According to the National Sample Survey (2010), the construction sector in India employs about 5.7 million women and girls7. It is the third largest employer of female labourers in the country, accounting for 5% of the total female work force8. It is now well established that women’s labour in the construction sector is beset with several disadvantages such as unequal pay and undervaluation of work. However, the particular experiences of adolescent girls working in the sector is barely understood. Within the larger category of female workforce, adolescent girls represent a segment of workers that are doubly invisible and vulnerable. This study explores the hidden world of Salumbar block’s rural construction industry, where adolescence in tribal girls intersects with informal labour markets9. The study touches upon many questions – What has triggered the labour market participation of these girls? What are the specific vulnerabilities faced by them? How do other the actors in their context view them? How does the agency and sexuality of adolescent girls interact with labour market’s extractive tendencies? Through in-­‐‑depth interviews with 26 workers and contractors, the study attempts to offer a peek into the world of these young daily commuters. Investigators: Vikas Pathak, Prema Dhurve, Parashram Lohar, Payal Gandhi & Kamlesh Sharma

1. lywEcjlywEcjlywEcjlywEcj CykWdCykWdCykWdCykWd dsdsdsds fuekZ.kfuekZ.kfuekZ.kfuekZ.k {{{{ksksksks==== esaesaesaesa
fd’kksjhfd’kksjhfd’kksjhfd’kksjh JfedksaJfedksaJfedksaJfedksa dhdhdhdh dk;Zdk;Zdk;Zdk;Z
fLFkfr;ksafLFkfr;ksafLFkfr;ksafLFkfr;ksa ijijijij v/;;v/;;v/;;v/;;uAuAuAuA
Lkksjh;kaLkksjh;kaLkksjh;kaLkksjh;ka dbZdbZdbZdbZ dkedkedkedke djsadjsadjsadjsa !!!!
fLFkfr;ksafLFkfr;ksafLFkfr;ksafLFkfr;ksa ijijijij v/;;v/;;v/;;v/;;uAuAuAuA
''''kkskkskkskks////kdrkZkdrkZkdrkZkdrkZ &&&&
fodklfodklfodklfodkl]]]] ij’kjkeij’kjkeij’kjkeij’kjke]]]] çhekçhekçhekçhek]]]] ik;yik;yik;yik;y
20202020 QjojhQjojhQjojhQjojh 2017201720172017

2. v/;;uv/;;uv/;;uv/;;u dkdkdkdk ifjpifjpifjpifjp;;;;
lywEcj esa fd’kksjh Jfedksa dk fuekZ.k lkbZV ij lt&/kt ds ,d nqljs
ds lkFk ekSt eLrh ls tkuk
Hkkjr esa c<+rk gqvk fuekZ.k {ks= vkSj mlesa fd’kksjh ,oa efgyk Jfed
51 çfr’kr Hkkxhnkjh& vdq’ky Je vkSj de etnwjh (Jhabvala and Kanbur
2002)2002)
fyVªspj fjO;w esa flQZ 'kgjh fuekZ.k {ks= dh efgyk Jfedksa ds ckjs esa
Kku gSA xzkeh.k {kS= dh efgyk o fd’kksjh Jfedks ds ckjs esa cgqr gh
lhfer Kku gSA

3. i`"BHkwfei`"BHkwfei`"BHkwfei`"BHkwfe &&&&
lywEcj CykWd %& tula[;k 2]12]492 ¼Census 2001½
Lkk{kjrk nj % 56-5 ¼Census 2001½ 2011
leqnk; %& 55 çfr’kr vkfnoklh ckgqY; {kS= gSA
ijEijkxr vkthfodk ds fodYi lekIr gksrs tk jgs gSA
iq:"k izokl 62 çfr’kr ?kjksa ls gSA ¼Block Profile Salumber½
vkthfodk dk Lo:i %& d`f"k] ujsxk] fuekZ.k dk;ZA

4. i`"BHkwfei`"BHkwfei`"BHkwfei`"BHkwfe &&&&
lywEcj esa VªkUtsDV okWd ds ek/;e ls 6 cMh fuekZ.k lkbZVks dk
voyksdu fd;kA 7 ls 9 fd’kksjh Jfed dke dj jgh FkhA
mez 14 ls 19 o"kZ o i<kbZ çkFkfed f’k{kkA
dke ds fy, vius ?kj ls lkbZV rd dh nwjh 15 ls 20 fdeh-
gj jkst ?kj ls lkbZV rd vkuk&tkuk

5. fuekZ.kfuekZ.kfuekZ.kfuekZ.k lkbZVlkbZVlkbZVlkbZV ijijijij JfedksaJfedksaJfedksaJfedksa dkdkdkdk <+<+<+<+k¡pkk¡pkk¡pkk¡pk
BsdsnkjBsdsnkjBsdsnkjBsdsnkjcsynkjcsynkjcsynkjcsynkj
dkjhxjdkjhxjdkjhxjdkjhxj
dqyhdqyhdqyhdqyh

6. Bsdsnkj efgyk Jfedksa ls muds dke dk vuqHko ,oa ekSyHkko ds ckjs esa
dHkh ugha iwNrsA (Dr. S.N.Thripathy 1996 mfM+lkmfM+lkmfM+lkmfM+lk)
efgyk Jfed vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa 17 çfr’kr
yhVªspjyhVªspjyhVªspjyhVªspj fjO;wfjO;wfjO;wfjO;w &&&&
efgyk Jfed vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;ksa esa iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa 17 çfr’kr
vf/kd le; nsrh gSA ¼NCEUS 2007 fjiksVZfjiksVZfjiksVZfjiksVZ ½½½½
etnwjh esa 25 fQlnh vUrj] dke le; fuf’pr ughaA ¼dYiukdYiukdYiukdYiuk nsohnsohnsohnsoh 2013
y[kum½y[kum½y[kum½y[kum½
LokLF; ,oa iztuu lqfo/kk miyC/k ughaA (Dr. S.N.Thripathy 1996 mfM+lkmfM+lkmfM+lkmfM+lk)

7. v/;;udrkZvksa us crk;k gS fd fuek.kZ lkbZVks ij efgyk Jfedks ds lkFk
;kSu mRihMu dh fLFkfr Þcgqr Hk;adjß gSA ¼dYiukdYiukdYiukdYiuk nsohnsohnsohnsoh ,2013 y[y[y[y[kumkumkumkum ½½½½
yhVªspjyhVªspjyhVªspjyhVªspj fjO;wfjO;wfjO;wfjO;w &&&&
fuekZ.k lkbZVksa ij 74 çfr’kr efgykvksa ds lkFk ;kSu 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA
;kSu mRihMu T;knkrj de mez dh efgykvksa ds lkFk gksrk gS ftlesa 55
çfr- 21 ls 30 o"kZ dh o 37 çfr- 31 ls 40 o"kZ dh efgykvksa ds lkFk
gksrk gSA ¼Rai And Sarkar 2013 iatkciatkciatkciatkc)

8. Conceptual framework
•1111---- ekSyHkkoekSyHkkoekSyHkkoekSyHkko
•2222---- lhlhlhlh[[[[kukkukkukkuk
3333---- dkedkedkedke dhdhdhdh
fu;ferrkfu;ferrkfu;ferrkfu;ferrk
4444---- dkedkedkedke pquuspquuspquuspquus
dkdkdkdk voljvoljvoljvolj
•1111---- etnwjhetnwjhetnwjhetnwjh
2222----foJkefoJkefoJkefoJke
3333---- {{{{kfriqfrZkfriqfrZkfriqfrZkfriqfrZ
4444---- NqV~Vh;kNqV~Vh;kNqV~Vh;kNqV~Vh;k¡¡¡¡
ykHkykHkykHkykHk voljvoljvoljvolj
•1111---- VkW;ysVVkW;ysVVkW;ysVVkW;ysV
2222---- f’k’kq?kjf’k’kq?kjf’k’kq?kjf’k’kq?kj
3333---- çkFkfedçkFkfedçkFkfedçkFkfed
mipkjmipkjmipkjmipkj
4444---- EkkgokjhEkkgokjhEkkgokjhEkkgokjh dsdsdsds
nkSjkunkSjkunkSjkunkSjku vkjkevkjkevkjkevkjke
•1111---- ekufldekufldekufldekufld oooo
•''''kkjhfjdkkjhfjdkkjhfjdkkjhfjd
•;;;;kSfudkSfudkSfudkSfud
•2222---- HkkoukRedHkkoukRedHkkoukRedHkkoukRed
•xfjekxfjekxfjekxfjek
ykHkykHkykHkykHk
vkvkvkvk////kkjHkqrkkjHkqrkkjHkqrkkjHkqr
O;oLFkkO;oLFkkO;oLFkkO;oLFkkmRihMumRihMumRihMumRihMu

9. Research question and
objective
loky& lywEcj CykWd ds fuekZ.k {ks= esa fd’kksjh Jfedksa dh dk;Z
dh fLFkfr D;k gS
mÌs’;& fuekZ.k lkbZV esa fd’kksjh Jfedksa dh dk;Z fLFkfr o
/kkj.kkvksa dks xgjkbZ o csgrj rjhds ls le>ukA

10. Methodology
''''kkskkskkskks/k/k/k/k dhdhdhdh bZdkbZbZdkbZbZdkbZbZdkbZ&&&& fd’kksjh Jfed
''''kkskkskkskks/k/k/k/k dkdkdkdk çdkjçdkjçdkjçdkj &&&& xq.kkRed 'kks/k
fd'kksjh Jfed ls vfHkçk; 14 ls 19 o"kZ dh os
;qofr;ka tks Je cktkj esa viuh vkthfodk;qofr;ka tks Je cktkj esa viuh vkthfodk
pykus ds fy, Je ds cnys esgurkuk çkIr
djrh gSA
lsEifyaxlsEifyaxlsEifyaxlsEifyax&&&& lqfo/kkuqlkj fof/k
mŸkjnkrk& fd’kksjh Jfed 18] Bsdsnkj 3]
dkjhxj 5 ,oa mtkyk lewg dh efgyk ¼iwoZ
fd’kksjh Jfed½

11. Methodology
MsVkMsVkMsVkMsVk dysD’kudysD’kudysD’kudysD’ku dkdkdkdk VwyVwyVwyVwy&&&& FGD, O;fDrxr
lEidZ] voyksdu
pqukSfrpqukSfrpqukSfrpqukSfr;;;;kkkk¡¡¡¡ &&&&
• ,d lewg ls fu;fer lEidZ u gksuk
• vkWu lkbZV mRrjnkrk ls ckr djus esa
pqukSrh
• laosnu’khy fo"k;ksa ij ckr djukA

12. dkedkedkedke dsdsdsds fyfyfyfy,,,, p;up;up;up;u %%%%
fuekZ.k {ks= esa fd’kksjh Jfedksa ds p;u dh
vyx&vyx çfØ;k gS ftlesa muds vuqHko ,oa
{kerkvksa dks u ns[krs gq,] mijksDr phtksa dks
ns[kdj dke ij j[kk tkrk gSA
**t.kh Nksjh ykjs lsfVax teko.kh os vkSj
voljvoljvoljvolj
**t.kh Nksjh ykjs lsfVax teko.kh os vkSj
rS;kj osbZ us ?kqerh os ous dke ij
jk[kk** & Bsdsnkj
**gkÅ ns[kkok okjh vkSj udjk djrh os**
& fd’kksjh Jfed
**vksjd.k okjh os** & fd’kksjh Jfed

13. dkedkedkedke dsdsdsds fyfyfyfy,,,, fu;ferrkfu;ferrkfu;ferrkfu;ferrk %&%&%&%&
fuekZ.k {ks= esa dke dh fu;ferrk dk vk/kkj yM+fd;ksa ds dke
fujUrjrk vkSj muds xEHkhj #i ls ,oa bZekunkjh ls dke djus ls
vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA
voljvoljvoljvolj
vkadyu fd;k tkrk gSA
**<a+x Å vkSj bZekunkjh Å dke djs** & Bsdsnkj
Þnks nu m T;knk NqV~Vh yh rks vxyh ckj dke ij uh
cqykrsÞ & fd’kksjh Jfed

14. fuekZ.kfuekZ.kfuekZ.kfuekZ.k lkbZVlkbZVlkbZVlkbZV ijijijij fd’kksjhfd’kksjhfd’kksjhfd’kksjh JfedksaJfedksaJfedksaJfedksa dsdsdsds dkedkedkedke
elkykelkykelkykelkyk cukukcukukcukukcukuk jsrjsrjsrjsr NkuukNkuukNkuukNkuuk iRFkjiRFkjiRFkjiRFkj ykukykukykukykuk
bZaVbZaVbZaVbZaV nsuknsuknsuknsuk ikuhikuhikuhikuh ykukykukykukykuk

15. voljvoljvoljvolj &&&&
fuekZ.k {ks= esa tks dke efgyk djrh gS] og dke ewY;oku ugh ekuk
tkrk gSA bl dke dks lk/kkj.k #i ls ns[kk tkrk gSA fd’kksjh;ksa dks
ykijokgh ls dke djus okyk ekuk tkrk gSA etnqjh dk fu/kkZj.k
Jfedks ds iq:"k ;k yMdh gksus ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA
ekSyHkkoekSyHkkoekSyHkkoekSyHkko dkdkdkdk voljvoljvoljvolj &&&&ekSyHkkoekSyHkkoekSyHkkoekSyHkko dkdkdkdk voljvoljvoljvolj &&&&
**Nksfj;ksa dks rks 150: etnqjh nsrs gS] uh ekus] ukVd djs rks jokuk dj
nsok] vkneh csynkj euk djs rks 250:- nsrs gS ** & Bsdsnkj

16. dkedkedkedke dkdkdkdk caVokjkcaVokjkcaVokjkcaVokjk vkSjvkSjvkSjvkSj lhlhlhlh[[[[kukkukkukkuk
lkbZVksa ij 'kq#vkr ls gh fd’kksjh Jfedksa ds dke
r; gksrs gSA volj lhfer gSA iwoZ /kkj.kk gkoh gS
fd muds fy, cktkj esa dkjhxj ds dke dk dksbZ
eqY; ugha gSA
voljvoljvoljvolj
**Nksfj;kaa us isykma irks os dh o.kkus dbZ dke djuks gS**
& Bsdsnkj
**Egkus dq.k dkjhxj jks dke nsxk** & fd’kksjh Jfed
**tks Nksjh;k¡ us dke fgdok jh bZPNk gks;] o.ks dke
fgdkok** & Bsdsnkj
**ek.ks rks ;gha dke cf<;k ykxs** & fd’kksjh Jfed

17. YkkHkYkkHkYkkHkYkkHk &&&&
etnqjh dk fu/kkZj.k Jfedks ds iq:"k ;k yMdh gksus ds vk/kkj ij fd;k
tkrk gSA fd’kksfj;ksa dks ykijokgh vkSj fnekx ls dke djus okyk ugha
ekuk tkrk gSA
etnwjhetnwjhetnwjhetnwjh&&&&etnwjhetnwjhetnwjhetnwjh&&&&
**vkneh T;knk ot+u mBkos vkSj gksf’k;kjh o fnekx m dke djs] o.kk
dkj.k gh Nksjh;ka us 120: ls 150: o vkneh csynkj dks 200 o 250:
etnqjh feyrh gS** & Bsdsnkj

18. YkkHkYkkHkYkkHkYkkHk &&&&
fuekZ.k lkbZV ij Jfedksaa ds fy, dke ds nkSjku foJke t#j fey tkrk gS ysfdu
pksV yxus ij dksbZ {kfriwfrZ dh O;oLFkk ugha gksrh gSA blh ds lkFk dke ds nkSjku
NqV~Vh dk dksbZ çko/kku ugha gksrk gSA
{{{{kfriwfrZkfriwfrZkfriwfrZkfriwfrZ &&&&
ÞlkbZV ekrs dke djrs oDr ykxh tk; rks ikVk&ikVh djkbZ us ?kj HkstÞlkbZV ekrs dke djrs oDr ykxh tk; rks ikVk&ikVh djkbZ us ?kj Hkst
nsosaÞ &fd’kksjh Jfed
NqV~VhNqV~VhNqV~VhNqV~Vh&&&&
Þdke ds nkSjku NqV~Vh ugha feyrhÞ
foJkefoJkefoJkefoJke &&&&
Þ[kkok okLrs nu esa 1 ?k.Vks eys o.kh esa vkjke obZ tkÞ & fd’kksjh Jfed

19. dVkSfr vkSj vksojVkbZe&
fuekZ.k {ks= esa fd’kksjh Jfed dks U;wure etnwjh ls Hkh de etnwjh
feyrh gS vkSj blh eSa gh muds vkus&tkus dk fdjk;k dkV fy;k
tkrk gSA vksojVkbZe gj fnu ugha feyrk gS] ysfdu tc feyrk gS
rc dqN vfrfjDr iSlk fey tkrk gSA
ßnkudh 150: vkys ] v.kk ek vkok&tkok jks fdjk;ks dkVh
ukdsÞ & fd’kksjh Jfed
vksojVkbZe dke ugha djrs gS vkSj dHkh ,d ;k nks ?k.Vs dke
djrs gS rks 20&25 #i;k vfrfjDr fey tkrk gSA

20. dkedkedkedke dsdsdsds nkSjkunkSjkunkSjkunkSjku vkvkvkvk////kkjHkwrkkjHkwrkkjHkwrkkjHkwr O;oLFkkO;oLFkkO;oLFkkO;oLFkk &&&&
ÞlkbZV ekrs bykt okrs dbZ uh os &fd’kksjh
Jfed
vkvkvkvk////kkjHkwrkkjHkwrkkjHkwrkkjHkwr O;oLFkkO;oLFkkO;oLFkkO;oLFkk
Þekgokjh ds le; dke ij ugh vkrs gSAÞ &
fd’kksjh Jfed
VkW;ysV ugh gSA

21. xkyh&xykspxkyh&xykspxkyh&xykspxkyh&xyksp %&%&%&%&
lkbZV ij tc dkjhxj o Bsdsnkj dksbZ lkeku eaxokuk
gks rks uke ds ctk; xkyh nsdj cqykrs gSA fd’kksjh;ksa
ds lkFk fj’rk cukus ds fy, dqN ykyp nsdj
vkdf"kZr djrs gSA
• ^^Bsdsnkj] dkjhxj csynkj lc xkyh nsos] dbZ elkyks]
jsrh dksbZ pht pkos rks eknjlksn] xaMejh vlh xkyh
mRihM+umRihM+umRihM+umRihM+u
jsrh dksbZ pht pkos rks eknjlksn] xaMejh vlh xkyh
nbZ us eaxkosA**
• ^^Bsdsnkj us dksbZ Nksjh gkm ykxs rks iVkok okLrs o.ks
dke uh djkos] i;k vkys ;k dksbZ pht ns ykyh]
ikmMj dbZ us dbZ nsrk jsA**
• ^^dnh dke cYys ukdk ekrs [kM+k jk onh Bsdsnkj Hkh
vkok rks gkm lksfj;k us nsdsA**

22. • Þlksjh ykjs cnek’kh csynkj] dkjhxj] Bsdsnkj o edku ekfyd lc tuk eyh
Hkxr m osÞ & Bsdsnkj
• ÞTkk Nksjh pkyq os ;k cnek’k os o.kh gkFks gh xyr dke osÞ & fd’kksjh Jfed
ySafxdySafxdySafxdySafxd mRihM+umRihM+umRihM+umRihM+u
• ÞTkk Nksjh pkyq os ;k cnek’k os o.kh gkFks gh xyr dke osÞ & fd’kksjh Jfed
• ^^Bsdsnkj xyk jh psu] fyfifLVd] i;k jks ykyp nsoh us tcjnLrh Hkh djsaA**

23. fo’ys"kfo’ys"kfo’ys"kfo’ys"k....kkkk &&&&
Tkku igpku dke rks fnyokrh gS] ijUrq lqj{kk eqgS;k ugh djokrhA
dke dh c<+ksŸkjh esa lhfer nk;jk & ts.Mj vk/kkfjr 'kkjhfjd o
ekufld {kerkvksa dk vkadyu
gd dk vglkl ugha gksukA
Xkkyh&xyksp dks lkekU; le>uk] ?kj ij u crkuk o fojks/k u
djukA
lekthdj.k % ?kj ij tks fLFkfr;k¡ gS] ogh fuekZ.k lkbZV ij gSA
[kqn dks Jfed u ekuuk o lkbZV ij Jfed dh igpku u gksukA

24. fu"d"kZ &

25. lUnHkZlUnHkZlUnHkZlUnHkZ lwphlwphlwphlwph %&%&%&%&
1. weigi.org
2. http//.vikaspedia.in
3. www.labour.nic.in
4. ministryofwomen.info
5. Sexual harrasment at workplace, Rai And Sarkar 20135. Sexual harrasment at workplace, Rai And Sarkar 2013
6. Labour law
7. Women labour in construction sector A Study. Dr.
S.N.Thripathy
8. Status of construction womens. Study by Lakhnaw
university. Kalpana Devi

26. ////kU;oknkU;oknkU;oknkU;okn !!!!!!!!
deys'kdeys'kdeys'kdeys'k ththththdeys'kdeys'kdeys'kdeys'k thththth
fodklfodklfodklfodkl
ij’kjkeij’kjkeij’kjkeij’kjke
çhekçhekçhekçhek
Ikk;yIkk;yIkk;yIkk;y