ekuoh; vkpj.k dh “kq)rk ls gSA
ekuo thou egku ifo= vkRek ijes”oj dh nsu gSA mldh ifjiw.kZrk ls ge lcdks
vuqxzg ij vuqxzg feyk gSA ifo= thou thus ds fy, iz;Ru djuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk
gh nwljksa ds fy, vPNk lksps vkSj vPNk dk;Z djs vFkkZr~ HkykbZ
 thou ds izfr lq[ke; n`f’Vdks.k & [kq”kh eukvksa blfy, fd rqEgkjs uke
LoxZ esa fy[k x, gSA ijUrq [kq”kh rHkh feysxh tc ge “kq) eu] izse ok.kh
vkSj deZ djds ijes”oj dh vkKk dk ikyu djs vkSj fo”okl esa fujUrj cus
jgsaxsA
 tUkrkaf=d thou dk fl)kUr & v/kqfud fopkjksa ds vuqlkj turkaf=d thou
esa LorU=rk Hkzkr Hkkouk vkSj lekurk dk n`f’Vdks.k vko”;d gS rHkh ,d
,slk lekt gksrk gS tgk¡ ,dr vkSj lkeTtL; ik;k tkrk gS vkil esa lgdkfjrk vkSj
lkSgknZrk ikbZ tkrh gSA
Thank You

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Isai dharm

  • 1. Submitted to: Prof. Dr. Seema Submitted by: Angel William Id. No. 15MED003
  • 2.  lu~ 1813 bZ0 ds pkVZj }kjk vaxzsth “kklu us bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dks Hkkjrh; f”k{kk ds nkf;Ro dks xzg.k djus ds fy, ck/; fd;k vkSj rnuUrj 1857 bZ0 rd og ml mRrjnkf;Ro dks fuoZgu djrh jghA  1858 bZ0 esa Hkkjr esa vaxzth jktk Lfkkfir gks x;k ftlesa bXySa.M dh egkjkuh foDVksfj;k Hkkjr dh egkjkuh cuhA vkSj ogh ls “kklu o f”k{kk uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k “kq: gks x;kA1858 bZ0 rd gh Hkkjr esa bZlkbZf”k{kk n”kZu ij vk/kkfjr vaxzsth f”k{kk izkFkfed] ek/;fed] mPp] O;kolkf;d vkfn LrjksaijvPNh rjg Nk x;h vkSjiwjs Hkkjresa 1947 bZ0 rd Nk;h jghA
  • 3.  blkbZ er ds vkfnHkkZo ds iwoZ fo|eku lalkj ds /keZ oSfnd] ikjlh] ckS) vkfn ekuks /kjrh ij blhfy, mRiUu gq, fd os ifjiw.kZ /keZ& bZlkbZ /keZ dk ekeZ iz”kLr djsa rFkk bZlkbZ er ;fn mPprj lR; gS rks mldhrqyukesa vU; /keZgsRokHkklek=gSA
  • 4. bZlkbZ /keZ dh fuEu fo”ks’krk,¡ gS &  ,ds”ojoknh n`f’Vdks.k & bZlkbZ /keZ o n”kZu ,ds”ojoknh dgk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd mldk fo”okl ,d bZ”oj xkWM esa vVwV gSA vU; dksbZ nsoh nsork bZlkbZ /keZ esa ugh ik;s tkrs gSA  Lkw{e fl)kUr o fpUru & bZlkbZ /keZ lw{e fpUru o fpUrj ij vk/kkfjr gSA lw{e fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z ppZ tks /keZ dk L=ksr gS o LFkku ij fu/kkZfjr gSA ppZ esa dsoy Økl gksrh gS tks bZlk elhg dh izrhd gSA
  • 5.  bZlkbZ /keZ euq’; dk lgk;d & ckbfcy esa U;VsLVkesUV u;k fu;e ds “kq: esa fy[kk gS tcfd euq’; Hk;] fpUrk] grk”kk] vfo”okl] vj{kk vkfn dk lkeuk djrk gS rc mldhlgk;rk bZ”ojdjrk gSA  bZlkbZ /keZ }kjk bZlk dks ,dek= iFk izn”kZd ekuuk & ;g ,d bZlk gS vkSj vdsys bZlk gS tks cpkrk gSA bZlk ds thou ls Li’V gS fd mlds ikfi;ksa nq’Vksa Hkz’Vksa vksj vukpkfj;ksa dks fdl rjg “kj.k nh mUgs fdl rjg lgh iFk izn”kZu fd;kA
  • 6.  bZlkbZ /keZ ds }kjk lR; dks izse vkSj izse dks lR; rFkk bZ”oj ekuuk & ckbfcy esa lUr ywdk Y;wd dk dFku gS fd rw Lokeh vius ijesa”oj ls izse dj vius iwjs fny ls viuh cqjh vkRek ls vkSj viuh iwjh rkdr ls rw vius iM+kslh lsvius leku izse djA  Laklkj esa thou ds nks ekxZ & igyk ekxZ pkSM+k gS tks fouk”k vkSj e`R;q dh vkSj ys tkrk gS vkSj nwljk ekxZ ladh.kZ lw{e ekxZ gS tks LoxZ vkSj “kk”or thou dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
  • 7.  bZlkbZ /kEkZ }kjk ekuo dk bZ”oj esa vVwV fo”okl & u;s fu;e dh vk;rksa esa fy[kk gS ftlls Li’V gS fd ;fn rw bZ”oj ls Mjs ml Lokeh esa fo”okl djs rks og rsj lgkjk vkSj rsjk j{kd gksxkA Lokeh ge yksxksa dk /;ku j[krk gS] og gesa vkUkUn iznku djsxk LokehrqEgsa vkSj rqEgkjh lUrku dh vf/kd c<+rh djsxkA  bZlkbZ /keZ vkSj ppZ & bZlkbZ /keZ vius ekuus okyksa dks ppZ esa izfrfnu vkSj fo”ks’kdj izfr jfookj ys tkrk gS] ,slk /kekZns”k gSA /keZ oLrqr% uSfrd thou dh f”k{kk nsrk gS vkSj thou esa uSfrdrk dk O;kgkfjd :Ik ykrk gS ppZ }kjk ifo= thou /kkj.kdjus dkvkfn izksRlkguvksj izsj.kknsrk gSA
  • 8.  bZlkbZ n”kZu dk lEcU/k thou vkSj f”k{kk nksuksa ?kfu’B gS tks bl izdkj gS%&  v}Srokn & bZlkbZ n”kZu v}Srokn ekuk tk ldrk gS D;ksafd mlesa dsoy ,d gh bZ”oj dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA ckbfcy esa fy[kk gS & opu lalkj dh l`f’V ls igys Fkk vkSj opu ijes”oj ds lkFk gSA  bZ”oj loZlz’Vk & bZlkbZ /keZ ds -vuq;kf;;ksa esa ;g fo”okl fnykrk gS fd mlds }kjk oLrqvksa dh mRifRr gqbZ vkSj tks dqN Hkh mRiUu gqvk muesa ls,d gh oLrq mlds fcuk mRiUu ugh gqbZA
  • 9.  bZ”oj LFkwy inkFkZ ugh & iRFkj dh izfrek ;s lc euq’; dh dyk vkSj dYiuk dh mit gSA og loZ= gksrs gq, Hkh lksuk pkanh iRFkj dh ewfrZ;ksa esa ugh ik;k tkrk gS og fujkdkj] fujax] fufyIr rRo gSA  bZ”oj izkfIr ds lk/ku & bZlkbZ n”kZu ds vuqlkj bZ”oj izkfIr dk eq[; lk/ku ijesa”oj dk Hkstk gqvk euq’; gS ftls ;h”kq uke fn;k x;k gS] ;g izkf.k;ksa dk izHkq dgk tkrk gSA ;g izHkq izsf’kr euq’; gS ije T;ksfr dks Qsykus okyk gSA u;k tUe ysuk Kku izkfIr gS vkSj Kku izkfIr ls vkRek dk izdk”k gksrk gS lc dqN Kkr gksrk gSA
  • 10.  ifo= =Sdrk & bZlkbZ n”kZu ds ekuus okyksa dk fo”okl ifo= =Sdrk gksyh fVªfuVh fl)kUr esa xgjk ik;k tkrk gSA blesa ifo= vkRek “kSrku] izHkq ;h”kq “kkfey fd, x, gSA ;g ekuuk gS fd “kSrku euq’; dh nq’izo`fRr;k¡ gSA ifo= vkRek lgh ekxZ ij ys tkrk gS vksj ;h”kq mins”k nsrs gS ftlls ijes”oj ds lkezkT; esa igqprs gSA  ifo=rkokn vkSj lk/kqokn & bldk rkRi;Z ekuoh; vkpj.k dh “kq)rk ls gSA ekuo thou egku ifo= vkRek ijes”oj dh nsu gSA mldh ifjiw.kZrk ls ge lcdks vuqxzg ij vuqxzg feyk gSA ifo= thou thus ds fy, iz;Ru djuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh nwljksa ds fy, vPNk lksps vkSj vPNk dk;Z djs vFkkZr~ HkykbZ
  • 11.  thou ds izfr lq[ke; n`f’Vdks.k & [kq”kh eukvksa blfy, fd rqEgkjs uke LoxZ esa fy[k x, gSA ijUrq [kq”kh rHkh feysxh tc ge “kq) eu] izse ok.kh vkSj deZ djds ijes”oj dh vkKk dk ikyu djs vkSj fo”okl esa fujUrj cus jgsaxsA  tUkrkaf=d thou dk fl)kUr & v/kqfud fopkjksa ds vuqlkj turkaf=d thou esa LorU=rk Hkzkr Hkkouk vkSj lekurk dk n`f’Vdks.k vko”;d gS rHkh ,d ,slk lekt gksrk gS tgk¡ ,dr vkSj lkeTtL; ik;k tkrk gS vkil esa lgdkfjrk vkSj lkSgknZrk ikbZ tkrh gSA