1) A decision tree can model sequential decision problems involving uncertainty through nodes and branches. It shows decisions, possible events, and outcomes.
2) The decision tree for DriveTek Research considers whether to prepare a proposal for a new storage device contract. It also models choices for development approaches if they win.
3) Terminal values, probabilities, and the rollback method are used to determine the optimal strategy for DriveTek, which is to prepare a proposal and use the electronic approach if awarded the contract.
This paper is highlighted as the agile tasking simulations marking of contingent outcomes, essential to notes of the financial plan and to assessing the means to report on it.. We found the starting position for the cross-over and we learned how to foil the glass car.
APPROXIMATE ARITHMETIC CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR ERROR RESILIENT APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
When the application context is ready to accept different levels of exactness in solutions and is supported
by human perception quality, then the term ‘Approximate Computing’ tossed before one decade will
become the first priority . Even though computer hardware and software are working to generate exact
results, approximate results are preferred whenever an error is in predefined bound and adaptive. It will
reduce power demand and critical path delay and improve other circuit metrics. When it comes to
traditional arithmetic circuits, those generating correct results with limitations on performance are rapidly
getting replaced by approximate arithmetic circuits which are the need of the hour, and so on about their
design.
APPROXIMATE ARITHMETIC CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR ERROR RESILIENT APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
When the application context is ready to accept different levels of exactness in solutions and is supported
by human perception quality, then the term ‘Approximate Computing’ tossed before one decade will
become the first priority . Even though computer hardware and software are working to generate exact
results, approximate results are preferred whenever an error is in predefined bound and adaptive. It will
reduce power demand and critical path delay and improve other circuit metrics. When it comes to
traditional arithmetic circuits, those generating correct results with limitations on performance are rapidly
getting replaced by approximate arithmetic circuits which are the need of the hour, and so on about their
design.
This document is a doctoral thesis submitted by Petr Kalina to the Czech Technical University in Prague. It examines agent-based algorithms for solving the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW). The thesis proposes reformulating the VRPTW as a multi-agent optimization problem where agents represent individual vehicles. It introduces local planning strategies for the agents and interaction patterns to enable efficient cooperation in finding solutions. Experimental results show the algorithm equals or exceeds the performance of traditional algorithms in 90.3% of cases, representing an improvement over previous agent-based studies. The thesis provides a deeper understanding of adopting an agent-based approach for solving complex transportation optimization problems.
This is the TCO report, using COSN\'s online tool that shows that we produced a 1:1 program for less than most schools do a computer lab based program.
Comments on Simulations Project Parts I & II Marking Contingencies.pdfBrij Consulting, LLC
This document summarizes a simulations project for glass systems. It discusses using stop gap data and gap case commutations in the early stages of the project before lifecycle and energy star certifications are obtained. It also maps out the various infrastructure elements, stakeholders, and requirements needed to develop the simulation model and successfully complete part two of the project, which involves crossing over to compliant energy star systems. Benchmarking and setting performance measures are important aspects of progressing from the baseline to certified systems.
This document provides an overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the general methodology for analyzing fluid dynamics problems using CFD. It discusses the three approaches to problem solving - analytical, experimental, and numerical. It describes what CFD is and how it uses numerical methods to obtain approximate solutions to problems involving fluid flow, mass transfer, and heat transfer. The document outlines the basic steps in setting up and solving a CFD problem using a commercial solver like ANSYS Fluent, including pre-processing, defining the physical models and boundary conditions, running the solver, and post-processing the results.
This paper is highlighted as the agile tasking simulations marking of contingent outcomes, essential to notes of the financial plan and to assessing the means to report on it.. We found the starting position for the cross-over and we learned how to foil the glass car.
APPROXIMATE ARITHMETIC CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR ERROR RESILIENT APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
When the application context is ready to accept different levels of exactness in solutions and is supported
by human perception quality, then the term ‘Approximate Computing’ tossed before one decade will
become the first priority . Even though computer hardware and software are working to generate exact
results, approximate results are preferred whenever an error is in predefined bound and adaptive. It will
reduce power demand and critical path delay and improve other circuit metrics. When it comes to
traditional arithmetic circuits, those generating correct results with limitations on performance are rapidly
getting replaced by approximate arithmetic circuits which are the need of the hour, and so on about their
design.
APPROXIMATE ARITHMETIC CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR ERROR RESILIENT APPLICATIONSVLSICS Design
When the application context is ready to accept different levels of exactness in solutions and is supported
by human perception quality, then the term ‘Approximate Computing’ tossed before one decade will
become the first priority . Even though computer hardware and software are working to generate exact
results, approximate results are preferred whenever an error is in predefined bound and adaptive. It will
reduce power demand and critical path delay and improve other circuit metrics. When it comes to
traditional arithmetic circuits, those generating correct results with limitations on performance are rapidly
getting replaced by approximate arithmetic circuits which are the need of the hour, and so on about their
design.
This document is a doctoral thesis submitted by Petr Kalina to the Czech Technical University in Prague. It examines agent-based algorithms for solving the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW). The thesis proposes reformulating the VRPTW as a multi-agent optimization problem where agents represent individual vehicles. It introduces local planning strategies for the agents and interaction patterns to enable efficient cooperation in finding solutions. Experimental results show the algorithm equals or exceeds the performance of traditional algorithms in 90.3% of cases, representing an improvement over previous agent-based studies. The thesis provides a deeper understanding of adopting an agent-based approach for solving complex transportation optimization problems.
This is the TCO report, using COSN\'s online tool that shows that we produced a 1:1 program for less than most schools do a computer lab based program.
Comments on Simulations Project Parts I & II Marking Contingencies.pdfBrij Consulting, LLC
This document summarizes a simulations project for glass systems. It discusses using stop gap data and gap case commutations in the early stages of the project before lifecycle and energy star certifications are obtained. It also maps out the various infrastructure elements, stakeholders, and requirements needed to develop the simulation model and successfully complete part two of the project, which involves crossing over to compliant energy star systems. Benchmarking and setting performance measures are important aspects of progressing from the baseline to certified systems.
This document provides an overview of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the general methodology for analyzing fluid dynamics problems using CFD. It discusses the three approaches to problem solving - analytical, experimental, and numerical. It describes what CFD is and how it uses numerical methods to obtain approximate solutions to problems involving fluid flow, mass transfer, and heat transfer. The document outlines the basic steps in setting up and solving a CFD problem using a commercial solver like ANSYS Fluent, including pre-processing, defining the physical models and boundary conditions, running the solver, and post-processing the results.
IRJET- Comparison for Max-Flow Min-Cut Algorithms for Optimal Assignment ProblemIRJET Journal
This document compares algorithms for optimally assigning individuals to centers to minimize total travel costs and distance, such as for a large-scale event. It formulates the problem as a graph assignment problem that can be solved using max-flow min-cut algorithms. It evaluates the Hungarian algorithm, Ford-Fulkerson algorithm, Edmonds-Karp algorithm, and Auction algorithm, implementing them to recommend the best for providing an optimized allocation in the shortest time.
The document discusses decision support systems (DSS). It provides an introduction to DSS, defining them as interactive computer-based systems that help decision-makers use data, documents, knowledge and models to identify and solve problems. It then outlines the goals and requirements of a course on DSS, including familiarizing students with different DSS forms and the practical issues of implementing them. The document concludes by discussing the multidisciplinary foundations of DSS research.
Accident Prediction System Using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
This document describes a machine learning model to predict road accident hotspots in Bangalore, India. The researchers collected accident data from government websites and other sources. They used K-means clustering to group similar data points and label them as high or low risk zones. The dataset was preprocessed and split into training and testing sets. A K-means clustering algorithm was trained on the larger training set to create clusters of accident-prone areas based on factors like weather, road conditions, etc. The model can then predict whether new locations belong to a high or low risk cluster. The user interface allows emergency responders and city planners to input a location and get a prediction to help prevent future accidents.
Invited presentation to 2003 RAeS Aerodynamics research conferencestephen_mcparlin
The document summarizes an assessment process used to evaluate air vehicle concepts from initial design through analysis and testing. The process involves conceptual design using multidisciplinary variable optimization (MVO) followed by detailed configuration design using CAD tools. Performance is then analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel testing. Underlying technologies like CAD integration, response surface methods, and CFD methods have improved the accuracy and speed of the assessment process.
This document presents 15 quantitative techniques and tools: Linear Programming, Queuing Theory, Inventory Control Method, Net Work Analysis, Replacement Problems, Sequencing, Integer Programming, Assignment Problems, Transportation Problems, Decision Theory and Game Theory, Markov Analysis, Simulation, Dynamic Programming, Goal Programming, and Symbolic Logic. It provides a brief overview of each technique, describing its purpose and typical applications.
This document is a project report submitted by four students at the Institute of Engineering and Technology in Lucknow, India. It describes their work to improve the gain of an operational amplifier designed using 90nm technology. The students declare that the work is original and was conducted under the guidance of Dr. Tanmay Dubey. The report includes an abstract, introduction on operational amplifiers, description of the CMOS design process, simulation results, and conclusions on matching calculations to simulations. The head of the electronics department certifies that the project fulfills requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.
The operation research book that involves all units including the lpp problems, integer programming problem, queuing theory, simulation Monte Carlo and more is covered in this digital material.
Cost Analysis of ComFrame: A Communication Framework for Data Management in ...IOSR Journals
The document discusses a cost-benefit analysis of ComFrame, a communication framework for data management in mobile location-based services. It analyzes the costs of installing and operating ComFrame servers over an 8-year period and finds the net present value is positive, indicating the benefits outweigh the costs. The analysis groups costs and benefits into a table to calculate the total costs, benefits, and net benefit for each year. It determines ComFrame's purchase and use is reasonable as the servers will save costs each month going forward.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from an assignment help service. Students are instructed to send their semester, specialization, and contact details to the provided email address or call the phone number to receive help with their assignments. The document includes sample assignments covering topics in quantitative management, with questions regarding linear programming, inventory management, queuing theory, simulation, game theory, and dynamic programming.
Iaetsd performance voting algorithms for software safetyIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes and evaluates different weighted-average voting algorithms for safety-critical systems. It first describes standard weighted-average voting (SWAV), flexible weighted-average voting (FLWAV), and fuzzy weighted-average voting (FZWAV). It then proposes novel algorithms like weighted average voter with soft threshold value (WAVST), fuzzy weighted-average voter with dynamic bandwidth selection (FWAVDB), score-based fuzzy weighted-average voter (SBFWAV), and score-based fuzzy weighted-average voter with dynamic bandwidth and dynamic threshold selection (SBFWAVDBDT). The paper experimentally compares the safety performance of these algorithms on a triple-modular redundant system, finding that SBFWAV
3D Functional Tolerancing And Annotation CATIALeslie Schulte
- Datum A: Cylindrical surface
- Datum B: Planar surface
- Datum C: Planar surface
International Organization For Standardization Rules Number 5459.1981:
Datum Frame Definition
Student Notes:
3D Functional Tolerancing and Annotation
Copyright DASSAULT SYSTEMES 36
Copyright
DASSAULT
SYSTEMES
Different ISO Standards Rules (5/5)
International Organization For Standardization Rules Number 14405.2011:
- Defines the principles of indicating and specifying surface texture in technical product
documentation.
- It specifies the general rules for indicating surface texture in drawings, and gives rules for
specifying surface texture requirements in technical documents such
Model-Driven Optimization: Generating Smart Mutation Operators for Multi-Obj...SEAA 2022
Niels van Harten Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, The Netherlands
CDN (Diego) Damasceno Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Daniel Strüber
Chalmers | University of Gothenburg (SE) Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Identification of parameters of an induction motor from field solution 9 11 n...Valentino Selayan
This document describes a method for identifying the equivalent circuit parameters of induction motors from numerical field solutions. The method uses a 2D harmonic finite element model coupled with external circuit elements to account for 3D effects. Parameter values are predicted by simulating no-load and locked rotor tests on the FE model. The accuracy of the predicted parameters is evaluated by applying the method to two test motors and comparing the results to experimental data, finding good agreement within 5% error for most parameters. The method provides a fast and accurate way to predict motor performance at the design stage using numerical field solutions.
This document compares several supervised machine learning classification algorithms on a Titanic dataset: Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Naive Bayes. It finds that Random Forest achieves the highest accuracy. Evaluation metrics like precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy are used to evaluate and compare model performance on test data.
This document compares several supervised machine learning classification algorithms on a Titanic dataset: Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Naive Bayes. It finds that Random Forest achieves the highest accuracy. It preprocesses the dataset, trains models on a training set, and evaluates them using metrics like precision, recall, and F1-score calculated from the confusion matrix on a test set.
GRID COMPUTING: STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING IN RESOURCE SELECTIONIJCSEA Journal
The rapid development of computer networks around the world generated new areas especially in computer instruction processing. In grid computing, instruction processing is performed by external processors available to the system. An important topic in this area is task scheduling to available external resources. However, we do not deal with this topic here. In this paper we intend to work on strategic decision making on selecting the best alternative resources for processing instructions with respect to criteria in special conditions. Where the criteria might be security, political, technical, cost, etc. Grid computing should be determined with respect to the processing objectives of instructions of a program. This paper seeks a way through combining Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to help us in ranking and selecting available resources according to considerable criteria in allocating instructions to resources. Therefore, our findings will help technical managers of organizations in choosing as well as ranking candidate alternatives for processing program instructions.
This document provides an introduction to engineering design. It discusses how design involves both analysis and synthesis skills. Design can be viewed as an optimization process, but is complicated by factors like conflicting objectives, nonlinear relationships, and component variations. Requirements are important to guide design, but not all requirements are equal constraints - some may be softened based on feasibility. Specifications provide measurable definitions to test if a design meets requirements. The document aims to expand the reader's view of all that is involved in engineering design.
Multi-Period Integer Portfolio Optimization Using a Quantum Annealer (Present...maikelcorleoni
This document discusses using a quantum annealer to solve the multi-period integer portfolio optimization problem. The problem involves computing an optimal trading trajectory that balances single-period optimal positions against transaction costs over multiple periods. Computing the optimal trajectory is NP-complete. The document shows that a quantum annealer can solve instances of this problem by encoding it as a quadratic binary optimization problem and obtaining solutions that are within the margin of error of the true optimal solution. This approach provides a scalable way to solve an important problem in financial optimization that is currently intractable.
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
Get Covid Testing at Fit to Fly PCR TestNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.
IRJET- Comparison for Max-Flow Min-Cut Algorithms for Optimal Assignment ProblemIRJET Journal
This document compares algorithms for optimally assigning individuals to centers to minimize total travel costs and distance, such as for a large-scale event. It formulates the problem as a graph assignment problem that can be solved using max-flow min-cut algorithms. It evaluates the Hungarian algorithm, Ford-Fulkerson algorithm, Edmonds-Karp algorithm, and Auction algorithm, implementing them to recommend the best for providing an optimized allocation in the shortest time.
The document discusses decision support systems (DSS). It provides an introduction to DSS, defining them as interactive computer-based systems that help decision-makers use data, documents, knowledge and models to identify and solve problems. It then outlines the goals and requirements of a course on DSS, including familiarizing students with different DSS forms and the practical issues of implementing them. The document concludes by discussing the multidisciplinary foundations of DSS research.
Accident Prediction System Using Machine LearningIRJET Journal
This document describes a machine learning model to predict road accident hotspots in Bangalore, India. The researchers collected accident data from government websites and other sources. They used K-means clustering to group similar data points and label them as high or low risk zones. The dataset was preprocessed and split into training and testing sets. A K-means clustering algorithm was trained on the larger training set to create clusters of accident-prone areas based on factors like weather, road conditions, etc. The model can then predict whether new locations belong to a high or low risk cluster. The user interface allows emergency responders and city planners to input a location and get a prediction to help prevent future accidents.
Invited presentation to 2003 RAeS Aerodynamics research conferencestephen_mcparlin
The document summarizes an assessment process used to evaluate air vehicle concepts from initial design through analysis and testing. The process involves conceptual design using multidisciplinary variable optimization (MVO) followed by detailed configuration design using CAD tools. Performance is then analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and wind tunnel testing. Underlying technologies like CAD integration, response surface methods, and CFD methods have improved the accuracy and speed of the assessment process.
This document presents 15 quantitative techniques and tools: Linear Programming, Queuing Theory, Inventory Control Method, Net Work Analysis, Replacement Problems, Sequencing, Integer Programming, Assignment Problems, Transportation Problems, Decision Theory and Game Theory, Markov Analysis, Simulation, Dynamic Programming, Goal Programming, and Symbolic Logic. It provides a brief overview of each technique, describing its purpose and typical applications.
This document is a project report submitted by four students at the Institute of Engineering and Technology in Lucknow, India. It describes their work to improve the gain of an operational amplifier designed using 90nm technology. The students declare that the work is original and was conducted under the guidance of Dr. Tanmay Dubey. The report includes an abstract, introduction on operational amplifiers, description of the CMOS design process, simulation results, and conclusions on matching calculations to simulations. The head of the electronics department certifies that the project fulfills requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.
The operation research book that involves all units including the lpp problems, integer programming problem, queuing theory, simulation Monte Carlo and more is covered in this digital material.
Cost Analysis of ComFrame: A Communication Framework for Data Management in ...IOSR Journals
The document discusses a cost-benefit analysis of ComFrame, a communication framework for data management in mobile location-based services. It analyzes the costs of installing and operating ComFrame servers over an 8-year period and finds the net present value is positive, indicating the benefits outweigh the costs. The analysis groups costs and benefits into a table to calculate the total costs, benefits, and net benefit for each year. It determines ComFrame's purchase and use is reasonable as the servers will save costs each month going forward.
This document provides information about obtaining fully solved assignments from an assignment help service. Students are instructed to send their semester, specialization, and contact details to the provided email address or call the phone number to receive help with their assignments. The document includes sample assignments covering topics in quantitative management, with questions regarding linear programming, inventory management, queuing theory, simulation, game theory, and dynamic programming.
Iaetsd performance voting algorithms for software safetyIaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes and evaluates different weighted-average voting algorithms for safety-critical systems. It first describes standard weighted-average voting (SWAV), flexible weighted-average voting (FLWAV), and fuzzy weighted-average voting (FZWAV). It then proposes novel algorithms like weighted average voter with soft threshold value (WAVST), fuzzy weighted-average voter with dynamic bandwidth selection (FWAVDB), score-based fuzzy weighted-average voter (SBFWAV), and score-based fuzzy weighted-average voter with dynamic bandwidth and dynamic threshold selection (SBFWAVDBDT). The paper experimentally compares the safety performance of these algorithms on a triple-modular redundant system, finding that SBFWAV
3D Functional Tolerancing And Annotation CATIALeslie Schulte
- Datum A: Cylindrical surface
- Datum B: Planar surface
- Datum C: Planar surface
International Organization For Standardization Rules Number 5459.1981:
Datum Frame Definition
Student Notes:
3D Functional Tolerancing and Annotation
Copyright DASSAULT SYSTEMES 36
Copyright
DASSAULT
SYSTEMES
Different ISO Standards Rules (5/5)
International Organization For Standardization Rules Number 14405.2011:
- Defines the principles of indicating and specifying surface texture in technical product
documentation.
- It specifies the general rules for indicating surface texture in drawings, and gives rules for
specifying surface texture requirements in technical documents such
Model-Driven Optimization: Generating Smart Mutation Operators for Multi-Obj...SEAA 2022
Niels van Harten Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, The Netherlands
CDN (Diego) Damasceno Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Daniel Strüber
Chalmers | University of Gothenburg (SE) Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Identification of parameters of an induction motor from field solution 9 11 n...Valentino Selayan
This document describes a method for identifying the equivalent circuit parameters of induction motors from numerical field solutions. The method uses a 2D harmonic finite element model coupled with external circuit elements to account for 3D effects. Parameter values are predicted by simulating no-load and locked rotor tests on the FE model. The accuracy of the predicted parameters is evaluated by applying the method to two test motors and comparing the results to experimental data, finding good agreement within 5% error for most parameters. The method provides a fast and accurate way to predict motor performance at the design stage using numerical field solutions.
This document compares several supervised machine learning classification algorithms on a Titanic dataset: Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Naive Bayes. It finds that Random Forest achieves the highest accuracy. Evaluation metrics like precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy are used to evaluate and compare model performance on test data.
This document compares several supervised machine learning classification algorithms on a Titanic dataset: Logistic Regression, K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Naive Bayes. It finds that Random Forest achieves the highest accuracy. It preprocesses the dataset, trains models on a training set, and evaluates them using metrics like precision, recall, and F1-score calculated from the confusion matrix on a test set.
GRID COMPUTING: STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING IN RESOURCE SELECTIONIJCSEA Journal
The rapid development of computer networks around the world generated new areas especially in computer instruction processing. In grid computing, instruction processing is performed by external processors available to the system. An important topic in this area is task scheduling to available external resources. However, we do not deal with this topic here. In this paper we intend to work on strategic decision making on selecting the best alternative resources for processing instructions with respect to criteria in special conditions. Where the criteria might be security, political, technical, cost, etc. Grid computing should be determined with respect to the processing objectives of instructions of a program. This paper seeks a way through combining Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to help us in ranking and selecting available resources according to considerable criteria in allocating instructions to resources. Therefore, our findings will help technical managers of organizations in choosing as well as ranking candidate alternatives for processing program instructions.
This document provides an introduction to engineering design. It discusses how design involves both analysis and synthesis skills. Design can be viewed as an optimization process, but is complicated by factors like conflicting objectives, nonlinear relationships, and component variations. Requirements are important to guide design, but not all requirements are equal constraints - some may be softened based on feasibility. Specifications provide measurable definitions to test if a design meets requirements. The document aims to expand the reader's view of all that is involved in engineering design.
Multi-Period Integer Portfolio Optimization Using a Quantum Annealer (Present...maikelcorleoni
This document discusses using a quantum annealer to solve the multi-period integer portfolio optimization problem. The problem involves computing an optimal trading trajectory that balances single-period optimal positions against transaction costs over multiple periods. Computing the optimal trajectory is NP-complete. The document shows that a quantum annealer can solve instances of this problem by encoding it as a quadratic binary optimization problem and obtaining solutions that are within the margin of error of the true optimal solution. This approach provides a scalable way to solve an important problem in financial optimization that is currently intractable.
Similar to introduction-to-decision-trees.pdf (18)
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
Get Covid Testing at Fit to Fly PCR TestNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
Mental Health and well-being Presentation. Exploring innovative approaches and strategies for enhancing mental well-being. Discover cutting-edge research, effective strategies, and practical methods for fostering mental well-being.
Exploring the Benefits of Binaural Hearing: Why Two Hearing Aids Are Better T...Ear Solutions (ESPL)
Binaural hearing using two hearing aids instead of one offers numerous advantages, including improved sound localization, enhanced sound quality, better speech understanding in noise, reduced listening effort, and greater overall satisfaction. By leveraging the brain’s natural ability to process sound from both ears, binaural hearing aids provide a more balanced, clear, and comfortable hearing experience. If you or a loved one is considering hearing aids, consult with a hearing care professional at Ear Solutions hearing aid clinic in Mumbai to explore the benefits of binaural hearing and determine the best solution for your hearing needs. Embracing binaural hearing can lead to a richer, more engaging auditory experience and significantly improve your quality of life.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
Joker Wigs has been a one-stop-shop for hair products for over 26 years. We provide high-quality hair wigs, hair extensions, hair toppers, hair patch, and more for both men and women.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
Sectional dentures for microstomia patients.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Microstomia, characterized by an abnormally small oral aperture, presents significant challenges in prosthodontic treatment, including limited access for examination, difficulties in impression making, and challenges with prosthesis insertion and removal. To manage these issues, customized impression techniques using sectional trays and elastomeric materials are employed. Prostheses may be designed in segments or with flexible materials to facilitate handling. Minimally invasive procedures and the use of digital technologies can enhance patient comfort. Education and training for patients on prosthesis care and maintenance are crucial for compliance. Regular follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with other specialists, ensure comprehensive care and improved quality of life for microstomia patients.
1. Introduction to
Decision Trees
14
A decision tree can be used as a model for a sequential decision problems under uncertainty. A
decision tree describes graphically the decisions to be made, the events that may occur, and the
outcomes associated with combinations of decisions and events. Probabilities are assigned to the
events, and values are determined for each outcome. A major goal of the analysis is to determine
the best decisions.
14.1 DECISION TREE STRUCTURE
Decision tree models include such concepts as nodes, branches, terminal values, strategy, payoff
distribution, certain equivalent, and the rollback method. The following problem illustrates the
basic concepts.
DriveTek Problem, Part A
DriveTek Research Institute discovers that a computer company wants a new storage device for a
proposed new computer system. Since the computer company does not have research people
available to develop the new storage device, it will subcontract the development to an independent
research firm. The computer company has offered a fixed fee for the best proposal for developing
the new storage device. The contract will go to the firm with the best technical plan and the
highest reputation for technical competence.
DriveTek Research Institute wants to enter the competition. Management estimates a moderate
cost for preparing a proposal, but they are concerned that they may not win the contract.
If DriveTek decides to prepare a proposal, and if they win the contract, their engineers are not sure
about how they will develop the storage device. They are considering three alternative approaches.
The first approach is a very expensive mechanical method, and the engineers are certain they can
develop a successful model with this approach. A second approach involves electronic
components. The engineers think that the electronic approach is a relatively inexpensive method
for developing a model of the storage device, but they are not sure that the results will be
satisfactory for satisfying the contract. A third inexpensive approach uses magnetic components.
This magnetic method costs more than the electronic method, and the engineers think that it has a
higher chance of success.
DriveTek Research can work on only one approach at a time and has time to try only two
approaches. If it tries either the magnetic or electronic method and the attempt fails, the second
choice must be the mechanical method to guarantee a successful model.
The management of DriveTek Research needs help in incorporating this information into a
decision to proceed or not.
2. 158 Chapter 14 Introduction to Decision Trees
Nodes and Branches
Decision trees have three kinds of nodes and two kinds of branches. A decision node is a point
where a choice must be made; it is shown as a square. The branches extending from a decision
node are decision branches, each branch representing one of the possible alternatives or courses of
action available at that point. The set of alternatives must be mutually exclusive (if one is chosen,
the others cannot be chosen) and collectively exhaustive (all possible alternatives must be included
in the set).
There are two major decisions in the DriveTek problem. First, the company must decide whether
or not to prepare a proposal. Second, if it prepares a proposal and is awarded the contract, it must
decide which of the three approaches to try to satisfy the contract.
An event node is a point where uncertainty is resolved (a point where the decision maker learns
about the occurrence of an event). An event node, sometimes called a "chance node," is shown as
a circle. The event set consists of the event branches extending from an event node, each branch
representing one of the possible events that may occur at that point. The set of events must be
mutually exclusive (if one occurs, the others cannot occur) and collectively exhaustive (all
possible events must be included in the set). Each event is assigned a subjective probability; the
sum of probabilities for the events in a set must equal one.
The three sources of uncertainty in the DriveTek problem are: whether it is awarded the contract
or not, whether the electronic approach succeeds or fails, and whether the magnetic approach
succeeds or fails.
In general, decision nodes and branches represent the controllable factors in a decision problem;
event nodes and branches represent uncontrollable factors.
Decision nodes and event nodes are arranged in order of subjective chronology. For example, the
position of an event node corresponds to the time when the decision maker learns the outcome of
the event (not necessarily when the event occurs).
The third kind of node is a terminal node, representing the final result of a combination of
decisions and events. Terminal nodes are the endpoints of a decision tree, shown as the end of a
branch on hand-drawn diagrams and as a triangle or vertical bar on computer-generated diagrams.
The following table shows the three kinds of nodes and two kinds of branches used to represent a
decision tree.
Figure 14.1 Nodes and Symbols
Type of Node Written Symbol Computer Symbol Node Successor
Decision square square decision branches
Event circle circle event branches
Terminal endpoint triangle or bar terminal value
In the DriveTek problem, the first portion of the decision tree is shown in Figure 14.2.
3. 14.1 Decision Tree Structure 159
Figure 14.2 DriveTek Initial Decision and Event
Awarded contract
Prepare proposal
Not awarded contract
Don't prepare proposal
If DriveTek is awarded the contract, they must decide which approach to use. For the electronic
and magnetic approaches, the result is uncertain, as shown in Figure 14.3. The arrangement of the
decision and event branches is called the structure of the decision tree.
Figure 14.3 DriveTek Decisions and Events (Structure)
Use mechanical method
Electronic success
Try electronic method
Awarded contract
Electronic failure
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method
Magnetic failure
Not awarded contract
Don't prepare proposal
For representing a sequential decision problem, the tree diagram is usually better than the written
description. In some decision problems, the choice may be obvious by looking at the diagram.
That is, the decision maker may know enough about the desirability of the outcomes (endpoints in
the tree) and how likely they are. But usually the next step in the analysis after documenting the
structure is to assign values to the endpoints.
4. 160 Chapter 14 Introduction to Decision Trees
14.2 DECISION TREE TERMINAL VALUES
Each terminal node has an associated terminal value, sometimes called a payoff value, outcome
value, or endpoint value. Each terminal value measures the result of a scenario: the sequence of
decisions and events on a unique path leading from the initial decision node to a specific terminal
node. To determine the terminal value, one approach assigns a cash flow value to each decision
branch and event branch and then sums the cash flow values on the branches leading to a terminal
node to determine the terminal value. Some problems require a more elaborate value model to
determine the terminal values.
DriveTek Problem, Part B
DriveTek thinks it will cost $50,000 to prepare a proposal. If they are awarded the contract,
DriveTek will receive an immediate payment of $250,000. The engineers think that the sure-
success mechanical method will cost $120,000. The possibly-successful electronic approach will
cost $50,000, and the more-likely-successful magnetic approach will cost $80,000. In the
DriveTek problem, these distinct cash flows associated with many of the decision and event
branches are shown in Figure 14.4.
Figure 14.4 DriveTek Cash Flows and Outcome Values
Use mechanical method
$80,000
-$120,000
Electronic success
$150,000
Try electronic method $0
Awarded contract
-$50,000
$250,000 Electronic failure
$30,000
-$120,000
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal $120,000
Try magnetic method $0
-$50,000
-$80,000
Magnetic failure
$0
-$120,000
Not awarded contract
-$50,000
$0
Don't prepare proposal
$0
$0
Figure 14.4 also shows the sum of branch cash flows at the endpoints. For example, the $30,000
terminal value on the far right of the diagram is associated with the scenario shown in Figure 14.5.
Figure 14.5 Terminal Value for a Scenario
Branch Type Branch Name Cash Flow
Decision Prepare proposal –$50,000
Event Awarded contract +$250,000
Decision Try electronic method –$50,000
Event Electronic failure (Use mechanical method) –$120,000
Terminal value = +$30,000
5. 14.3 Decision Tree Probabilities 161
14.3 DECISION TREE PROBABILITIES
DriveTek Problem, Part C
DriveTek management thinks there is a fifty-fifty chance of winning the contract. The engineers
think that the inexpensive electronic method has only a 50% chance of satisfactory results. In their
opinion the somewhat more costly magnetic method has 70% chance of success.
Figure 14.6 DriveTek Complete Decision Tree Model
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
$150,000
0.5 Try electronic method
Awarded contract
0.5
Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal $120,000
Try magnetic method
0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
Figure 14.6 is a complete decision tree model.
14.4 ROLLBACK METHOD
If we have a method for determining certain equivalents (expected values for a risk neutral
decision maker), we don't need to examine every possible strategy explicitly. Instead, the method
known as rollback determines the single best strategy.
The rollback algorithm, sometimes called backward induction or "average out and fold back,"
starts at the terminal nodes of the tree and works backward to the initial decision node,
determining the certain equivalent rollback values for each node. Rollback values are determined
as follows:
• At a terminal node, the rollback value equals the terminal value.
• At an event node, the rollback value for a risk neutral decision maker is determined using
expected value (probability-weighted average); the branch probability is multiplied times
the successor rollback value, and the products are summed.
6. 162 Chapter 14 Introduction to Decision Trees
• At a decision node, the rollback value is set equal to the highest rollback value on the
immediate successor nodes.
In TreePlan tree diagrams the rollback values are located to the left and below each decision,
event, and terminal node. Terminal values and rollback values for the DriveTek problem are
shown below.
Figure 14.7 Terminal Node Rollback Values
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
0.5
Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method $120,000
0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
7. 14.4 Rollback Method 163
Figure 14.8 Electronic Event Node Rollback Value
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
$90,000 0.5
Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method $120,000
0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
Figure 14.9 Magnetic Event Node Rollback Value
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
$90,000 0.5
Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method $120,000
$84,000 0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
At the event node following "Try electronic method," compute an expected value (probability-
weighted average):
= 0.5*150,000 + 0.5*30,000
= 75,000 + 15,000
= 90,000
8. 164 Chapter 14 Introduction to Decision Trees
At the event node following "Try magnetic method," compute an expected value:
= 0.7*120,000 + 0.3*0
= 84,000 + 0
= 84,000
Figure 14.10 Method Decision Node Rollback Value
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
$90,000 0.5
$90,000 Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method $120,000
$84,000 0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
At the decision node following "Awarded contract," choose the highest successor rollback value:
= Max($80,000, $90,000, $84,000)
= $90,000
9. 14.4 Rollback Method 165
Figure 14.11 Contract Event Node Rollback Value
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
$90,000 0.5
$90,000 Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method $120,000
$20,000
$84,000 0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
At the event node following "Prepare proposal," compute an expected value:
= 0.5*90,000 + 0.5*(–50,000)
= 45,000 + (–25,000)
= 20,000
Figure 14.12 Proposal Decision Node Rollback Value
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
$90,000 0.5
$90,000 Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method $120,000
$20,000
$84,000 0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
$20,000 Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
10. 166 Chapter 14 Introduction to Decision Trees
At the initial decision node, choose the highest successor rollback value:
= Max($20,000, $0)
= $20,000
Figure 14.13 Rollback Optimal Choices
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
$90,000 0.5
$90,000 Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method $120,000
$20,000
$84,000 0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
$20,000 Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
At the initial decision node, choose "Prepare proposal."
If "Awarded contract," choose "Try electronic method."
11. 14.4 Rollback Method 167
Figure 14.14 Rollback Optimal Strategy Branches and Payoffs
Use mechanical method
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
$90,000 0.5
$90,000 Electronic failure
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal
Try magnetic method $120,000
$20,000
$84,000 0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
0.5
$20,000 Not awarded contract
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
Using the best choices at decision nodes (controllable) and depending on what happens at the
event nodes (uncontrollable), there are three possible outcomes.
Figure 14.15 All Rollback Values
Use mechanical method
$80,000
$80,000
0.5
Electronic success
$150,000
0.5 Try electronic method $150,000
Awarded contract
$90,000 0.5
$90,000 Electronic failure
$30,000
$30,000
0.7
Magnetic success
Prepare proposal $120,000
Try magnetic method $120,000
$20,000
$84,000 0.3
Magnetic failure
$0
$0
0.5
$20,000 Not awarded contract
-$50,000
-$50,000
Don't prepare proposal
$0
$0
12. 168 Chapter 14 Introduction to Decision Trees
Optimal Strategy
After the rollback method has determined certain equivalents for each node, the optimal strategy
can be identified by working forward through the tree. At the initial decision node, the $20,000
rollback value equals the rollback value of the "Prepare proposal" branch, indicating the
alternative that should be chosen. DriveTek will either be awarded the contract or not; there is a
subsequent decision only if DriveTek obtains the contract. (In a more complicated decision tree,
the optimal strategy must include decision choices for all decision nodes that might be
encountered.) At the decision node following "Awarded contract," the $90,000 rollback value
equals the rollback value of the "Try electronic method" branch, indicating the alternative that
should be chosen. Subsequently, if the electronic method fails, DriveTek must use the mechanical
method to satisfy the contract.
14.5 NEWOX DECISION TREE PROBLEM
The Newox Company is considering whether or not to drill for natural gas on its own land. If they
drill, their initial expenditure will be $40,000 for drilling costs. If they strike gas, they must spend
an additional $30,000 to cap the well and provide the necessary hardware and control equipment.
(This $30,000 cost is not a decision; it is associated with the event "strike gas.") If they decide to
drill but no gas is found, there are no other subsequent alternatives, so their outcome value is
$-40,000.
If they drill and find gas, there are two alternatives. Newox could sell to West Gas, which has
made a standing offer of $200,000 to purchase all rights to the gas well's production (assuming
that Newox has actually found gas). Alternatively, if gas is found, Newox can decide to keep the
well instead of selling to West Gas; in this case Newox manages the gas production and takes its
chances by selling the gas on the open market.
At the current price of natural gas, if gas is found it would have a value of $150,000 on the open
market. However, there is a possibility that the price of gas will rise to double its current value, in
which case a successful well will be worth $300,000.
The company's engineers feel that the chance of finding gas is 30 percent; their staff economist
thinks there is a 60 percent chance that the price of gas will double.